imvqb cÖ_g cÎ

Aa¨vq 2
¸YMZ imvqb

 Ávbg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi
1. ¸YMZ imvqb Kx?
DËi t ¸YMZ imvqb n‡jv we‡kølYxq imvq‡b‡i GKwU cÖwµqv †hLv‡bv †Kv‡bv bgybvq †Kvb †Kvb †g․wjK ev †h․wMK
c`v_© ev †h․Mg~jK we`¨gvb Zv kbv³KiY Kiv Ges Zv‡`i •ewkó¨ D`NvUb Kiv nq|
2. Avjdv KYv Kx?
DËi t wØ-abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ wnwjqvg AvqbB Avjdv KYv|
3. cigvYyi g~j KwYKv Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡hme AwZ m~² ev AwZ ÿz`ª KwYKv Øviv cigvYy MwVZ †m¸‡jv‡K cigvYyi g~j KwYKv e‡j|
4. cigvYyi g~j KwYKv KqwU?
DËi t cigvYy g~j KwYKv wZbwU| h_vt B‡jKUªb, †cÖvUb I wbDUªb|
5. AvB‡mv‡Uvc Kx?
DËi t GKB cvigvYweK msL¨v wKš‧ wfbœ fi msL¨v ev wbDUªb msL¨v wewkó cigvYymg~nB ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mv‡Uvc|
6. AvB‡mvevi Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡hme cigvYyi fimsL¨v ev wbDwK¬qb msL¨v GKB wKš‧ cvigvYweK msL¨v wfbœ Zv‡`i‡K ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mvevi
e‡j|
7. AvB‡mv‡Uvb Kx?
DËi t ‡h mKj cigvYyi wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb wKš‧ fi msL¨v Z_v cvigvYweK msL¨v ZvivB ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mv‡Uvb|
8. wbDwK¬qvm Kx?
DËi t cigvYyi †K‡›`ª Zvi meUzKz fi I abvZ¥K PvR© cyÄxfzZ _v‡K, GwUB wbDwK¬qvm|
9. nvB‡Rbev‡M©i AwbðqZv bxwZ Kx?
DËi t nvB‡Rbev‡M©i AwbðqZv bxwZwU n‡”QÑ †Kv‡bv we‡kl gyn~‡Z© cigvYyi g‡a¨ B‡jKUª‡bi fi‡eM hZ wbLyuZfv‡e
cwigv‡ci †Póv Kiv n‡e, AveZ©bkxj B‡jKUª‡bi Ae¯vb wbY©q ZZ †ewk AwbðqZv evo‡e|
10. ‡Kvqv›Uvg Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv e¯‧ wew”Qbœfv‡e GK wbw`©ó cwigvY ev Zvi mij ¸wYZ‡Ki mgvb kw³ wewKiY ev †kvlY K‡i| kw³i G
wbw`©ó GKK cwigvY‡K †Kvqv›Uvg e‡j|
11. ‡Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ Kx?
DËi t ‡h Z‡Ë¡ Av‡jv ev †h‡Kv‡bv wewKiY AmsL¨ †Kvqv›Uvg mgwó wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq ZvB †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡|
12. cø¨vs‡Ki †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡wU †jL|
DËi t cø¨vs‡Ki †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡wU n‡jvÑ Av‡jvK wew”Qbœfv‡e ÿz`ª kw³i wbw`©ó GKK c¨v‡KU ev †Kvqv›Uvgiƒ‡c wewKwiZ
nq|
13. ‡Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v Kx?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv GKwU B‡jKUªb †Kvb AiweUv‡j Av‡Q, AiweUvjwU e„ËvKvi bv Dce„ËvKvi, B‡iKUªb wbR A‡ÿi
Pvwiw`‡K Nwoi KvuUvi b¨vq bv Nwoi KvuUvi wecixZ w`‡K cwiågY K‡i, Gme welq cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †h K‡qKwU
msL¨vi AeZviYv Kiv nq ZvB †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v|
14. cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv GKwU B‡jKUªb †h cÖavb kw³¯Í‡i †_‡K wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pvwiw`‡K cwiågY K‡i Zv‡K cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg
msL¨v e‡j|
15. w¯úb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v Kx?
DËi t wbR¯^ A‡ÿi PZzw`©‡K B‡jKUª‡bi N~Y©‡bi w`K cÖKvkKvix msL¨v‡K w¯úb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v e‡j|
16. msKiY Kx?
DËi t wewµqvKv‡j †Kv‡bv cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡ii wewfbœ AiweUvjmg~n ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wgwkÖZ n‡q c‡i mgkw³i
AiweUvj m„wói cÖwµqv‡K AiweUvj msKiY e‡j|
17. B‡jKUªb web¨vm Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wbqgvgvwdK weZiY e¨e¯vi gva¨‡g mw¾Z _v‡K| AiweUv‡j B‡jKUª‡bi GB m¾v‡K
B‡jKUªb web¨vm e‡j|
18. ‡bvW ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
DËi t cigvYyi †h ga¨eZx© ¯v‡b B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ mev©waK n«vm cvq Zv‡K †bvW ev ce© e‡j|
19. AiweU Kx?
DËi t wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pvwiw`‡K †h mywbw`©ó e„ËvKvi Kÿc‡_ B‡jKUªbmg~n AveZ©b K‡i †mB e„ËvKvi Kÿc_B n‡”Q
AiweU|
20. AiweUvj Kx?
DËi t wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pvwiw`‡K †h A‡j B‡jKUªb cÖvwßi m¤¢vebv 90-95% †mB AÂj‡K AiweUvj e‡j|
21. AvDdevD bxwZ Kx?
DËi t AvDdevD bxwZ n‡jvÑcigvYy‡Z we`¨gvb B‡jKUªb¸‡jv cÖ_‡g me©wb¤œ kw³m¤úbœ AiweUvj c~Y© Ki‡e Ges c‡i
µgvš^‡q D”PZi kw³m¤úbœ AiweUvj c~Y© Ki‡Z _vK‡e|
22. û‡Ûi bxwZ wK?
DËi t û‡Ûi bxwZU n‡jvÑ GKB kw³m¤úbœ wewfbœ AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e Ae¯vb Ki‡e †hb Zviv mev©waK
msL¨vi AhyM¥ ev we‡Rvo Ae¯vq _vK‡Z cv‡i| Gme AhyM¥ B‡jKUª‡bi w¯úb GKBgyLx n‡e|
23. cwji eR©b bxwZ Kx?
DËi t cwji eR©b bxwZwU n‡jvÑ GKB cigvYy‡Z ‡h‡Kv‡bv `ywU B‡jKUª‡bi Rb¨ PviwU †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vi gvb KL‡bv
GKB n‡Z cv‡i bv|
24. Rxg¨vb cÖfve Kx?
DËi t Pz¤^K‡ÿ‡Îi gvb h‡ZvB e„w× Kiv hv‡e, †iLvi wefw³Ki‡Yi cwigvY Z‡ZvB e„w× cv‡e GwUB Rxg¨vb cÖfve|
25. cøvs‡Ki aªæeK Kx?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv Zi‡½i kw³‡K H Zi‡½i Zi½ msL¨v w`‡q fvM Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq ZvB cøvs‡Ki aªæeK| G gvb
w¯i Ges Zv 6.62610–34J.s|
26. eYv©jx Kx?
DËi t wewfbœ Zi½ •`‡N¨©i Av‡jv‡K iwk¥i mgvnviB eYv©wj|
27. ZworPz¤^Kxq eYv©wj Kx?
DËi t ‡h eYv©wj Zwo”Pz¤^Kxq wewKiY A‡j h_v, AwZ‡e¸wb AÂj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Ae‡jvwnZ AÂj ch©šÍ Drcbœ nq ZvB
Zwo”Pz¤^Kxq eYv©wj|
28. Zwor †P․¤^K wewKiY Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t mKj cÖKvi wewKiY kw³‡K Zwor †P․¤^K wewKiY e‡j|
29. Zi½‣`N¨© I K¤úvsK Kx?
DËi t Zi‡½i `ywU P‚ov ev `ywU Lv‡`i ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡B n‡iv Zi½‣`N¨© ()|
Avevi, Zi½ MVbKvix KYv cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û hZevi ¯úw›`Z nq Zvi msL¨vB n‡jv K¤úvsK (v)|
30. AbyiYb K¤úvsK Kx?
DËi t ‡h K¤úv¼ MRI †gwk‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡i H-cigvYyi †cÖvUb (p) †P․¤^K †ÿ‡Îi weciw‡Z Ae¯vb K‡i Zv‡K
AbyiYb K¤úv¼ e‡j|
31. weKxY© kw³ Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t Zwor †P․¤^K Zi½ Drm n‡Z kw³ ¯vbvšÍi‡K weKxY© kw³ e‡j|
32. isabyi mvZ iO‡K ms‡ÿ‡c wKfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq?
DËi t isabyi mvZ iO‡K ms‡ÿ‡c VIBGYOR ev †ebxAvmnKjv iƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv nq|
33. evgvi wmwiR Kx?
DËi t B‡jKUªb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi D‡ËwRZ Ae¯vq Zvi D”PZi †h‡Kv‡bv kw³¯Íi n‡Z Gi wØZxq ¯Í‡i AvMgb
Ki‡j nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eYv©wji `„k¨gvb GjvKvi †h wmwi‡Ri D™¢e nq Zv‡K evgvi wmwiR e‡j|
34. ‡iwWI K¤úv¼ wKfv‡e DrcwË nq?
DËi t ‡iwWI G‡›Ubv‡Z AZ¨šÍ D”P K¤úv‡¼i chv©qµwgK we`y¨r cÖevn Øviv †iwWI K¤úv‡¼i DrcwË nq|
35. ‡iwWI K¤úv¼ A‡ji Zi½ •`‡N¨©i we¯Ívi KZ?
DËi t ‡iwWI A‡ji Zi½‣`N¨© n‡”Q 108 – 1012nm|
36. ‡Kvb iwk¥i mvnv‡h¨ Rvj cvm‡cvU© I Rvj †bvU kbv³KiY Kiv nq?
DËi t AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥i mvnv‡h¨ Rvj cvm‡cvU© I Rvj †bvU kbv³KiY Kiv nq|
37. MRI Kx?
DËi t MRI Gi c~Y©iƒc Magnetic Resonance Imaging A_v©r †P․¤^K AbyiYb cÖwZ”QweKiY|
38. i³bvjxi ÿZ wbY©‡qi Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi K¨v‡giv e¨envi Kiv nq?
DËi t i³bvjxi ÿZ wbY©‡qi Rb¨ IR K¨v‡giv e¨envi Kiv nq|
39. wkLv cixÿv Kx?
DËi t wkLv cixÿv n‡jv cøvwUbvg Zv‡ii AMÖfvM Mvp HCl I Wzwe‡q avZe jeY‡K DËß K‡i m„ó eY© Øviv avZe
Avqb kbv³ Kiv|
40. `ªve¨Zv Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t MÖvg GK‡K †h m‡ev©”P cwigvY KwVb `ªe †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq 100 MÖvg `ªve‡K `ªexf‚Z n‡q m¤ú„³ `ªeY
•Zwi K‡i Zv‡K H ZvcgvÎvq H `ªve‡K D³ `ª‡ei `ªve¨Zv e‡j|
41. ‡gvjvi `ªve¨Zv Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t `ªe‡Y hZ †gvj `ªe `ªexf‚Z _v‡K Zvi msL¨v‡K H `ªe‡Yi †gvjvi `ªve¨Zv e‡j|
42. `ªeY Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c`v‡_©i ev ivmvqwbK Dcv`v‡bi mgmË¡ wgkÖY‡K `ªeY e‡j|
43. ‡bmjvi `ªeY Kx?
DËi t ‡bmjvi `ªeY n‡jv cUvwmqvg gviwKDwiK Av‡qvWvBW K2[HgI4] Ges KOH A_ev NaOH Gi ÿvixq
`ªeY|
44. mg-Avqb cÖfve Kx?
DËi t m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y we`¨gvb Avqbmg~‡ni †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU m`„k Avqb ev `ªeY †hvM K‡i `ªeYwUi AvqwbK ¸Ydj e„w×
K‡i `ªve¨Zv n«vm Kivi cÖwµqvB n‡jv mgAvqb cÖfve|
45. ‡Kjvmb Kx?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv KwVb c`v‡_©i DËß m¤ú„³ `ªeY ax‡i ax‡i VvÛv K‡i KwVb c`v_©‡K †Kjvm AvKv‡i `ªeY n‡Z c„_K
Kivi cÖYvjxB n‡jv †Kjvmb|
46. AvswkK cvZb Kx?
DËi t ‡h cvZb cÖwµqvq cvZb d¬v¯‥ I kxZ‡Ki g‡a¨ AvswkK Kjvg ¯vcb K‡i wewfbœ KvQvKvwQ ùzUbv¼ wewkó `yB ev
Z‡ZvwaK Zij c`v‡_©i wgkÖY n‡Z Zvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K c„_K Kiv nq Zv‡K AvswkK cvZb e‡j|
47. wb¤œPvc cvZb Kx?
DËi t ‡hme •Re Zij G‡`i ¯^vfvweK ùzUbv‡¼ ZvcgvÎvq we‡qvwRZ n‡q hvq, †m me Zij c`v_©‡K A‡cÿvK…Z
wb¤œZi ZvcgvÎvq cvZb K‡i wgkÖY ‡_‡K c„_K Kivi c×wZB n‡jv wb¤œPvc cvZb|
48. cvZb Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t Zvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i †Kv‡bv Zij‡K ev‡®ú iƒcvšÍi I †mB ev®ú‡K kxZjxKiY cÖwµqvq Nbxf‚Z K‡i cybivq weï×
Zij c`v_© cvIqv hvq †mB cÖwµqv‡K cvZb e‡j|
49. DØvqx Zij Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡h Zij c`v_©‡K Zvi ùzUbv‡¼ DËß Kiv n‡j we‡qvwRZ nq bv Zv‡K ev®úxf‚Z K‡i †mB ev®ú‡K cybivq kxZj
Ki‡j hw` H GKB c`v_© cvIqv hvq Z‡e Zv‡K DØvqx Zij c`v_© e‡j|
50. ev®úcvZb Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡hme •Re †h․M cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq I dzUšÍ cvwb‡Z we‡qvwRZ nq bv wKš‧ ev®úvwqZ nq Zv‡`i‡K AbyØvqx †fRvj
n‡Z Rjxq ev‡®úi mvnv‡h¨ cvZb K‡i c„_K Kivi cÖwµqv‡K ev®ú cvZb e‡j|
51. ‡µvgv‡UvMÖvdx Kx?
DËi t ‡h we‡kølYg~jK c×wZ‡Z we‡kl •Re †h․‡Mi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Dcv`v‡bvi †Kv‡bv wgkÖY‡K GKwU w¯i gva¨‡g
†i‡L Ges Aci GKwU mPj gva¨g‡K D³ w¯i gva¨‡gi ms¯ú‡k© cÖevwnZ K‡i wgkÖ‡Yi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi
Awa‡kvlY gvÎv wKsev eÈb mn‡Mi Dci wfwË K‡i G‡`i‡K wewfbœ ¯Í‡i c„_K Kiv m¤¢ nq, Zv‡K †µvgv‡UvMÖvdx
ejv nq|
52. ev®ú Pvc Kx?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq Zi‡ji mv‡_ mvg¨ve¯vq w¯Z Zi‡ji Dcwifv‡M Aew¯Z ev®ú KZ…©K Zi‡ji Dc‡i
cÖ`vbK…Z wbw`©ó PvcB n‡jv ev®úPvc|
53. Rf wK?
DËi t ‡µvgv‡UvMÖvdx‡Z †Kv‡bv †h․‡Mi me‡P‡q ‡ewk MvpZ¡ wewkó Ask hZ `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K `ªve‡Ki AwZµvšÍ
`~iZ¡ Øviv fvM Ki‡j †h msL¨v cvIqv hvq Zv‡K H †h․‡Mi Rf gvb e‡j|
54. eÈb m~Î Kx?
DËi t eÈb m~ÎwU n‡jv Ñ ci¯úi AwgkÖYxq `ywU Zij `ªve‡Ki Df‡qi g‡a¨ `ªeYxq †Kv‡bv `ªe wb‡q H Zij؇qi
wgkÖ‡Y SvuKv‡i `ªewU `ªve¨Zv Abymv‡i Zij؇qi g‡a¨ Ggbfv‡e ewÈZ nq †h Dfq Zi‡j m„ó `ªewUi `ªeY؇qi
Mvp‡Z¡i AbycvZ w¯i ZvcgvÎvq aªæeK|
55. cwi¯ªveY Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t wdëvi †ccv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ `ªeY‡K c„_K K‡i ‡h cwi®‥vi `ªeY cvIqv hvq †mB cÖwµqv‡K cwi¯ªveY e‡j|
56. EaŸ©cvZb Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv KwVb c`v_©‡K Zv‡ci cÖfv‡e KwVb Ae¯v n‡Z mivmwi ev‡®ú Ges AZtci kxZj K‡i H ev®ú‡K
mivmwi c~‡e©i KwVb c`v‡_© cwiYZ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K EaŸ©cvZb e‡j|
57. `ªveK wb®‥vkb Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv •Re c`v_©‡K GKwU Dchy³ `ªve‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ Zvi Rjxq `ªeY ev Ab¨ wgkÖY n‡Z c„_KxKi‡Yi c×wZ‡K
`ªveK wb®‥vkb e‡j|

 Abyavebg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi

1. cigvYy AwefvR¨ bqÑ e¨vL¨v Ki|

DËi t cigvYy AwefvR¨ bq, wefvR¨| KviY, †g․wjK ev †h․wMK c`v‡_©i G ÿz`ªZg KYv KZK¸‡iv KwYKvi m¤^b‡q
MwVZ Ges cigvYy‡K G me g~j KwYKvq wefvRb Kiv m¤¢e| cigvYy‡K wewfbœfv‡e †f‡O Gme KYv Avwe®‥…Z
n‡q‡Q| G‡`i msL¨v cÖvq 200 Gi g‡Zv|
2. AvB‡mv‡Uvc¸‡jv †Kb GKB †g․‡ji n‡q _v‡K?
DËi t cvigvYweK msL¨v Awfbœ n‡jI wbDUªb msL¨vi wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci m„wó nq| †h mKj cigvYyi †cÖvUb
msL¨v GKB wKš‧ fi msL¨v wfbœ Zv‡`i‡K ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mv‡Uvc e‡j| †cÖvUb msL¨v ev cvigvYweK msL¨v
GKB nIqvi Kvi‡Y AvB‡mv‡Uvc¸‡jv GKB †g․‡ji cigvbyi n‡q _v‡K|

3. Kve©‡bi wZb ai‡bi AvB‡mv‡Uvc _v‡K †Kb?

DËi t Kve©‡bi wZb ai‡bi AvB‡mv‡Uvc _v‡K|
KviY t Kve©b cigvYyi wZb ai‡bi fi msL¨v _vKvq G‡`i wfbœ a‡g©i AvB‡mv‡Uvc †`Lv hvq, Kve©‡bi wZb
ai‡bi fi msL¨v n‡j C, –12, C–13 Ges C–14| wKš‧ Kve©b cigvYyi ‡cÖvUb msL¨v A_v©r cvigvYweK
msL¨v 6| GB Kvi‡Y Kve©b cigvYy wZb ai‡bi AvB‡mv‡Uvc †`Lvq| Kve©‡bi wZbwU AvB‡mv‡Uvc
12 13 14
6 C,6 C,6 C |
4. ‡ZRw¯…q AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci e¨envi D‡jøL Ki|
DËi t weÁvb I cÖhyw³i me kvLvq †ZRw¯…q AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci cÖPzi e¨envi i‡q‡Q| wb‡P G‡`i e¨envi¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jvÑ
1. kix‡ii †Kv‡bv ¯v‡bi ÿwZKi K¨vÝvi I wUDgvi Gi Dcw¯wZ †ZRw¯…q AvB‡mv‡Uvc Øviv wbY©q Kiv hvq|
2. Av‡qvwWb-131 e¨envi K‡i _vBi‡qW MÖwši A¯^vfvweK e„w×RwbZ †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv Kiv hvq|
3. ‡ZRw¯…q dmdivm-32 cÖ‡qvM K‡i Mv‡Qi dm‡dU mvi MÖn‡Yi cwigvY wbY©q Kiv hvq|
4. ‡ZRw¯…q C-14 e¨envi K‡i eqm wbav©iY Kiv m¤¢e|
5. AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci •ewkó¨ D‡jøL Ki|
DËi t AvB‡mv‡Uv‡ci •ewkó¨ wb¤œiƒc :
1. AvB‡mv‡Uvcmg~n GKB †g․‡ji cigvYy|
2. Zv‡`i cvigvYweK msL¨v Z_v ‡cÖvUb msL¨v GKB wKš‧ fimsL¨v wfbœ|
3. cvigvYweK msL¨v GKB nIqvq ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mv‡Uvcmg~n chv©q mviwY‡Z GKB Ae¯v‡b _v‡K|
4. wewfbœ AvB‡mv‡Uvc wfbœ wfbœ •ewkó¨m¤úbœ|
6. AvB‡mvevi wfbœ cigvYyi nq †Kb?
DËi t ‡h mKj cigvYyi fi msL¨v A_v©r wbDwK¬qv‡mi †cÖvUb I wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb wKš‧ †cÖvUb msL¨v wfbœ Zv‡`i‡K
AvB‡mvevi e‡j| cvigvYweK msL¨v wfbœ nIqvi Kvi‡Y wfbœ wfbœ †g․‡ji cigvYy‡Z AvB‡mvevi n‡q _v‡K|
†hgb, 64 64
29 H I 30 Zn ci¯ú‡ii AvB‡mvevi|
7. iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj‡K †m․i g‡Wj ejv nq †Kb?
DËi t iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj‡K †m․i g‡Wj ejv nq| KviY iv`vi‡dvW© Zvi cigvYy g‡Wj‡K †m․iRM‡Zi mv‡_
Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z m~h©‡K †K›`ª K‡i wbR wbR Kÿc‡_ MÖn¸‡jv †hfv‡e cwiågY K‡i wVK GKBfv‡e
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wbDwK¬qvm‡K †K›`ª K‡i wbR wbR Kÿc‡_ Zxeª †e‡M cwiågY K‡i _v‡K|
8. ‡ev‡ii cigvYy g‡W‡ji mvdj¨ D‡jøL Ki|
DËi t ‡evi g‡W‡ji KwZcq mvdj¨ wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv njÑ
1. ‡Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i Dci wfwË K‡i †evi cigvYy g‡Wj Øviv cigvYyi ¯vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|
2. G g‡Wj Øviv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eYv©wj †iLvi DrcwË e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|
9. ‡h wbw`©ó Kÿc‡_ B‡jKUªb AveZ©b K‡i Zvi e¨vmva© G g‡W‡ji mvnv‡h¨ wnmve Kiv hvq|cigvYy Avavb
wbi‡cÿ nq †Kb?
DËi t cigvYy Avavb wbi‡cÿ| KviY cigvYyi †K‡›`ª wbDwK¬qv‡m hZ¸‡jv abvZ¥K PvR© (+1.610–19C) we`¨gvb
wVK ZZ¸‡jv FYvZ¥K PvR© (–1.6010–19C) cigvYyi evB‡i Aew¯Z| abvZ¥K PvR© hy³ †cÖvU‡bi PvR© Ges
FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ B‡jKUª‡bi PvR© mgvb I wecixZ nIqvq ci¯úi cÖkwgZ ev PvR© wbi‡cÿ n‡q hvq|
10. wbDwK¬qvm‡K cigvYyi fi‡K›`ª ejv nq †Kb?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv †g․‡ji cigvYy‡Z Aew¯Z †cÖvUb I wbDUªb msL¨vi mgwó‡K H †g․‡ji fi msL¨v e‡j| G‡K wbDwK¬qb
msL¨v ejv nq| hv‡K wbDwK¬qvm e‡j| †Kv‡bv †g․‡ji †cÖvUb msL¨v p I wbDUªb msL¨v n n‡j H †g․‡ji fi
msL¨v = (‡cÖvUb msL¨v + wbDUªb msL¨v) A_v©r A = p + n| †h‡nZz cigvYyi mKj fi wbDwK¬qv‡m †Kw›`ªf‚Z
_v‡K ZvB wbDwK¬qvm‡K cigvYyi fi‡K›`ª e‡j|
11. cigvYyi AvKv‡ii Zzjbvq wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvKvi ÿz`ª †Kb?
DËi t cigvYyi AwaKvsk ¯vb dvuKv e‡j †ewki fvM -KYv GB ¯v‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Aeva MwZ‡Z †mvRvmywR mij‡iLvq
P‡j hvq| wKš‧ `y-GKwU -KYv wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ av°v †L‡q Avevi †mB c‡_ wd‡i Av‡m| myZivs cigvYyi GB
wbDwK¬qvm Aek¨B fvix Ges abvZ¥K Avavbhy³| cigvYyi e¨vm 10–12cm Ges wbDwK¬qv‡mi e¨vm 10–13cm
†_‡K 10–12cm| myZivs cigvYyi AvKv‡ii Zzjbvq wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvKvi ÿz`ª|
12. cigvYyi Af¨šÍ‡i wbDwK¬qvm e¨ZxZ cy‡iv ¯vb dvuKv †Kb?
DËi t cigvYyi AwaKvsk ¯vbB dvuKv e‡j †ewki fvM -KYv GB ¯v‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Aeva MwZ‡Z m‡RvmywR mij‡iLvq P‡j
hvq| wKš‧ `y-GKwU -KYv wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ av°v †L‡q Avevi †mB c‡_ wd‡i Av‡m| ZvB cigvYyi Af¨šÍ‡i
wbDwK¬qvm e¨ZxZ cy‡iv ¯vb dvuKv _v‡K|
13. GKwU cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi ¯vqx kw³¯Íi ej‡Z Kx eyS?
DËi t GKwU cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi ¯vqx Kÿc_ ej‡Z eySvq hZÿY B‡jKUªb H K‡ÿ Ae¯vb Ki‡e ZZÿY Zv
†Kv‡bv kw³ wewKiY ev †kvlY Ki‡e bv| hw` B‡jKUª‡bi Kÿc‡_i Ae¯vb cwieZ©b K‡i Z‡eB kw³i †kvlY
ev wewKiY NU‡e| B‡jKUªb D”P kw³¯Íi †_‡K wb¤œ kw³¯Í‡i Avm‡j kw³i wewKiY Ges wb¤œ kw³¯Íi †_‡K D”P
kw³¯Í‡i Avm‡j kw³i ‡kvlY N‡U|
14. cø¨vs‡Ki †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i wfwˇZ Kxfv‡e †evi g‡Wj †_‡K eYv©wji aviYv cvIqv hvq?
DËi t cøvs‡Ki Z‡Ë¡i mvnv‡h¨ weÁvbx †evi cigvYy‡Z eYv©wj m„wói KviY e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| Zvui g‡Z, kw³i Drm †_‡K
†g․‡ji AmsL¨ cigvYyi B‡jKUªbmg~n wewfbœ cwigv‡Y kw³ †kvlY K‡i D‡ËwRZ n‡q wewfbœ D”P kw³¯Í‡i
DbœxZ nq| c‡i kw³i Drm mwi‡q wb‡j D‡ËwRZ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv kw³ nvwi‡q Avevi wb¤œ kw³¯Í‡i wd‡i Av‡m|
G mgq †g․‡ji cigvYyi A‡bK¸‡jv B‡jKUªb wewfb&œ D”P kw³¯Íi †_‡K GKB wb¤œ kw³ ¯Í‡i wd‡i Avm‡Z
cv‡i| d‡j eYv©wji m„wó nq|
15. AiweU I AiwUv‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨mg~n †jL|
DËi t AiweU I AiweUv‡ji cv_©K¨mg~n wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv t
1. AiweU Øviv wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K wØgvwÎK e„ËvKvi c‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi AveZ©b‡K †evSvq| Aciw`‡K AiweUvj
Øviv wbDwK¬qv‡i PZzw`©‡K wÎgvwÎK ¯v‡b (X, Y I Z-Aÿ eivei) B‡jKUªb AveZ©b‡K †evSvq|
 2. B‡jKUª‡bi AiweUmg~n e„ËvKvi n‡jI AiweUv‡ji AvK…wZ wewfbœ iK‡gi nq| †hgb s AiweUvj †MvjK
AvK…wZi, p AiweUvj `ywU †jvewewkó Wv‡¤^‡ji g‡Zv, d AiweUvj Wvej Wv‡¤^‡ji g‡Zv, cÖwZ d AiweUv‡j
PviwU †jve _v‡K|
3. AiweUmg~n K, L, M, N, O cÖf…wZ Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq| wKš‧ mnKvix †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v ℓ = 0, 1, 2,
3, 4 n‡j AiweUvjmg~n‡K s, p, d, f, g Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq|
16. N~Y©biZ B‡jKUªb kw³¯Íi †_‡K wePz¨wZ nq bv †Kb?
DËi t wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K kw³¯Í‡i B‡jKUª‡bi N~Y©‡bi d‡j m„ó ai‡bi ej Drcbœ nq| wbDwK¬qvm I B‡jKUª‡bi
g‡a¨ weivwRZ †K›`ªgyLx w¯i we`y¨r AvKl©Y ej I N~Y©‡bi d‡j †K›`ªgyLx ej Drcbœ nq| GB `yB ai‡bi ej
ci¯úi mgvb I wecixZgyLx n‡q _v‡K| d‡j B‡jKUªb¸‡jv kw³¯Í‡i N~Y©‡bi mgq wePz¨wZ nq bv|
17. He+ Gi †ÿ‡Î †evi ZË¡ cÖ‡hvR¨Ñe¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t ‡evi cigvYy g‡Wj ïaygvÎ GK B‡jKUªbwewkó cigvYy I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb m`„k GK B‡jKUªbwewkó Avqbmg~‡ni
eYv©wj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡jI GKvwaK B‡jKUªbwewkó cigvYymg~‡ni eYv©wj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY
GKvwaK B‡jKUªbwewkó cigvYyi †ÿ‡Î B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wewfbœ cwigv‡Yi kw³ †kvlY K‡i wfbœ wfbœ D”PZi
kw³¯Í‡i DbœxZ nq| evwn¨K Drm mwi‡q wb‡j H B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wb¤œZi kw³m¤úbœ †h‡Kv‡bv Kÿc‡_ wd‡i
Av‡m| wewKwiZ kw³i cÖfv‡e m„ó eYv©wji msL¨v GZ †ewk I wew”Qbœ nq †h G‡`i GKwU †_‡K Ab¨wU c„_K Kiv
hvq bv| He+ Avq‡bi †ÿ‡Î 1wU gvÎ B‡jKUªb _vKvq He+ Gi †ÿ‡Î †evi ZË¡ cÖ‡hvR¨|
18. 2d AiweUvj Am¤¢eÑ e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t wØZxq cÖavb kw³¯Íi (n=2) Gi Rb¨ mnKvix †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v (ℓ) Gi `ywU gvb cvIqv hvq hvi g‡a¨ ℓ = 0
gvbwU s Dc¯Íi‡K Ges ℓ = 1 gvbwU p-Dc¯Íi‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| G Kvi‡YB wØZxq kw³¯Í‡i 2d AiweUvj
Am¤¢e|
19. ‡Kvb Pjgvb KYvi •ØZ ag© e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t ‡Kvb Pjgvb KYv ej‡Z B‡jKUªb eySvq| 1924 mv‡j weÁvbx jyB wW eªMwj gZ cÖKvk K‡ib †h, B‡jKUª‡bi
KYv I Zi½ Dfq ag©B we`¨gvb| GKwU †dvU‡bi kw³ E = h Ges AvBb÷vB‡bi fi kw³ mgxKiY E =
mc2 Dfq mgxKiY e¨envi K‡i cvB,
c h
h = mc2, ev h   mc.c ; ev, mc  ..................... (1)
 
wKš‧ Pjgvb e¯‧KYvi fi‡eM, P = mv,
h h
‡m‡ÿ‡Î (1) bs mgxKiY `vuovq t mv  ev,  
 mv
A_v©r Pjgvb e¯‧KYvi Zi½ag© = aªæeK/e¯‧i KYv ag©
20. 3d m¤¢e n‡jI 3f m¤¢e bq †Kb?
DËi t 3d AiweUv‡ji †ÿ‡Î cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v n = 3| Zvn‡j mnKvix †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v ℓ = 0, 1, 2 n‡e|
Avevi ℓ = 0, 1, 2 n‡j h_vµ‡g s, p I d AiweUvj wb‡`©k K‡i| ZvB 3d m¤¢e| wKš‧ 3f AiweUv‡ji
†ÿ‡Î cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v n = 3 nIqvq ℓ Gi gvb 3 cvIqv m¤¢e bq e‡jB 3f m¤¢e bq|
21. L kw³¯Í‡i 2d Ges 3f AiweUvj m¤¢e wK bv e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t L kw³¯Í‡i 2d I 3f AiweUvj m¤¢e bq| wb‡P gZvgZ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jvÑ
DÏxc‡Ki L kw³¯Íi Øviv 2q kw³¯Íi eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
2q kw³¯Í‡i 2d AiweUvj m¤¢e bq|
KviY 2q kw³¯Í‡ii Rb¨, cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v, n = 2
mnKvix †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v, ℓ = 0, 1
wKš‧ d AiweUv‡ji Rb¨ n = 2 n‡Z n‡e| ZvB L kw³¯Í‡i 2d m¤¢e bv|
Ab¨w`‡K 3f AiweUv‡ji Rb¨, cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v, n = 3
wKš‧ L kw³¯Í‡ii Rb¨ cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vi gvb n = 2, ZvB 3f m¤¢e bq|
A_v©r L kw³¯Í‡i 2d Ges 3f AiweUvj m¤¢e bq|
22. cUvwmqv‡gi 19 Zg B‡jKUªbwU 3d AiweUv‡ji cwie‡Z© 4s AiweUv‡j hvq †Kb?
DËi t Avgiv Rvwb, `ywU AiweUv‡ji g‡a¨ hvi (n + ℓ) Gi gvb Kg Zvi kw³I Kg nq| A_v©r †mwU wb¤œkw³i
AiweUvj Ges B‡jKUªb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e H AiweUv‡j Av‡M cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| †hgbÑ
3d AiweUv‡ji Rb¨ : n = 3 Ges ℓ = 2
 (n + ℓ) = 3 + 2 = 5
4s AiweUv‡ji Rb¨ : n = 4 Ges ℓ = 0
 (n + ℓ) = 4 + 0 = 4
myZivs 3d AiweUv‡ji kw³ †ewk Ges 4s AiweUv‡ji kw³ Kg| ZvB cUvwmqv‡gi (K) me©‡kl A_v©r 19Zg
B‡jKUªbwU 3d AiweUv‡j bv wM‡q 4s AiweUv‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i|
23. Cu Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm mvaviY wbq‡gi e¨wZµg nq †Kb?
DËi t Cu Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm mvaviY wbq‡gi e¨wZµg nq| Gi KviY mvaviY wbq‡g Cu Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vmÑ
Cu(29) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2
mvaviY wbq‡g Cu Gi 3d AiweUv‡j 9wU B‡jKUªb _vKvi K_v| wKš‧ Avgiv Rvwb, Aa©c~Y© ev c~Y©
AiweUvj¸‡jv myw¯Z nq| GRb¨ 4s2 †_‡K 1wU B‡jKUªb 3d9 G hy³ n‡q 3d10 nq hv c~Y©| Zvn‡j Cu Gi
B‡jKUªb web¨vm `vuovqÑ
Cu(29) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1
G Kvi‡YB g~jZ Cu Gi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m e¨wZµg ‡`Lv hvq|
24. CrÑGi B‡jKUªb web¨vm mvaviY wbq‡g nq bv †Kb?
DËi t Cr Gi †ÿ‡Î 4s AiweUv‡j `y‡Uv †Rvoe× B‡jKUªb Ges d-AiweUv‡j PviwU AhyM¥ B‡jKUªb _vKv evÃbxq
wQj|
Cr(24)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4
wKš‧ ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î Cr Gi mwVK B‡jKUªb web¨vm wb¤œiƒcÑ
Cr(24)  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
KviY Aa©c~Y© A_ev m¤ú~Y©fv‡e c~Y© AiweUv‡ji myw¯wZ AwaK nIqvq Cr Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm mvaviY wbq‡g
nq bv|
25. Cr(25) Gi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡i û‡Ûi wbqg e· c×wZ‡Z †`LvI|
DËi t û‡Ûi wbqgwU n‡jvÑ GKB kw³m¤úbœ wewfbœ AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e Ae¯vb Ki‡e †hb Zviv
mev©waK msL¨v AhyM¥ ev we‡Rvo Ae¯vq _vK‡Z cv‡i| Gme AhyM¥ B‡jKUª‡bi w¯úb GKBgyLx n‡e|
Cr(24) Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm ÔB‡jKUªb-e·Õ c×wZ‡Z cÖKvk Ki‡jÑ
1s2 2s2 2p2 3s2 3p2 3p5 4s2
Cr(24) :
myZivs ‡`Lv hv‡”Q 3d I 4s AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb¸‡jv AhyM¥ ev we‡Rvo Ae¯vq Av‡Q Ges Zv‡`i w¯úb
GKBgyLx|
26. 3d I 4p AiweUv‡ji g‡a¨ †KvbwU‡Z B‡jKUªb Av‡M cÖ‡ek K‡i?
DËi t cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v (n) Ges mnKvix †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v (ℓ) Df‡qi †hvMdj A_v©r (n + ℓ) Gi gvb †h
AiweUv‡ji Kg Zvi kw³ wb¤œZi Ges †mLv‡bB Av‡M B‡jKUªb cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|
3d Gi †ÿ‡Î, n + ℓ = 3 + 2 = 5
3p Gi †ÿ‡Î, n + ℓ = 4 + 1 = 5
Dfq AiweUv‡ji †ÿ‡Î (n + ℓ) Gi gvb mgvb nIqv m‡Ë¡I 3d Gi †ÿ‡Î cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vi gvb Kg
nIqvq Av‡M 3d †Z B‡jKUªb cÖ‡ek Ki‡e|
27. bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm û‡Ûi wbqg †g‡b P‡jÑ e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t û‡Ûi bxwZ Abymv‡i †Kv‡bv †g․‡ji cigvYyi GKB kw³m¤úbœ wewfbœ AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e Ae¯vb
Ki‡e †hb Zviv mev©waK msL¨vq we‡Rvo Ae¯vq _vK‡Z cv‡i| G we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb¸‡jvi w¯úb GKgyLx nq|
N G B‡jKUªb web¨vm t
1s 2s 2p
N(7) =
 N Gi 2p AiweUv‡j cÖK…Zc‡ÿ mgkw³m¤úbœ wZbwU AiweUvj Av‡Q| G‡`i‡K Px, Py I Pz Øviv wPwýZ
Kiv nq| Gi 2p Dckw³¯Í‡i wZbwU we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb Av‡Q hv‡`i w¯úb GKgyLx| A_v©r GwU û‡Ûi bxwZ †g‡b
P‡j|
28. cvDwji eR©b bxwZ e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t cwji eR©b bxwZwU n‡jv GKwU cigvYy‡Z †h‡Kv‡bv `yBwU B‡jKUª‡bi PviwU †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vi gvb GKB Kig
n‡Z cv‡i bv|
‡hgb He Gi cigvYy‡Z gvÎ `ywU B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| GB `ywU B‡jKUª‡bi PviwU †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vi g‡a¨ cÖ_g
wZbwUi gvb Awfbœ n‡jI PZz_© †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v A_v©r w¯úb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vi gvb Aek¨B wfbœ|
1
1g B‡jKUª‡bi †ÿ‡Î n = 1, ℓ = 0, m = 0, s  
2
1
2q B‡jKUª‡bi †ÿ‡Î, n = 1, ℓ = 0, m = 0, s  
2
29. AvaywbK imvq‡bi DbœwZi g~‡j cwji eR©b bxwZi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh© †Kb?
DËi t AvaywbK imvq‡bi DbœwZi g~‡j cwji eR©b bxwZi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| KviYÑ
1. Gi mvnv‡h¨ cigvYyi Af¨šÍixY MVb e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|
2. Gi mvnv‡h¨ †g․‡ji chv©qMZ ag©‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|
3. g~j KwYKvi AvPiY e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ Gi †_‡K aviYv cvIqv hvq|
4. cigvYyi ivmvqwbK ag© kbv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨I Gi cÖ‡qvM ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
30. eY©vwji Drm Kx eywS‡q †jL|
DËi t B‡jKUªb hLb GK kw³¯Íi n‡Z Ab¨ GKwU kw³¯Í‡i ¯vbvšÍwiZ nq ZLb Av‡jvKiwk¥ AvKv‡i kw³ †kvwlZ
nq| Av‡jv hLb GK kw³¯Íi n‡Z Ab¨ kw³¯Í‡i hvq ZLb Av‡jvi †kvlY ev wewKiY N‡U| hw` kw³ †kvlY
K‡i Zvn‡j †h D¾¡j ‡iLv cvIqv hvq H †iLv¸‡jv †_‡KB eYv©wji m„ó nq A_v©r eYv©wj Drm wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i|
31. Mg jeY wkLv cixÿvq eY© m„wó K‡i bv †Kb?
DËi t Mg cigvYyi AvKvi A‡cÿvK…Z †QvU Ges G‡`i AvqbxKiY kw³ A‡bK †ewk ZvB G‡`i B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wkLv
†_‡K kw³ MÖnY K‡i D”P kw³¯Í‡i †h‡Z cv‡i bv| G Kvi‡Y Mg wkLv cixÿvq †Kv‡bv eY© m„wó K‡i bv|
32. wkLv cixÿvq Mvp HCl e¨envi Kiv nq †KbÑe¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t wkLv cixÿvq mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ je‡Y Dcw¯Z avZe g~jK (‡hgb Na+, K+ BZ¨vw`) kbv³ Kiv nq| G cixÿvq
Mvp HCl e¨envi Kiv nq| KviY Mvp HCl G wm³ avZe jeY eyb‡mb `xc wkLvq wewfbœ eY© m„wó K‡i| avZe
jeY Mvp HCl Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i DØvqx avZe †K¬vivBW •Zwi K‡i| G DØvqx avZe †K¬vivBW eyb‡mb
`x‡ci Zv‡c ev‡®ú cwiYZ nq Ges avZe Avqb `xc wkLvi wewfbœ Zi½ •`N¨©wewkó eY© †kvlY K‡i Ges Zvi
cwic~iK •ewkó¨c~Y© eY© `xc wkLvq `„k¨gvb eY©vwj m„wó K‡i| †hgbÑ Ca2+ Avqb B‡Ui g‡Zv jvj eY© m„wó
K‡i|
CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
CaCl2 + Zvc  CaCl2 (ev®ú)
B‡Ui g‡Zv jvj
33. cvigvYweK eYv©wj wew”Qbœ †iLvi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq †Kb?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv M¨vm‡K •e`y¨wZK Av‡K©i g‡`¨ ivL‡j †h Av‡jvi wewKiY nq Zvi g‡a¨ KZK¸‡jv wbw`©ó Zi½ •`‡N¨©i
Av‡jv _v‡K| A_v©r wewfbœ Zi½ •`‡N¨©i Av‡jvi mgwó cvIqv hvq| ZLb GK GKwU Av‡jvK †iLv wbw`©ó Zi½
•`N¨©wewkó Zi‡½i ¯vb `Lj Ki‡e| ZvB cvigvYweK eYv©wj‡Z KZK¸‡jv wew”Qbœ †iLv †`Lv hvq|
34. Zwor Pz¤^Kxq wewKiY‡K Zwor Pz¤^Kxq eYv©wj ejv nq †Kb?
DËi t wewfbœ Zi½ •`‡N¨©i Av‡jvK iwk¥i mgvnvi‡K eYv©wj e‡j| m~‡h©i Av‡jvi we”Qzi‡Yi d‡j m„ó wewfbœ e‡Y©i G
mgv‡ek‡K eYv©wj e‡j Ges Gfv‡e m„ó eYv©wj‡Z mKj ai‡bi Av‡jvi Dcw¯wZ _v‡K weavq G‡K Awew”Qbœ eYv©wj
e‡j| AZGe Zwor Pz¤^Kxq wewKiY †_‡K Drcbœ eYv©wj‡KB Zwor Pz¤^Kxq eYv©wj e‡j|
35. eYv©wji mvnv‡h¨ Kxfv‡e †g․j kbv³ Kiv nq?
DËi t ‡g․‡ji wgkÖY †_‡K wbw`©ó †g․j‡K †g․‡ji eYv©wji mvnv‡h¨ c„_K Kiv hvq| cÖ_‡g wgkÖ‡Yi GKwU cvigvYweK
eYv©wj †bIqv nq| GLb G eYv©wji wbw`©ó Zi½ •`N¨© wewkó †iLv eYv©wj‡Z weï× †g․‡ji Av`k© eYv©wj †iLvi
mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i wgkÖ‡Y kbv³ Kiv hvq|
36. UV-iwk¥i mvnv‡h¨ Zzwg wKfv‡e Rvj UvKv kbv³KiY Ki‡e?Ñe¨vL¨v Ki&
DËi t UvKvi Dci †h Kvwji cÖ‡jc †`Iqv nq Zv‡Z Ggb UV †d¬v‡iv‡bÝ Dcv`vb _v‡K, hv‡Z K‡i wbw`©ó
wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi UV Av‡jv co‡jB ‡Kej GwU Av‡jvK‡K cÖwZdwjZ K‡i| G Kvwj ïaygvÎ wbw`©ó Zi½ •`‡N¨©i
UV Av‡jvi wb‡PB `„k¨gvb nq| mvaviY Ae¯vq GwU Lvwj †Pv‡L †`Lv m¤¢e bq| UV iwk¥ Drcv`bKvix hš¿
†_‡K wbw`©ó Zi½ •`‡N¨©i UV Av‡jv hLb e¨vsK †bv‡Ui Dci †djv nq ZLb we‡kl Kvwj‡Z Dcw¯Z
†d¬v‡iv‡mÝ dm‡dvi wewµqv K‡i `„k¨gvb Av‡jv m„wó K‡i|
Gfv‡e AwZ mn‡R cÖK…Z e¨vsK †bvU ev Rvj UvKv kvb&KZ Kiv hvq|
37. H-Gi eYv©wj‡Z GKvwaK m~² wPo †`Lv hvq †Kb?Ñe¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t D”P we`y¨r kw³i cÖfv‡e nvB‡Wªv‡Rb AYy (H2) cÖ_‡g nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Z (H) cwiYZ nq| c‡i nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
Gi AmsL¨ cigvYyi B‡jKUªb wewfbœ cwigv‡Y kw³ †kvlY K‡i DÏxwcZ n‡q Zv‡`i wewfbœ D”P kw³¯Í‡i jvwd‡q
P‡j| kw³i Drm mwi‡q wb‡j DÏxwcZ B‡jKUªb¸‡jv †_‡K kw³i wewKiY NU‡Z _v‡K| d‡j B‡jKUªb¸‡jv
wewfbœ wb¤œ kw³¯Í‡i wd‡i Av‡m| Gfv‡e m„ó nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eYv©wj‡Z GKvwaK m~² wPo †`Lv hvq|
38. isaby Kxfv‡e MwVZ nq?
DËi t e„wói ci AvKv‡k isaby †`Lv hvq| e„wói ci ‡gNgy³ AvKv‡g RjKYvi Dci hLb m~‡h©i Av‡jv AvcwZZ nq
ZLb RjKYv wcÖR‡gi g‡Zv KvR K‡i m~‡h©i mv`v Av‡jv‡K mvZwU i‡O wef³ K‡i| hvi d‡j mvZ is isaby
m„wó nq|
39. cÖwZcÖfv Kxfv‡e m„wó nq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t Zwor †P․¤^Kxq †iwW‡qk‡bi AwZ‡e¸wb `„k¨gvb A‡ji Zi½‣`N¨© cwimi n‡jv 200–750nm. †Kv‡bv
AYy‡Z G A‡ji †iwW‡qkb AvcwZZ n‡j AYyi Af¨šÍi¯ B‡jKUªbxq kw³¯Í‡ii cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| AYy¯
wewfbœ B‡jKUªb †iwW‡qkb †kvlY K‡i D”PZi kw³¯Í‡i DcbxZ nq| B‡jKUªb hLb Aw¯wZkxj D‡ËwRZ Ae¯v
†_‡K myw¯Z c~ev©e¯vq wd‡i Av‡m, ZLb †kvwlZ kw³ cÖwZcÖfv wn‡m‡e wewKwiZ n‡Z _v‡K|
40. ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i †cwki e¨_v wbivg‡q Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ e¨eüZ nq †Kb?
DËi t Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥i Zi½‣`N¨© †ewk _vKvq GwU gvbe kix‡ii Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i ZvcgvÎv e„w×i gva¨‡g m~²
i³bvjxi m¤úªmviY NUvq| G‡Z i³ cÖevn I mÂvjb e„w× cvq| d‡j e¨_vi Dckg cvIqv hvq| G Kvi‡Y
¯œvqyZ‡š¿i †cwki e¨_v wbivg‡q Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥ e¨eüZ nq|
41. cvm‡cvU© kbv³Ki‡Y †Kb UV-iwk¥ e¨envi Kiv nq?
DËi t Avmj UvKv I cvm‡cv‡U© †h RjQvc _v‡K UV iwk¥‡Z ms‡e`bkxj| ZvQvov UV iwk¥ †kvwlZ nIqvi ci
wewKi‡Yi mgq Gi K¤úv¼ K‡‡g hvq e‡j `„k¨gvb nq, ZvB UV iwk¥ e¨envi myweavRbK|
42. ‡ivM wbY©‡q X-ray Gi cwie‡Z© MRI Gi e¨envi myweavRbK †Kb?
DËi t †ivM wbY©‡q X-ray Gi cwie‡Z© MRI Gi e¨envi myweavRbK Ges wbivc`| KviY X-ray e¨envi Kivi
d‡j kix‡ii mRxe †Kvl aŸsm n‡q hvq Ges †mLvb †_‡K K¨vÝvi m„wó nq| cÿvšÍ‡i, MRI Zvi †P‡q A‡bK
†ewk djcÖm~ I wbivc` cÖwZ”Qwe ¯úófv‡e Zzj‡Z mÿg| Gi Øviv wUmy¨i †Kv‡bv ÿwZ †Zv nqB bv; eis nvo I
wUmy¨ Øviv †P․¤^Kxq cÖwZ”Qwe‡Z †Kv‡bv A¯úóZv cwijwÿZ nq bv|
G Rb¨B †ivM wbY©‡q X-ray Gi cwie‡Z© MRI Gi e¨envi myweavRbK|
43. ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î ¸YMZ imvq‡bi KwZcq cÖ‡qvM †`LvI|
DËi t wb‡P ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î ¸YMZ imvq‡bi KwZcq cÖ‡qvM †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ
1. Kv‡iwÝ †bvU, cvm‡cvU© cixÿv t Aaybv ¸YMZ imvq‡bi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨envi n‡jv Rvj †bvU, cvm‡cvU©
ev †µwWU KvW© kbv³KiY| UV iwk¥i mvnv‡h¨ wbY©q Kiv hvq Kv‡iwÝ †bvU ev cvm‡cvU© Avmj bv bKj wKbv|
2. ‣Re I A‣Re †h․‡Mi we‡kølY t je‡Y Dcw¯Z ÿviKxq I A¤øxq g~jK kbv³ Kiv Ges †jmvBb cixÿvi
mvnv‡h¨ GKwU •Re †h․‡M Dcw¯Z kbv³KiY ¸YMZ we‡køl‡Yi Ab¨Zg cÖ‡qvM|
3. Lv`¨ †fRvj wbY©q t Amvay e¨emvqxiv Lv‡`¨ †fRvj wgwk‡q _v‡K hv Avgv‡`i ¯^v‡¯¨i Rb¨ ÿwZKi| ¸YMZ
imvq‡bi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ †fRvj Av‡Q wK-bv cixÿv Kiv hvq|
44. Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq BaSO4 Gi `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj 1.110–10 ej‡Z Kx eyS?
DËi t Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq BaSO4 Gi `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj 1.110–10 ej‡Z eySvq, 25C ZvcgvÎvq ¯^í `ªeYxq jeY
BaSO4 Gi m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y Gi Dcv`vb Avqb Ba+2 I SO4–2 Gi NbgvÎvi m‡ev©”P ¸Ydj n‡e 1.110–
10|

BaSO4(aq) Ba2+ + SO4–2

Ksp= S  S = S = 1.110–10
2

45. MRI Gi gva¨‡g †Kvb ai‡bi †ivM kbv³ Kiv nq?

DËi t kix‡ii wewfbœ A‡½i †Kv‡li A¯^vfvweKZv MRI Gi gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv nq| †hgb- K¨vÝvi †Kvl MRI Gi
gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv hvq| GQvov kix‡ii †Kvb As‡k Pwe© ev Kv‡ev©nvB‡Wª‡Ui NvUwZ ev AvwaK¨ n‡j ZvI MRI
Gi gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv hvq|
46. MRI wKfv‡e KvR K‡i?
DËi t ‣Re imvq‡bi wbDwK¬qvi †P․¤^Kxq AbyiYb ev NMR bxwZi Dci MRI KvR K‡i| GB bxwZ‡Z wewfbœ
wbDwK¬qvm‡K wd«‡Kv‡qwÝs †kvlY Kiv‡bv nq| hvi d‡j wbw`©ó wmMb¨vj cvIqv hvq|
47. `ªve‡Ki cÖK…wZi Dci `ªve¨Zv Kxfv‡e wbf©ikxj e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t mKj `ªe mKj `ªve‡K `ªexf‚Z nq bv| mvaviYZ A‣Re `ªe A‣Re `ªve‡K Ges •Re `ªe •Re `ªve‡K `ªexf‚Z
nq| †hgbÑ mvjdvi cvwb‡Z `ªexf‚Z nq bv| wKš‧ Kve©b WvBmvjdvB‡W (CS2) `ªeYxq| NaCl cvwb‡Z
`ªeYxq wKš‧ †K‡ivwm‡b A`ªeYxq|
48. `ªve¨Zv ej‡Z Kx eyS?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq 100g `ªve‡K m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y cwiYZ Ki‡Z hZ MÖvg `ª‡ei cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K G
ZvcgvÎvq H `ª‡ei `ªve¨Zv e‡j| G‡K S Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nh|
100 × MÖv‡g cÖKvwkZ `ª‡ei fi
`ªve¨Zv, S =
MÖv‡g cÖKvwkZ `ªve‡Ki fi
49. `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj ej‡Z Kx eyS?
DËi t wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq †Kv‡bv ¯^í `ªeYxq je‡Yi m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y mvg¨ve¯vq GK‡gvj `ªe n‡Z †h K¨vUvqb I A¨vbvqb
cvIqv hvq Zv‡`i NvZmn NbgvÎvi ¸Ydj me©`v aªæeK| G aªæeK‡K ¯^í `ªeYxq jeYwUi `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj e‡j|
‡hgbÑ AgCl Gi m¤ú„³ Rjxq `ªe‡Y Gi Zwor we‡qvRb cÖwµqv wb¤œiƒ‡c †`Lv‡bv njÑ
AgCl AgCl Ag+ + Cl–
(KwVb) (`ªe‡Y)
myZivs msÁvbyhvqx Ksp = [Ag+][Cl-]
KspaªæeKwU‡K AgCl Gi `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj ejv nq|
50. Kxfv‡e cigvYyi Dc¯Íimg~n m¤ú‡K aviYv jvf Kiv hvq?
DËi t mnKvix †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v †_‡K cigvYyi Dc¯Íimg~n m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| G‡K ℓØviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
ℓGi gvb 0 n‡Z n-ℓ ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
n = 1 n‡j, ℓ =0
n = 2 n‡j, ℓ =0, 1
n = 3 n‡j, ℓ =0, 1, 2
n = 4 n‡j, ℓ =0, 1, 2, 3
ℓ Gi gvb 0, 1, 2, 3 Dc¯Íi¸‡jv‡K s, p, d I f bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Gfv‡e cigvYyi Dc¯Íimg~n wbY©q
Kiv m¤¢e|
51. †P․¤^Kxq †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vi gvb mnKvix †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨vi Dci wbf©ikxj-e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t †P․¤^Kxq †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v‡K m Øviv Ges mnKvix †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v ÔlÕ Øviv m~wPZ Kiv nq|
m Gi gvb 1 n‡Z 0 mn +1 ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
A_v©r m = 01
G‡ÿ‡Î l = 0 n‡j, m = 0
l = 1 n‡j, m = -1, 0, +1
l = 2 n‡j, m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
 m Gi gvb Øviv Dc¯Í‡ii Awe©Uvj msL¨v wb‡`©k K‡i|
ZvB ejv hvq, m Ges lGi gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj|
52. `ªve¨Zv I `ªve¨Zvi ¸Yd‡ji m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq 100 MÖvg `ªveK‡K m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y cwiYZ Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv `ª‡ei hZ MÖvg `ªexf‚Z Ki‡Z nq `ª‡ei
†m fi cÖKvkK msL¨vB `ªve¨Zv| Avi `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj n‡”Q wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvi (‡hgb t 25C) †Kv‡bv ¯^j& `ªeYxq
Zworwe‡kølY je‡Yi m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y Gi Dcv`vb Avqbmg~‡ni MÖvg cÖwZ wjUvi ev †gvj cÖwZ wjUvi GK‡K
NbgvÎvi ¸Ydj| †hgbÑ Al(OH)3 Gi †ÿ‡Î m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Yi †_‡K Gi we‡qvRbÑ
Al(OH)3(s) Al(OH)3(aq) Al3+(aq) + 3OH–
Al(OH)3 Gi `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj Ksp = [Al3+]  [OH–]
`ªve¨Zv S n‡j, Ksp = S  (3S)2 = 27S4
53. AvqwbK ¸Ydj ej‡Z Kx eyS?
DËi t †Kvb AvqwbK †h․M‡K `ªe‡Y wb‡j Zviv AvqwbZ Ae¯vq _v‡K| †hgb GKwU jeY AB n‡j GwU `ªe‡Y
wb‡¤œv³fv‡e we‡qvwRZ n‡e-
AB A+ +B-
A Gi NbgvÎv [A+], B-Gi NbgvÎv [B-]
+

G‡`i ¸bdj [A+] [B-] †K AvqwbK ¸Ydj ejv nq|

54. mgAvqb cÖfv‡ei d‡i `ªve¨Zv n«vm cvq †Kb?
DËi t mgAvqb cÖfv‡ei d‡j `ªve¨Zv n«vm cvq| KviY †Kv‡bv m¤ú„³ `ªe‡Y mvg¨ve¯vq weivRKvix Avqbmg~‡ni g‡a¨
†h‡Kv‡bv GKwU Avq‡bi Abyiƒc Avqb †hvM Ki‡j m¤ú„³ `ªeYwU‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó Avq‡bi NbgvÎv e„w × cvq|
d‡j `ªeYwUi AvqwbK ¸Ydj (Kip) e„w× cvq| `ªve¨Zv bxwZ Abymv‡i AvqwbK ¸Yd‡ii gvb `ªve¨Zv ¸Yd‡ji
gvb A‡cÿA †ewk nIqvq `ªve¨Zv ¸Ydj (Ksp) Gi gvb w¯i ivLvi Rb¨ `ªve¨Zv n«vm cvq|
55. A¨vbvqb Øviv K¨vUvq‡bi †cvjvivqb nq bv †Kb?
DËi t Zwor‡hvRx †h․M `ywU wecixZ PvR©hy³ Avqb ci¯ú‡ii KvQvKvwQ Avm‡j K¨vUvq‡bi abvZ¥K PvR© A¨vbv¨q‡bi
FYvZ¥K B‡jKUªb ‡gN‡K wb‡Ri w`‡K AvKl©Y K‡i| d‡j mylg G B‡jKUªb †gN GKUz weK…Z n‡q K¨vUvq‡bi
w`‡K AvswkK ¯vbvšÍwiZ nq Ges `yB Avq‡bi wbDwK¬qvm؇qi gvSvgvwS ¯v‡b wKQzUv cwie¨vß nq| B‡jKUªb
†g‡Ni G AvswkK ¯vbvšÍi‡K †cvjvivqb e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î K¨vUvqb Øviv A¨vbvq‡bi †cvjvivqb nq| wKš‧ A¨vbvqb
Øviv K¨vUvq‡bi †cvjvivqb nqbv, KviY n‡jv A¨vbvq‡b B‡jKUªb †g‡Ni NbZ¡ †ewk _v‡K e‡j K¨vUvq‡bi
B‡jKUªb †gN‡K AvK…ó Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
56. 30C ZvcgvÎvq 1000g cvwb‡Z 10g BaSO4`ªexf~Z Kivi ci †`Lv †Mj 2g A`ªexf~Z Ae¯vq Av‡Q|
`ªve¨Zv MYbv Ki|
DËi t 30C ZvcgvÎvq `ªve¨Zv,
1000g cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z nq (10-2) = 8g
8
g Ó Ó Ó
1000
8  100
100g Ó Ó Ó  0.8
1000
myZivs BaSO4Gi `ªve¨Zv 0.8|
57. Kxfv‡e Cl-Avqb kbv³ Kiv nq?
DËi t Cl-Avq‡bi je‡Yi `ªe‡Y †jW Gwm‡UU †hv‡M cÖvß mv`v Aat‡ÿc jNy HNO3G A`ªeYxq wKš‧ DËß Ki‡j Zv
`ªexf~Z n‡e|
2NaCl + Pb(CH3COO)2 CH2COONa + PbCl2
58. Kxfv‡e SO42-Avqb mbv³ Ki‡e?
DËi t Aí cwigvY gRy` `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ K‡qK †dvuUv †ewiqvg bvB‡UªU `ªeY †hvM Kiv nh| cvwb‡Z ev HCl G `ªeYxq
mvj‡dU jeY Ba(NO3)2Gi mv‡_ A`ªeYxq BaSO4m„wó K‡i| Ba(NO3)2†hv‡M m„ó mv`v Aat‡ÿc hw`
HCl G `ªexf~Z bv nq Zvn‡j SO42-wbwðZ|
Na2SO4+ Ba(NO3)2 2NaNO3 + BaSO4(s)
 BaSO4(s) + HCl A`ªeYxq|
59. 25C ZvcgvÎvq KNO3 Gi `ªve¨Zv 31.6 ej‡Z Kx eyS?
DËi t 25C ZvcgvÎvq 100g cvwb‡Z KNO3Gi m¤ú„³ `ªeY •Zwi Ki‡Z 31.6g KNO3 cÖ‡qvRb nq| myZivs
H ZvcgvÎvq cvwb‡Z KNO3 Gi `ªve¨Zv 36|
60. ‡Kjvmb cÖwµqvq mwµq Kve©b †Kb e¨envi Kiv nq?
DËi t A‡bK mgq †Kjv‡m Ac`ªe¨ wgwkÖZ n‡q hvq hvi d‡j †Kjv‡m †Nvjv‡U fve †`Lv hvq| GB †Nvjv‡U fve `~i
Kivi Rb¨ mwµq Kve©b (Activated carbon) e¨envi Kiv nq|
61. AvswkK cvZb e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Zij c`v‡_©i wgkÖ‡Y Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ùzUbvs‡Ki cv_©K¨ 40C Gi †ewk n‡j Zv‡`i
mvaviY cvZb c×wZ‡Z ci¯úi †_‡K c„_K Kiv hvq| wKš‧ hw` Dcv`vb¸‡jvi ùzUbvs‡Ki cv_©K¨ 40C Gi
†P‡q Kg nq Z‡e AvswkK cvZb cÖwµhvq Dcv`vbmg~n c„_KxKiY Ki‡Z nq| AZGe KvQvKvwQ ùzUbvs‡Ki `yB
ev Z‡ZvwaK Zij wgkÖ‡Yi Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K Ask Kjvghy³ cvZb d¬v‡¯‥i Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K Zv‡`i wbR wbR
ùzUbvs‡K dzwU‡q ev‡®ú cwiYZ K‡i kxZjxKiY cÖwµqvq wgkÖY n‡Z c„_K Kivi cÖwµqv‡K AvswkK cvZb
e‡j|
62. cvZb I AvswkK cvZ‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL|
DËi t cvZb I AvswkK cvZ‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv:
cvZb AvswkK cvZb
1. cvZb cÖwµqvq ïaygvÎ GKwU cvZb Pµ _v‡K| 1. G cÖwµqvq me©wb¤œ `ywU cvZb Pµ m¤úbœ nq|
2. cvZ‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖKvi AvswkK Kjv‡gi 2. AvswkK Kjvg AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
3. cvZ‡bi gva¨‡g KwVb c`v_© n‡Z Zij c`v_©‡K c„_K 3. AvswkK cvZb G †ÿ‡Î Lye GKUv f‚wgKv ivL‡Z
Kiv nq| cv‡i bv|
63. ev®úcvZb c×wZ‡Z bgybv wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvi c~‡e©B dzU‡Z _v‡K †Kb?
DËi t ev®úcvZ‡bi †ÿ‡Î DØvqx •Re Zij †h․M Gi ùzUbvs‡Ki †P‡q wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq dzU‡Z _v‡K| KviY, H wb¤œ
ZvcgvÎvq DØvqx †h․‡Mi ev®úPvc (P1) I Rjxq ev‡®úi Pvc (P2) Gi mgwó evqygÛ‡ji Pvc (P) Gi mgvb
nq| A_v©r P = P1 + P2 nq| ZvB bgybv wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvi c~‡e©B dzU‡Z _v‡K|
64. `ªveK wb®‥vk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?
DËi t j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wewµqv NUv‡bvi mgq Avgiv `ªe‡Y wewµqv NUvB| ZvB Drcv`wU Avgiv `ªe‡Y cvB| ZvB ïaygvÎ
Kvw•ÿZ Drcv`wU cvIqvi Rb¨ `ªveK wb®‥vk‡bi cÖ‡qvRb|
65. Rf Gi gvb 1 Gi ‡P‡q Kg †Kb?
DËi t ‡ccvi †µvgv‡UvMÖvdx ev TLC †Z `ªveK I `ª‡e¨i MwZ‡e‡Mi AvbycvwZK nvi‡K Rf gvb Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
MvwYwZKfv‡e,
Dcv`vb KZ…©K AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡
GKwU Dcv`v‡bi Rf =
`ªveK KZ…©K AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡
wbw`©ó mPj `ªveK ev `ªveK wgkÖ‡Yi Ges Awa‡kvl‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Dcv`v‡bi GKwU wbw`©ó Rf gvb _v‡K| Rf
Gi gvb mgq 1 Gi Kg n‡e| KviY †Kvb cixÿYxq †h․M `ªveK A‡cÿv †ewk c_ AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
66. Rf Gi •ewkó¨mg~n †jL|
DËi t Rf Gi •ewkó¨ :
1. ‡h‡nZz Rf n‡jv `yÕwU `~i‡Z¡i AbycvZ, ZvB Gi †Kv‡bv GKK †bB|
2. `ªve‡Ki †P‡q Dcv`v‡bi ¯úU¸‡jv ax‡i ax‡i P‡j d‡j Rf Gi gvb 1 n‡Z Kg n‡e|
3.Rf Gi gvb †_‡K Dcv`vb kbv³ Kiv hvq|
4. `ªve‡Ki cÖK…wZi Dci Rf Gi gvb wbf©ikxj| `ªveK cwieZ©b Ki‡j Rf Gi gv‡bi cwieZ©b N‡U|
67. eÈb ¸Yv‡¼i †h‡Kv‡bv gv‡bB Kx `ªveK wb®‥vkb m¤¢e?
DËi t Avgiv Rvwb, eÈb ¸Yv¼ n‡jv,
A `ªve‡K `ª‡ei NbgvÎv (mvg¨ve¯’vq)
KD =
B `ªve‡K `ª‡ei NbgvÎv (mvg¨ve¯’vq)
 `ªveK Øviv `ªe wb®‥vk‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv A‡bKUvB wbf©i K‡i eÈb ¸Yv‡¼i Dci| wewfbœ `ªveK I `ª‡ei Rb¨ KD
Gi gvb 1 Gi Kg †_‡K ïiæ K‡i 10000 Gi †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Kvh©Kvifv‡e hw` `ªveK wb®‥vk‡bi
gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó `ªe‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z nq Z‡e KD Gi b~¨bZg gvb nIqv DwPZ 100| Zvn‡j, •Re
`ªve‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ Rjxq `ªeY n‡Z •Re `ªe wb®‥vk‡bi †ÿ‡Î 1g evi wb®‥vk‡bB 99% `ªe ¯vbvšÍi m¤¢e nq|
mvaviYZ ZvB KD Gi gvb 100 Gi KvQvKvwQ _vK‡j `ªveK wb®‥vkb fv‡jv nq|
68. iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡W‡ji 2wU mxgve×Zv ‡jL|
DËi t iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡W‡ji 2wU mxgve×Zv wb‡¤œ †`Iqv nj-
i. GB g‡Wj cigvYy AvKvi m¤ú‡K© †Kvb aviYv w`‡Z cv‡i bv|
ii. cigvYyi B‡jKUªb¸‡jvi MwZc_ mwc©jvKvi bv nIqvi KviY GB g‡Wj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
g¨v·I‡q‡ji m~Îvbymv‡i †Kvb PvR©hy³ KYv e„ËvKvi c‡_ Nyi‡j µgvMZ kw³ wewKiY Ki‡Z _vK‡e Ges
AveZ©b Pµ ax‡i ax‡i n«vm cv‡e| myZivs B‡jKUªb Pµ ax‡i ax‡i wbDwK¬qvm cwZZ n‡e| wKš‧ ev¯Í‡e Zv
nq bv|
69. ‡bmjvi `ªeY Kx? †bmjvi `ªe‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wKfv‡e A¨v‡gvwbqvg Avqb kbv³ Kiv hvq?
DËi t ÿvihy³ cUvwmqvg gviwKDwiK Av‡qvWvBW (KHgI3) †K †bmjvi `ªeY e‡j|
‡bmjvi `ªe‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ NH 4 kbv³KiY : †bmjvi `ªe‡Y (cUvwmqvg †UUªvAv‡qv‡Wv gviwKD‡iU (II) Gi
ÿvixq `ªeY) A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j Zv †bmjvi `ªe‡Yi cUvwmqvg †UUªvAv‡qv‡WvgviwKD‡iU (II) RwUj
†h․‡Mi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i A`ªeYxq A¨vwg‡bv gviwKDwiK Av‡qvWvBW (NH3, Hg2I3) Gi ev`vwg Aat‡ÿc
m„wó K‡i hv ÒAv‡qvWvBW Ae wbjbm †emÓ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
2K 2 [ HgI 4 ]( aq )  2 NH 3 (g)  NH 4 I(g)  NH 2 Hg 2 I 3 (s)
cUvwmqvg †UUªvAvq‡Wv A¨vwg‡bv gviwKDwiK
gviwKD‡iU (II) Av‡qvWvBW (ev`vwg)

70. B‡jKUªb Kxfv‡e GK kw³¯Íi †_‡K Ab¨ kw³¯Í‡i Mgb K‡i?

DËi t ‡ev‡ii g‡Wj Abymv‡i B‡jKUªb KZ¸‡jv Aby‡gvw`Z e„ËvKvi Kÿc‡_ cwiågY K‡i| G¸‡jv‡K kw³¯Íi e‡j|
G kw³¯Íi ¸‡jv‡Z N~Y©biZ Ae¯vq B‡jKUªb wbw`©ó cwigvY kw³ †kvlY K‡i Dc‡ii kw³¯Í‡i ¯vbvšÍwiZ n‡Z
cv‡i| GKB fv‡e GKB wbw`©ó wewKiY K‡i wb‡Pi kw³¯Í‡i Mgb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
71. e¯‧KYv I Zi‡½i g‡a¨ m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t wW eªMjx Gi g‡Z, e¯‧KYv I Zi½ ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| Pjgvb e¯‧i mv‡_ GK ai‡bi Zi½ RwoZ, hvi
Zi½‣`N©¨ |
awi, e¯‧i fi =m
MwZ‡eM =v
h = cøv¼ aªyeK
h
Zvn‡j Zi½‣`N©¨  =
mv
BnvB e¯‧ KYv I Zi‡½i g‡a¨ m¤úK©|
72. ‡µv‡gv‡UvMÖvdxi g~jbxwZ ‡jL|
DËi t ‡µvgv‡UvMÖvwd n‡jv g~jZ GKwU c„_KxKiY c×wZ hv cÖavbZ AvYweK wgkÖ‡Yi c„_KxKi‡Y e¨eüZ nq| G
c×wZ‡Z mvaviYZ GKwU e„n`vKvi c„ôZ‡j †hgbÑ (i) Møvm Kjvg ev ey¨‡i‡U GKwU Awa‡kvlK (w¯i `kv) wb‡q
Zvi Dcwifv‡M A_ev (ii) †Kv‡bv KwVb Aej¤^‡b Zij c`v‡_©i Dc‡i wgkÖY‡K Awa‡kvwlZ Kiv nq| Gici
Zvi Dci ev ga¨ w`‡q Zij ev M¨vm (mPj `kv) cÖevwnZ Ki‡j wgkÖ‡Yi Dcv`vbmg~n Zv‡`i Awa‡kvl‡Yi nvi
Gi wfbœZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i c„_K nq|
73. ‡µvgv‡UvMÖvwd †Kb e¨envi Kiv nq?
DËi t ‡µvgv‡UvMÖvwd GKwU c„_KxKiY c×wZ| Gi gva¨‡g wgkÖY †_‡K Zvi Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K c„_K Kiv nq| GB
c×wZi myweav n‡jv Gi mvnv‡h¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K ïay c„_KB Kiv hvq bv eis G‡`i cwigvYI wbY©q Kiv hvq|
74. ‡cvjvi •Re †h․M¸‡jv‡K †Kb †µvgv‡UvMÖvwdi gva¨‡g c„_K Kiv hvq bv?
DËi t ‡cvjvi ‣Re †h․M¸‡jv `ªe‡Y AvqwbZ Ae¯vq _v‡K| ZvB GB ai‡bi ‣Re †h․M ¸‡jv‡K cvwU©kb ev cwi‡kvlY
†µvgv‡UvMÖvwdi gva¨‡g Avjv`v Kiv hvq bv| G‡`i‡K Avqb wewbgq †µvgv‡UvMÖvwdi gva¨‡g Avjv`v Kiv nq|
75. ‡Kjvmb cÖwµqvq kxZjxKiY ax‡i ax‡i Kiv nq †Kb?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv `ªeY‡K †ewk DòZvq m¤ú„³ K‡i VvÛv Kiv n‡j †Kjvm cvIqv hvq| wKš‧ GB kxZjxKiY hw` `ªæZ Kiv
nq Zvn‡j Amy›`i I †QvU AvKv‡ii †Kjvm cvIqv hvq| ZvB my›`i I eo ai‡bi ‡Kjvm cvIqvi Rb¨
kxZjxKiY cÖwµqv ax‡i ax‡i Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
76. Na+PvR©hy³ wKš‧ Na Zwor wbi‡cÿ †Kb?
DËi t Na+n‡Z GKwU B‡jKUªb AcmvwiZ n‡q‡Q|
Na-e Na+
A_v©r Na+G B‡jKUªb msL¨v (11-1)=10wU wKš‧ G‡Z ‡cÖvwUb i‡q‡Q 11wU| ZvB G‡Z GKwU (+) PvR©
we`¨gvb| Aciw`‡K Na cigvYy‡Z i‡q‡Q 11wU B‡jKUªb Ges 11wU †cÖvUb| A_v©r abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K Pv‡R©i
msL¨v mgvb| ZvB Na PvR© wbi‡cÿ|
77. cigvYy‡Z ¯vqx g~jKwbKv¸‡jv Kxfv‡e Ae¯vb K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t cigvYyi ¯vqx g~j KwYKv wZbwU B‡jKUªb, †cÖvUb I wbDUªb| †cÖvUb I wbDUªb cigvYyi †K›`ª wbDwK¬qv‡m cywÄf~Z
_v‡K| B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wbDwK¬qv‡mi evB‡i wewfbœ Kÿc‡_ Ae¯vb K‡i hv me©`v N~Yv©qgvb|
78. iv`vi‡dv‡W©i Avjdv KYv we”QziY cixÿv ej‡Z Kx eyS?
DËi t weÁvbx iv`vi‡dvW© cÖPÐ kw³m¤úbœ  KYv GKwU cvZjv †mvbvi cv‡Z wbt‡ÿc K‡ib| †mvbvi cv‡Zi wcQ‡b
ivLv ZnS Gi AveiYhy³ †MvjvKvi c`v©i Dci cwZZ  KYv Av‡jvK”QUv m„wó K‡i| G cixÿvwUB
iv`vi‡dv‡W©i Avjdv KYv we”QziY cixÿv bv‡g cwiwPZ|
79. cigvYy AwefvR¨- GB Dw³wU mwVK wKbv e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t Dw³wU mwVK bq| KviY cigvYyi AwefvR¨Zv eZ©gv‡b fzj cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| cigvYy Avi c`v‡_©i ÿz`ªZg Ask
bq| †h †Kvb cigvYy ÿz`ªZi KZK¸‡jv KwYKvi mgš^‡q MwVZ Ges cigvYy‡K GB mKj g~j KwYKvq wefvRb
Kiv m¤¢e| eZ©gv‡b GK †g․‡ji cigvYy‡K Ab¨ †g․‡ji cigvYy‡Z cwieZ©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q| myZivs Avgiv
ej‡Z cvwi cigvYy wefvR¨|
80. K Gi 19 Zg B‡jKUªbwU 3d AiweUv‡j bv wM‡q 4s AiweUv‡j hvq †Kb?
DËi t AvDdevD bxwZ Abymv‡i, B‡jKUªb me©cÖ_g wb¤œ kw³i AiweUv‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i| A_v©r hvi n+lGi gvb Kg
B‡jKUªb †mB AiweUv‡j Av‡M cÖ‡ek Ki‡e
3d Gi Rb¨, n +ℓ =3+2 = 5
4s Gi Rb¨, n + ℓ = 4+ 0 =4
‡h‡nZz 4s Gi n + ℓ Gi gvb Kg ZvB K Gi 19 Zg B‡jKUªbwU 4s AiweUv‡j hvq|
81. 5s AiweUv‡ji Av‡M 4p AiweUv‡j B‡jKUªb Av‡M cÖ‡ek K‡i †Kb?
DËi t 5s I 4p Dfq AiweUv‡ji (n + l) Gi gvb mgvb A_v©r 5| wKš‧ 4p Gi Rb¨ cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v n Gi
gvb 4 hv 5s AiweUv‡ji n Gi gvb 5 A‡cÿv Kg| ZvB B‡jKUªb 5s AiweUv‡ji Av‡M 4s AiweUv‡j cÖ‡ek
K‡i|
82. cwji eR©b bxwZ Abymv‡i N †k‡j m‡ev©”P KZwU B‡jKUªb _vK‡Z cv‡i e¨vL¨v Ki|
DËi t cwji eR©bbxwZ e¨envi K‡i †Kvb †k‡j mev©waK KZwU B‡jKUªb _vK‡Z cv‡i Zv wbY©q Kiv hvq| G bxwZ
Abymv‡i †Kvb †k‡j m‡ev©”P 2n2msL¨K B‡jKUªb _vK‡Z cv‡i| AZGe N †k‡j 242 =32 wU B‡jKUªb
_vK‡Z cv‡i (n = 4)|
83. M †k‡jlI m Gi gvb wnmve K‡i †gvU AiweUvj I B‡jKUªb msL¨v †ei Ki|
DËi t M ‡k‡ji ‡ÿ‡Î n= 3.
myZivs lGi gvb n‡e 0 n‡Z n-1 ch©šÍ, A_v©r l = 2, 1,0 A_v©r 3wU| lGi gvb 3 wU n‡j m n‡e,
m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2
A_v©r M †k‡j AiweUvj _vK‡e 3wU| Avi wZbwU AiweUv‡j m‡ev©”P 18wU|
84. †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v †_‡K Kxfv‡e cigvYy‡Z wewfbœ kw³¯Í‡i B‡jKUª‡bi Ae¯vb m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq-e¨vL¨v
Ki|
DËi t cÖavb †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v †_‡K wewfbœ kw³¯Í‡i B‡jKUª‡bi Ae¯vb m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| G‡K n Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq| n Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| n Gi gvb Øviv cigvYyi AvKvi eySv‡bv nq| †h †Kvb kw³¯Í‡i m‡ev©”P
 B‡jKUªb msL¨v n‡e 2n2| †m‡ÿ‡Î 1g kw³¯Í‡i B‡jKUªb msL¨v n‡e 21=2, 2q kw³¯Í‡i 222 = 8 Ges
3q kw³¯Í‡i 232 = 18|
85. cvZb cÖwµqvq kxZK e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb?
DËi t cvZb cÖwµqvq GKvwaK Zi‡ji wgkÖY‡K ùzUbv‡¼i wfwˇZ c„_K Kiv nq| ZLb wgkÖY‡K Zvc w`‡q ev®ú
Drcbœ Kiv nq| wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq GKwU gvÎ c`v_© ev®úvwqZ nq| GB ev®ú‡K kxZj K‡i c„_K Kivi Rb¨
cvZb cÖwµqvq kxZK e¨envi Kiv nq|
86. cvZb c×wZi Zzjbvq AvswkK cvZb †ewk Kvh©Ki †Kb?
DËi t `ywU Zij wgkÖ‡Yi Rb¨ cvZb Dc‡hvMx| wKš‧ GKvwaK Zij wgkÖ‡Yi ‡ÿ‡Î cvZb cÖwµqv Dc‡hvMx bq| ZvQvov
wgwkÖZ Zij ¸‡jvi ùzUbv¼ hw` KvQvKvwQ nq Zvn‡j cvZ‡bi gva¨‡g G‡`i c„_K Kiv hvq bv| wKš‧ AvswkK
cvZ‡bi †ÿ‡Î ev®úvqb I kxZjxKiY evievi NU‡Z _v‡K e‡j c„_KxKiY myweavRbK nq| myZivs ejv hvq
cvZ‡bi Zzjbvq AvswkK cvZb AwaK Kvh©Ki|
87. DØvqx c`v_©‡K AbyØvqx c`v_© ‡_‡K †Kvb cÖwµqvq c„„_K Kiv hvq?
DËi t DØvqx c`v_©‡K AbyØvqx c`v_© †_‡K DaŸ©cvZb cÖwµqvq c„_K Kiv hvq| Ab¨ mKj cvZb cÖwµqvq Zij wgkÖY
e¨eüZ nq| wKš‧ DØvqx c`v_©¸‡jvi Zij Ae¯v Abycw¯Z| ZvB G‡`i †ÿ‡Î DaŸ©cvZb cÖ‡hvR¨|
88. ‡Kvb ai‡bi †h․‡Mi Rb¨ ev®ú cvZb e¨envi Kiv nq?
DËi t ‡h mKj †h․M wgkÖ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv GKwU †h․M cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq Ges cvwb‡Z we‡qvwRZ nq bv, wKš‧ ev®ú
cÖev‡n ev®úxf‚Z nq Zv‡`i‡K cvZb I AvswkK cvZ‡bi gva¨‡g c„_K Kiv hvq bv| GB ai‡bi †h․‡Mi Rb¨
ev®ú cvZb e¨envi Kiv nq|
89. 2d I 3f AiweUvj¸‡jv Am¤¢e ‡Kb?
DËi t 2d Gi Rb¨ n=2 n‡j, l = 0,1 A_v©r s I p ch©šÍ m¤¢e| A_v©r 2d Am¤¢e|
3f Gi Rb¨ n =3 n‡j, l =0, 1, 2 A_v©r s, p I d ch©šÍ m¤¢e| A_v©r 3f Am¤¢e|
90. Kxfv‡e Dckw³¯Íi¸‡jvi kw³i µg wbav©iY Kiv n‡q‡Q?
DËi t ‡Kvqv›Uvg ejwe`¨v e¨envi K‡i Dckw³¯Íimg~‡ni kw³ MYbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î n+lGi gvb e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
1s  n+ ℓ = 1
2s  n+ ℓ =2
2p  n+ ℓ = 3
3s  n+ ℓ = 3
n+ℓGi gvb †hLv‡b Kg B‡jKUœ cÖ_gZ †mB Dckw³¯Í‡i cª‡ek Ki‡e| Gfv‡e n+ℓGi gvb e¨envi K‡i
Dckw³¯Íi¸‡jvi kw³i µg wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
91. Kcv‡ii B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m 4s2bv n‡q 4s1nq †Kb?
DËi t mvavib wbqg Abyhvqx Kcv‡ii B‡jKUªb web¨vm njÑ
Cu(29)  1s22s22p63s23p63d94s1| G‡ÿ‡Î d AiweUvj AvswkKfv‡e c~Y©| d AiweUv‡ji ¯vwqZ¡
e„w×i Rb¨ 4s2 †_‡K 1wU B‡jKUªb 3d AiweUv‡j ¯vbvšÍwiZ nq Ges 3d AiweUvj m¤ú~Y©fv‡e c~Y© nq| Gi
d‡j 4s AiweUv‡j 4s2Gi cwie‡Z© 4s1nq| myZivs Kcv‡ii mwVK B‡jKUªb web¨vmwU njÑ
Cu(29)  1s22s22p63s23p63d94s1
92. cvigvYweK eY©vjx wew”Qbœ †iLvi mgš^‡q MwVZ †Kb?
DËi t ‡Kvb M¨vm ev ev®ú‡K •e`y¨wZK Av‡K©i g‡a¨ ivL‡j †h Av‡jvi wewKiY nq Zvi g‡a¨ KZ¸‡jv wbw`©ó Zi½
•`‡N©¨i Av‡jv _v‡K| A_v©r wfbœ wfbœ Zi½ •`‡N©¨i Av‡jvi mgwó cvIqv hvq| ZLb GK GKwU Av‡jvi †iLv
wbw`©ó Zi½ •`N©¨ wewkó Zi‡½i ¯vb `Lj Ki‡e| ZvB cvigvYweK eYv©jx KZ¸‡jv wew”Qbœ †iLv|
93. eY©vjx gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e †g․‡ji •ewkó¨ kbv³ Kiv hvq?
DËi t KZ¸‡jv wfbœ wfbœ ‡g․‡ji M¨vm ev ev®ú‡K DËß Ki‡j me¸‡jv cigvYyi B‡jKUª‡bi avcvšÍi NU‡e| wKš‧
cÖ‡Z¨KwU cigvYyi B‡jKUªbxq KvVv‡gv Avjv`v| ZvB B‡jKUªb hLb D”P kw³¯Í‡i hvi ZLb Avjv`v †g․‡ji
cigvYy‡Z cvk¦©eZx B‡jKUªb I wbDwK¬qv‡mi mv‡_ wewµqvi cÖfve m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| ZvB D‡ËwRZ B‡jKUªb hLb
c~ev©e¯vq wd‡i Av‡m ZLb wewÿß iw½b eY©vjx I m¤ú~Y© Avjv` nq| hv w`‡q H cigvYy¸‡jv‡K kbv³ Kiv hvq|
94. †`LvI †h, †Kvb cigvYy‡Z †kvlY I wewKiY `yB ai‡bi eYv©jx cvIqvB m¤¢e|
DËi t ‡Kvb cigvby‡K D‡ËwRZ Ki‡j B‡jKUªb wb¤œ kw³¯Í‡i †_‡K D”P kw³¯Í‡i Mgb K‡i| GB mgq B‡jKUªb
wbw`©ó cw‡igvY kw³ †kvlY K‡i ZvB †kvlY eY©vjx cvIqv hvq| Avevi B‡jKUªb me mgq me©wb¤œ kw³ Ae¯vq
_vK‡Z Pvq| ZvB †kvwlZ kw³ wewKiY K‡i c~‡e©i Ae¯vq wd‡i Av‡m| d‡j wewKiY eY©vjx cvIqv hvq|
myZivs, ejv hvq cigvby‡Z †kvlY I wewKiY Dfq ai‡bi eYv©jxB cvIqv hvq|
95. ‣ewk¦K Dòvq‡bi mv‡_ IR iwk¥ Kxfv‡e m¤úwK©Z?
DËi t w`‡bi ‡ejvq m~‡h©i Av‡jv evqygÛ‡j †f` K‡i c„w_ex‡Z Av‡m I iv‡Zi †ejvq c„w_ex Zvc wewKiY K‡i| wKš‧
wewfbœ ai‡bi `~l‡Yi d‡j evqy gÛ‡j CO2, CH4I Rjxq ev‡®úi cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q| iv‡Zi ejv c„w_ex
hLb Zvc wewKiY K‡i CO2, CH4cÖf…wZ MÖxb nvDR M¨vm¸‡jv Zvc a‡i iv‡L| Avi GB M¨vm¸‡jv‡K IR
iwk¥ f~-c„‡ô cvVvq d‡j we‡k¦i ZvcgvÎv w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|
96. †Kjvmb cÖwµqvq kxZjxKiY ax‡i Kiv nq ‡Kb?
DËi t †Kvb `ªeY‡K †ewk DòZvq m¤ú„³ K‡i VvÛv Kiv n‡j †Kjvm cvIqv hvq| wKš‧ GB kxZjxKiY hw` `ªæZ Kiv
nq Zvn‡j Amy›`i I †QvU AvKv‡ii †Kjvm cvIqv hvq| ZvB kxZjxKiY ax‡i Ki‡j †Kjvm A‡cÿvK…Z eo I
my›`i nq|
97. cvZb c×wZi Zzjbvq AvswkK cvZb †ewk Kvh©Ki †Kb?
DËi t `ywU Zij wgkÖ‡Yi Rb¨ cvZb Dc‡hvMx| wKš‧ GKvwaK Zij wgkÖ‡Yi ‡ÿ‡Î cvZb cÖwµqv Dc‡hvMx bq| ZvQvov
wgwkÖZ Zij ¸‡jvi ùzUbv¼ hw` KvQvKvwQ nq Zvn‡j cvZ‡bi gva¨‡g G‡`i c„_K Kiv hvq bv| wKš‧ AvswkK
cvZ‡bi †ÿ‡Î ev®úvqb I kxZjxKiY evievi NU‡Z _v‡K e‡j c„_KxKiY myweavRbK nq| myZivs ejv hvq
cvZ‡bi Zzjbvq AvswkK cvZb AwaK Kvh©Ki|
98. ‡µvgv‡UvMÖvwdi †ÿ‡Î Kx Kx mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq?
DËi t ‡h mKj mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wb¤œiƒc-
i) w¯i `kv I mPj `kv †hb wewµqv bv K‡i|
ii) mPj `kv †hb †Kvb `ªe‡Y Wz‡e bv hvq|
iii) w¯i `kv †hb nvjKv e‡Y©i nq|
99. wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î IR iwk¥i e¨envi wjL?
DËi t wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î †ivM wbY©‡q IR iwk¥ me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq| GQvov G iwk¥-
i. gvbe †`‡ni i‡³i O2Gi cÖZyjZv evwo‡q †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv evovq|
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