CD8 T Cells and HIV: Lessons From The Immune Battlefield: April 2024

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CD8 T Cells and HIV: Lessons from the Immune Battleﬁeld
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Elite Journal of Immunology. Volume 2 issue 4(2024), Pp. 36-53
https://epjournals.com/journals/EJI
CD8 T Cells and HIV: Lessons from the Immune Battlefield
*
Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1 and Getrude Uzoma Obeagu2
1
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda
2
School of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda
*
Corresponding authour: Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Medical Laboratory Science,
Kampala International University, Uganda, [email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-
4538-0161
Abstract
CD8 T cells are key players in the immune response against HIV, tasked with identifying and
eliminating virus-infected cells. However, the battle between HIV and CD8 T cells is complex,
marked by a dynamic interplay between viral evasion strategies and host immune responses. This
review delves into the intricate relationship between CD8 T cells and HIV, exploring the
mechanisms of viral control, immune evasion tactics employed by HIV, and the implications for
therapeutic interventions, including antiretroviral therapy (ART). By dissecting the dynamics of
CD8 T cell responses in HIV infection, we glean insights into the immune battlefield, shedding
light on potential strategies for bolstering immune-mediated control of the virus and advancing
towards a functional cure.
Keywords: CD8 T cells, HIV, immune response, cytotoxicity, viral control, immune evasion,
antiretroviral therapy
Introduction
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains one of the most significant global health
challenges, with over 38 million people living with HIV worldwide. Despite advances in
antiretroviral therapy (ART), which have transformed HIV infection from a fatal disease to a
manageable chronic condition, achieving a cure remains elusive. Central to the immune response
against HIV are CD8 T cells, which play a pivotal role in recognizing and eliminating virus-
infected cells. CD8 T cells exert their antiviral effects through various mechanisms, including
Citation: Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. CD8 T Cells and HIV: Lessons from the Immune Battlefield.
Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(4): 36-53
1
direct cytotoxicity and the secretion of antiviral cytokines. Understanding the dynamics of CD8 T
cell responses in HIV infection is critical for developing effective therapeutic strategies to control
viral replication and prevent disease progression. The interplay between HIV and CD8 T cells is
characterized by a complex arms race, with the virus evolving sophisticated mechanisms to evade
immune surveillance. HIV employs multiple strategies to evade CD8 T cell-mediated immunity,
including downregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression, viral
escape mutations within CD8 T cell epitopes, and induction of CD8 T cell dysfunction through
chronic antigen exposure. Additionally, HIV can establish latent reservoirs in long-lived CD4 T
cells, evading immune detection and contributing to viral persistence despite suppressive ART. 1-
30
While CD8 T cells are crucial for controlling HIV replication, their efficacy varies among
individuals and over the course of infection. Factors such as viral diversity, host genetics, and
immune activation influence the magnitude and quality of CD8 T cell responses in HIV infection.
Understanding the determinants of effective CD8 T cell immunity against HIV is essential for
identifying targets for therapeutic intervention and developing strategies to enhance immune-
mediated control of the virus. Therapeutic interventions aimed at harnessing the power of CD8 T
cells to combat HIV infection hold promise for achieving sustained virologic remission and
ultimately a functional cure. Strategies such as therapeutic vaccination and immune checkpoint
blockade are being explored to enhance CD8 T cell function and overcome immune exhaustion.
Furthermore, the integration of immunomodulatory agents with existing ART regimens may offer
synergistic benefits in suppressing viral replication and restoring immune function, paving the way
for novel treatment approaches in HIV/AIDS.31-60
CD8 T Cell Responses in HIV
CD8 T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are essential components of the
adaptive immune response and play a crucial role in controlling HIV infection. Upon recognition
of viral peptides presented on major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, CD8
T cells become activated and exert their antiviral effects through various mechanisms. One of the
primary functions of CD8 T cells in HIV infection is the direct killing of virus-infected cells. Upon
recognition of HIV-derived peptides presented on the surface of infected cells, CD8 T cells release
cytotoxic molecules such as perforin and granzymes, leading to the lysis of the target cell. This
cytotoxic activity allows CD8 T cells to eliminate HIV-infected cells, thereby limiting viral
replication and spread. In addition to their cytotoxic function, CD8 T cells secrete antiviral
cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) upon
activation. These cytokines have multiple antiviral effects, including the inhibition of viral
replication, the upregulation of antiviral genes in target cells, and the recruitment of other immune
cells to the site of infection. By secreting these cytokines, CD8 T cells contribute to the overall
immune response against HIV. Furthermore, CD8 T cells can induce apoptosis in HIV-infected
cells through the engagement of death receptors such as Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) interactions.
Binding of FasL on CD8 T cells to Fas receptors on infected cells triggers apoptotic signaling
pathways, leading to programmed cell death. This mechanism of CD8 T cell-mediated killing helps
2
to eliminate HIV-infected cells and limit viral replication within the host. Despite their critical role
in controlling HIV infection, CD8 T cell responses are subject to regulation and modulation by
various factors, including the level of viral antigen exposure, immune activation, and regulatory T
cell-mediated suppression. Additionally, the ability of HIV to evade CD8 T cell recognition
through mechanisms such as viral escape mutations and downregulation of MHC-I expression
poses challenges to the effectiveness of CD8 T cell responses in controlling viral replication.61-100
Immune Evasion Strategies
HIV has evolved sophisticated immune evasion strategies to evade detection and destruction by
the host immune system, including CD8 T cell responses. These strategies allow the virus to
persistently replicate and establish chronic infection despite the presence of robust antiviral
immune responses. One of the primary immune evasion strategies employed by HIV is the
downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules on the surface of
infected cells. MHC-I molecules present viral peptides to CD8 T cells, triggering their activation
and subsequent killing of infected cells. However, HIV-encoded proteins such as Nef and Vpu can
interfere with MHC-I expression, reducing the ability of infected cells to be recognized and
eliminated by CD8 T cells. In addition to downregulating MHC-I expression, HIV can also evade
CD8 T cell recognition through the selection of viral escape mutations within CD8 T cell epitopes.
By acquiring mutations that disrupt CD8 T cell recognition while preserving viral fitness, HIV can
evade immune surveillance and persistently replicate within the host. This process of viral escape
contributes to the ongoing evolution of the virus and poses challenges for the development of
effective CD8 T cell-based immunotherapies.
Furthermore, HIV can induce dysfunction and exhaustion in CD8 T cells through chronic antigen
exposure and immune activation. Persistent antigen stimulation leads to the upregulation of
inhibitory receptors such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and T cell immunoglobulin
and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) on the surface of CD8 T cells, impairing their
effector function and proliferative capacity. Exhausted CD8 T cells exhibit reduced cytokine
production and cytotoxicity, limiting their ability to control viral replication. Moreover, HIV can
establish latent reservoirs in long-lived CD4 T cells, evading immune detection and contributing
to viral persistence despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Latently infected CD4 T cells
harbor integrated proviral DNA but remain transcriptionally silent, making them invisible to the
immune system and resistant to CD8 T cell-mediated clearance. Reactivation of latent HIV
reservoirs represents a significant obstacle to achieving a functional cure for HIV/AIDS.101-140
Implications for Therapeutic Interventions
The dynamic interplay between CD8 T cells and HIV underscores the complexity of the host-virus
interaction and presents challenges for therapeutic interventions aimed at controlling viral
replication and preventing disease progression. One approach to enhancing CD8 T cell responses
in HIV infection is through therapeutic vaccination. Therapeutic vaccines aim to induce or
augment HIV-specific CD8 T cell responses, thereby enhancing immune-mediated control of the
3
virus. Strategies such as prime-boost vaccination regimens, which involve sequential

administration of different vaccine modalities to enhance immune responses, are being explored
to elicit robust and durable CD8 T cell immunity against HIV. Another promising approach is
immune checkpoint blockade, which involves targeting inhibitory receptors on CD8 T cells to
alleviate immune exhaustion and restore effector function. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as
anti-PD-1 antibodies have shown efficacy in enhancing CD8 T cell responses and improving viral
control in preclinical and clinical studies. However, the safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint
blockade in HIV-infected individuals require further investigation. Additionally, strategies aimed
at reducing chronic immune activation and inflammation may help to restore CD8 T cell function
and improve immune-mediated control of HIV. Immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids
and anti-inflammatory drugs have been proposed as adjunctive therapies to dampen immune
activation and mitigate CD8 T cell dysfunction. However, careful consideration must be given to
the potential risks and benefits of immunosuppressive therapy in the context of HIV infection.
Furthermore, the integration of immunomodulatory agents with existing antiretroviral therapy
(ART) regimens may offer synergistic benefits in suppressing viral replication and restoring
immune function. Strategies such as latency-reversing agents, which aim to reactivate latent HIV
reservoirs and render them susceptible to immune clearance, hold promise for enhancing CD8 T
cell-mediated control of the virus in combination with ART.141-184
Conclusion
The intricate relationship between CD8 T cells and HIV epitomizes the ongoing battle within the
immune system against the virus. While CD8 T cells are critical effectors in controlling HIV
replication, the virus has evolved sophisticated immune evasion strategies to subvert immune
surveillance and persist within the host. Therapeutic strategies aimed at bolstering CD8 T cell
responses, such as therapeutic vaccination and immune checkpoint blockade, hold promise for
restoring immune function and improving viral control. These approaches leverage the inherent
power of the immune system to recognize and eliminate virus-infected cells, thereby augmenting
the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and potentially leading to sustained virologic
remission. Furthermore, the integration of immunomodulatory agents with existing ART regimens
offers synergistic benefits in suppressing viral replication and restoring immune function. By
targeting latent HIV reservoirs and reducing chronic immune activation, these strategies aim to
create an environment conducive to immune-mediated control of the virus.
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53. Nwosu DC, Nwanjo HU, Okolie NJ, Ikeh K, Ajero CM, Dike J, Ojiegbe GC, Oze GO,
Obeagu EI, Nnatunanya I, Azuonwu O. BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN ADULT
HIV PATIENTS ON ANTIRETRQVIRAL THERAPY. World Journal of Pharmacy and
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015; 4(3): 153-160.
links/5a4fd0500f7e9bbc10526b38/BIOCHEMICAL-ALTERATIONS-IN-ADULT-HIV-
PATIENTS-ON-ANTIRETRQVIRAL-THERAPY.pdf.
54. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Effect of CD4 Counts on Coagulation Parameters among HIV
Positive Patients in Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant
Biol. 2015;2(4):45-49.
55. Obeagu EI. Gestational Thrombocytopaenia. J Gynecol Women’s Health.
2023;25(3):556163.
56. Okoroiwu IL, Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Determination of clot retraction in preganant
women attending antenatal clinic in federal medical centre Owerri, Nigeria. Madonna
University Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;2(2):91-97.
57. Ezimah AC, Obeagu EI, Asur A, Ezimah UA, Ezimah CO. Absolute platelet count in adult
patients with musculoskeletal pain: Current perspectives. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2016;2(2):30-7.
9
58. Obeagu EI, Ogunnaya FU. Pregnancyinduced Haematological Changes: A Key to

Maternal and Child Health. European Journal of Biomedical. 2023;10(8):42-43.
59. Obeagu EI, Chikelu IM, Obarezi TN, Ogbuabor BN, Anaebo QB. Haematological effects
of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) leaves in rats. International Journal of Life
Sciences Biotechnology and Pharma Research. 2014;3(1):172-182.
60. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI. Determination of the Effect of Methanol Extract of Tetrapleura
Tetraptera Fruit Osmotic Fragility of Erythrocytes, Platelet Aggregation and Phospholipase
A2 Activity. Ann. Clin. Lab. Res. 2018; 6:250-255.
61. Obeagu EF, Onyenweaku FC, Nwobodo HA, Ochei KC, Ochiabuto Ogochukwu MT,
Onwuasoanya UF. Impact of HIV and hepatitis b virus coinfection on selected
haematological markers of the patients in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. Ann Clin Lab Res.
2017;5(2):175.
62. Obeagu EI, Adepoju OJ, Okafor CJ, Obeagu GU, Ibekwe AM, Okpala PU, Agu CC.
Assessment of Haematological Changes in Pregnant Women of Ido, Ondo State, Nigeria.
J Res Med Dent Sci. 2021;9(4):145-148.
63. Oke OT, Eyitayo EF, Obeagu EI. Inhalation effect of insecticides on some Haematological
parameters of rabbits. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2022;9(9):1-9.
64. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The values of prothrombin time among HIV positive patients in
FMC owerri. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences.
2015;4(4):911-6.
65. Obeagu EI, Nwosu DC. Adverse drug reactions in HIV/AIDS patients on highly active
antiretro viral therapy: a review of prevalence. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci.
2019;6(12):45-8.DOI: 10.22192/ijcrcps.2019.06.12.004
links/650aba1582f01628f0335795/Adverse-drug-reactions-in-HIV-AIDS-patients-on-
highly-active-antiretro-viral-therapy-a-review-of-prevalence.pdf.
66. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Obeagu GU. Implications of CD4/CD8 ratios in Human
Immunodeficiency Virus infections. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2023;9(2):6-13.DOI:
10.22192/ijcrms.2023.09.02.002 links/645a4a462edb8e5f094ad37c/Implications-of-CD4-
CD8-ratios-in-Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus-infections.pdf.
67. Obeagu EI, Ochei KC, Okeke EI, Anode AC. Assessment of the level of haemoglobin and
erythropoietin in persons living with HIV in Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2016;2(4):29-33. links/5711c47508aeebe07c02496b/Assessment-of-the-level-of-
haemoglobin-and-erythropoietin-in-persons-living-with-HIV-in-Umuahia.pdf.
68. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The Values of CD4 Count, among HIV Positive Patients in FMC
Owerri. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2015;4(4):906-910.
https://www.academia.edu/download/38320134/Obeagu_Emmanuel_Ifeanyi_and_Obeag
u__Getrude_Uzoma.EMMA2.pdf.
69. Obeagu EI, Okeke EI, Anonde Andrew C. Evaluation of haemoglobin and iron profile
study among persons living with HIV in Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res.
Biol. Med. 2016;1(2):1-5.
70. Ibebuike JE, Nwokike GI, Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI. A Retrospective Study on Human
Immune Deficiency Virus among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Imo
State University Teaching Hospital. International Journal of Medical Science and Dental
10
Research, 2018; 1 (2):08-14.

https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%
20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%2
0Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching
%20Hospital.pdf.
71. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Omeh YN, Okoro NK, Eze OB. Assessment of some
haematological and biochemical parametrs in HIV patients before receiving treatment in
Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Res J Pharma Biol Chem Sci. 2014; 5:825-830.
72. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Ogbuabor BN, Anaebo QB, Eze GC. Pattern of total white blood
cell and differential count values in HIV positive patients receiving treatment in Federal
Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Life Science,
Biotechnology and Pharama Research. 2014; 391:186-189.
73. Obeagu EI. A Review of Challenges and Coping Strategies Faced by HIV/AIDS
Discordant Couples. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2023;
3 (1): 7-12.
74. Oloro OH, Obeagu EI. A Systematic Review on Some Coagulation Profile in HIV
Infection. International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research. 2022;10(5):1-11.
75. Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI, Nkwuocha BC, Nwanna CA, Nwanjo HU, Amadike JN, Ezemma
MC, Okpomeshine EA, Ozims SJ, Agu GC. Alterations in superoxide dismutiase, vitamins
C and E in HIV infected children in Umuahia, Abia state. International Journal of
Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 2015;2(11):268-271.
76. Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Stella EI, Chinedum OK, Abum SC. Vitamin D and insulin
resistance in HIV sero positive individuals in Umudike. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci.
2018;4(2):104-108.
77. Ifeanyi OE, Leticia OI, Nwosu D, Chinedum OK. A Review on blood borne viral
infections: universal precautions. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2018;5(6):60-66.
78. Nwovu AI, Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Nwebonyi NS. Occurrence of Some Blood Borne
Viral Infection and Adherence to Universal Precautions among Laboratory Staff in Federal
Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Ebonyi State. Arch Blood Transfus Disord. 2018;1(2).
79. Chinedu K, Takim AE, Obeagu EI, Chinazor UD, Eloghosa O, Ojong OE, Odunze U. HIV
and TB co-infection among patients who used Directly Observed Treatment Short-course
centres in Yenagoa, Nigeria. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2017;12(4):70-75.
80. Offie DC, Obeagu EI, Akueshi C, Njab JE, Ekanem EE, Dike PN, Oguh DN. Facilitators
and barriers to retention in HIV care among HIV infected MSM attending Community
Health Center Yaba, Lagos Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International.
2021;33(52B):10-19.
81. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Ede MO, Odo EO, Buhari HA. Translation of HIV/AIDS
knowledge into behavior change among secondary school adolescents in Uganda: A
review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(49): e36599. doi:
10.1097/MD.0000000000036599. PMID: 38065920; PMCID: PMC10713174.
82. Anyiam AF, Arinze-Anyiam OC, Irondi EA, Obeagu EI. Distribution of ABO and rhesus
blood grouping with HIV infection among blood donors in Ekiti State Nigeria. Medicine
11
(Baltimore). 2023;102(47): e36342. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036342. PMID:

38013335; PMCID: PMC10681551.
83. Echefu SN, Udosen JE, Akwiwu EC, Akpotuzor JO, Obeagu EI. Effect of Dolutegravir
regimen against other regimens on some hematological parameters, CD4 count and viral
load of people living with HIV infection in South Eastern Nigeria. Medicine (Baltimore).
2023;102(47): e35910. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035910. PMID: 38013350; PMCID:
PMC10681510.
84. Opeyemi AA, Obeagu EI. Regulations of malaria in children with human
immunodeficiency virus infection: A review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(46):
e36166. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036166. PMID: 37986340; PMCID:
PMC10659731.
85. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Obiezu J, Ezeonwumelu C, Ogunnaya FU, Ngwoke AO, Emeka-
Obi OR,
86. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Uzoma G. Storms and Struggles: Managing HIV Amid Natural
Disasters. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2023;10(11):14-25.
87. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and tuberculosis infection: A
review of prevalence of associated factors. Int. J. Adv. Multidiscip. Res. 2023;10(10):56-
62.
88. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Unmasking the Truth: Addressing Stigma in the Fight Against
HIV. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):8-22.
89. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Okwuanaso CB. Optimizing Immune Health in HIV Patients
through Nutrition: A Review. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):14-33.
90. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Utilization of immunological ratios in HIV: Implications for
monitoring and therapeutic strategies. Medicine. 2024;103(9): e37354.
91. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. CD8 Dynamics in HIV Infection: A Synoptic Review. Elite
Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):1-3.
92. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Implications of B Lymphocyte Dysfunction in HIV/AIDS. Elite
Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):34-46.
93. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Maternal Influence on Infant Immunological Responses to HIV:
A Review. Elite Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 2024;2(1):46-58.
94. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding B Lymphocyte Functions in HIV Infection:
Implications for Immune Dysfunction and Therapeutic Strategies. Elite Journal of
Medicine. 2024;2(1):35-46.
95. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Platelet-Driven Modulation of HIV: Unraveling Interactions and
Implications. Journal home page: http://www. journalijiar. com.;12(01).
96. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Managing Hematological Complications in HIV:
Erythropoietin Considerations. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(1):65-78.
97. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Hauwa BA, Umar AI. Hematocrit Variations in HIV Patients Co-
infected with Malaria: A Comprehensive Review. Journal home page: http://www.
journalijiar. com.;12(01).
98. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Synergistic Effects of Blood Transfusion and HIV in Children
Under 5 Years with Severe Malaria: A Review. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(1):31-50.
12
99. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Unveiling B Cell Mediated Immunity in HIV
Infection: Insights, Challenges, and Potential Therapeutic Avenues. Elite Journal of HIV.
2024;2(1):1-5.
100. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Hematocrit Fluctuations in HIV Patients Co-infected with
Malaria Parasites: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2024;10(1):25-
36.
101. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Transfusion Therapy in HIV: Risk Mitigation and Benefits
for Improved Patient Outcomes. Sciences. 2024;4(1):32-7.
102. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Mental Health and Psychosocial Effects of natural disaster
on HIV Patients. Sciences. 2024;4(1):38-44.
103. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Eosinophil-Associated Changes in Neonatal Thymic T
Regulatory Cell Populations in HIV-Infected Pregnancies. Elite Journal of Health Science.
2024;2(1):33-42.
104. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Advances in Understanding the Impact of Blood
Transfusion on Anemia Resolution in HIV-Positive Children with Severe Malaria: A
Comprehensive Review. Elite Journal of Haematology. 2024;2(1):26-41.
105. Obeagu EI, Ayogu EE, Obeagu GU. Interactions between Blood Transfusion and
Antiretroviral Medications: Implications for Patient Care. Elite Journal of Medicine.
2024;2(2):104-15.
106. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Maternal Eosinophilic Responses in HIV-Positive
Pregnant Women: Unraveling Immunological Dynamics for Improved Maternal-Fetal
Health. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):47-64.
107. Obeagu EI, Anyanwu CN, Obeagu GU. Challenges and Considerations in
Managing Blood Transfusion for Individuals with HIV. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(2):1-
7.
108. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Obeagu GU, Akram M. Early Infant Diagnosis: Key to
Breaking the Chain of HIV Transmission. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):52-61.
109. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Hematocrit Fluctuations in HIV-Malaria
Coinfection for Improved Management. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):22-34.
110. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Impact of Erythropoietin on Preeclampsia in HIV-
Positive Women: A Review. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science. 2024;2(1):21-
31.
111. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) as a Prognostic Marker
for Anemia Severity in HIV Patients: A Comprehensive Review. Journal home page:
112. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Neonatal Outcomes in Children Born to Mothers with
Severe Malaria, HIV, and Transfusion History: A Review. Elite Journal of Nursing and
Health Science. 2024;2(3):38-58.
113. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Assessing Platelet Functionality in HIV Patients
Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy: Implications for Risk Assessment. Elite Journal of HIV.
2024;2(3):14-26.
114. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Advancements in HIV Prevention: Africa's Trailblazing
Initiatives and Breakthroughs. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):52-63.
13
115. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Maternal Influence on Infant Immunological Responses
to HIV: A Review. Elite Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 2024;2(1):46-58.
116. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Counting Cells, Shaping Fates: CD4/CD8 Ratios in HIV.
Elite Journal of Scientific Research and Review. 2024;2(1):37-50.
117. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Managing Hematological Complications in
HIV: Erythropoietin Considerations. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(1):65-78.
118. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Immune Modulation in HIV-Positive Neonates: Insights
and Implications for Clinical Management. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science.
2024;2(3):59-72.
119. Obeagu EI, Ayogu EE, Obeagu GU. Impact on Viral Load Dynamics:
Understanding the Interplay between Blood Transfusion and Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV
Management. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science. 2024;2(2):5-15.
120. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding B Lymphocyte Functions in HIV Infection:
Implications for Immune Dysfunction and Therapeutic Strategies. Elite Journal of
Medicine. 2024;2(1):35-46.
121. Obeagu EI, Anyanwu CN, Obeagu GU. Challenges and Considerations in
Managing Blood Transfusion for Individuals with HIV. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(2):1-
7.
122. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding ART and Platelet Functionality:
Implications for HIV Patients. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(2):60-73.
123. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of Blood Transfusion Strategies in HIV
Management: Current Insights and Future Directions. Elite Journal of Medicine.
2024;2(1):10-22.
124. Obeagu EI, AmaezeAA O, Obeagu GU. B Cell Deficiency and Implications in HIV
Pathogenesis: Unraveling the Complex Interplay. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health
Science. 2024;2(2):33-46.
125. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Eosinophil Dynamics in Pregnancy among Women Living
with HIV: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2024;10(1):11-24.
126. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Hematocrit Fluctuations in HIV Patients Co-infected with
Malaria Parasites: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2024;10(1):25-
36.
127. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Unveiling the Role of Innate Immune Activation in
Pediatric HIV: A Review. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(3):33-44.
128. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Harnessing B Cell Responses for Personalized
Approaches in HIV Management. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(2):15-28.
129. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Hauwa BA, Umar AI. Neutrophil Dynamics: Unveiling
Their Role in HIV Progression within Malaria Patients. Journal home page: http://www.
journalijiar. com.;12(01).
130. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Hauwa BA, Umar AI. Hematocrit Variations in HIV
Patients Co-infected with Malaria: A Comprehensive Review. Journal home page:
131. Obeagu EI, Igwe MC, Obeagu GU. The Power of Unity: Collective Efforts in
Confronting HIV Stigma. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(3):22-36.
14
132. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Managing Anemia in HIV through Blood
Transfusions: Clinical Considerations and Innovations. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(1):16-
30.
133. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Maternal Eosinophilic Responses in HIV-Positive
Pregnant Women: Unraveling Immunological Dynamics for Improved Maternal-Fetal
Health. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(1):47-64.
134. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Platelet Aberrations in HIV Patients: Assessing Impacts
of ART. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2 (3).:10-24.
135. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Hematological Changes Following Blood Transfusion in
Young Children with Severe Malaria and HIV: A Critical Review. Elite Journal of
Laboratory Medicine. 2024;2(1):33-45.
136. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Erythropoietin Therapy in HIV-Infected
Individuals: A Critical Review. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(1):51-64.
137. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Obeagu GU, Obeagu AA. Nutritional Strategies for
Enhancing Immune Resilience in HIV: A Review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci.
2024;11(2):41-51.
138. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Crucial Role of Erythropoietin in Managing Anemia
in HIV: A Review. Elite Journal of Scientific Research and Review. 2024;2(1):24-36.
139. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Impact of Maternal Eosinophils on Neonatal Immunity in
HIV-Exposed Infants: A Review. Elite Journal of Immunology. 2024;2(3):1-8.
140. Obeagu EI, Anyiam AF, Obeagu GU. Unveiling B Cell Mediated Immunity in HIV
Infection: Insights, Challenges, and Potential Therapeutic Avenues. Elite Journal of HIV.
2024;2(1):1-5.
141. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Anemia and Erythropoietin: Key Players in HIV Disease
Progression. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2 (3).:42-57.
142. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Obeagu GU, Akram M. Early Infant Diagnosis: Key to
Breaking the Chain of HIV Transmission. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):52-61.
143. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Transfusion Therapy in HIV: Risk Mitigation and Benefits
for Improved Patient Outcomes. Sciences. 2024;4(1):32-7.
144. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin and Immune Activation in HIV: Clinical
Implications. Elite Journal of Health Science. 2024;2(2):16-29.
145. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Mental Health and Psychosocial Effects of natural disaster
on HIV Patients. Sciences. 2024;4(1):38-44.
146. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Optimizing Blood Transfusion Protocols for Breast
Cancer Patients Living with HIV: A Comprehensive Review. Elite Journal of Nursing and
Health Science. 2024;2(2):1-7.
147. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Advances in Understanding the Impact of Blood
Transfusion on Anemia Resolution in HIV-Positive Children with Severe Malaria: A
Comprehensive Review. Elite Journal of Haematology. 2024;2(1):26-41.
148. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Transfusion-Related Complications in Children Under 5
with Coexisting HIV and Severe Malaria: A Review. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci.
2024;11(2):9-19.
15
149. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Impact of Blood Transfusion on Viral Load Dynamics in
HIV-Positive Neonates with Severe Malaria: A Review. Elite Journal of Scientific
Research and Review. 2024;2(1):42-60.
150. Obeagu EI, Ayogu EE, Obeagu GU. Interactions between Blood Transfusion and
Antiretroviral Medications: Implications for Patient Care. Elite Journal of Medicine.
2024;2(2):104-5.
151. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated Coagulopathy:
Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2 (3).:25-41.
152. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Eosinophil-Associated Changes in Neonatal Thymic T
Regulatory Cell Populations in HIV-Infected Pregnancies. Elite Journal of Health Science.
2024;2(1):33-42.
153. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Exploring the Role of L-selectin in HIV-related Immune
Exhaustion: Insights and Therapeutic Implications. Elite Journal of HIV. 2024;2(2):43-59.
154. Obeagu EI. Erythropoietin and the Immune System: Relevance in HIV
Management. Elite Journal of Health Science. 2024;2(3):23-35.
155. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Impact of Erythropoietin on Preeclampsia in HIV-
Positive Women: A Review. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science. 2024;2(1):21-
31.
156. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Unraveling the Role of Eosinophil Extracellular Traps
(EETs) in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women: A Review. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health
Science. 2024;2(3):84-99.
157. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Hematologic Considerations in Breast Cancer Patients
with HIV: Insights into Blood Transfusion Strategies. Elite Journal of Health Science.
2024;2(2):20-35.
158. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. L-selectin and HIV-Induced Immune Cell Trafficking:
Implications for Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Elite Journal of Laboratory
Medicine. 2024;2(2):30-46.
159. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Intricate Relationship Between Erythropoietin and
HIV-Induced Anemia: Unraveling Pathways for Therapeutic Insights. Int. J. Curr. Res.
Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2024;11(2):30-40.
160. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and HIV
Coinfection: Implications for Disease Diagnosis and Management. Elite Journal of Public
Health. 2024;2(1):35-51.
161. Kalu OA, Ukibe NR, Onyenekwe CC, Okoyeagu RC, Nnaemeka WS, Onyenekwe
AJ, Ukibe EG, Ukibe BC, Ukibe VE, Obeagu EI. Assessment of Serum Cystatin C,
Microalbumin Levels and Egfr in HIV Seropositive Individuals based on Age and Gender
in NAUTH, Nnewi, Nigeria. Elite Journal of Medicine. 2024;2(3):48-59.
162. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Immune Cell Trafficking in Tuberculosis-
HIV Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. Elite Journal of Immunology.
2024;2(2):43-59.
163. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Eosinophilic Changes in Placental Tissues of HIV-
Positive Pregnant Women: A Review. Elite Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 2024;2(1):14-
32.
16
164. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin and Platelet Activation in HIV: Implications
for Antiviral Therapy. Elite Journal of Scientific Research and Review. 2024;2(1):17-41.
165. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Strength in Unity: Building Support Networks for HIV
Patients in Uganda. Elite Journal of Medicine. 2024;2(1):1-6.
166. Obeagu EI, GU EE. Understanding the Intersection of Highly Active Antiretroviral
Therapy and Platelets in HIV Patients: A Review. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2
(3).:111-7.
167. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Anemia in HIV: The Role of Erythropoietin in Disease
Progression. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(4): 51-67
168. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Anemia in HIV: The Role of Erythropoietin in Disease
Progression. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(4): 51-67
169. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. ART and Platelet Dynamics: Assessing Implications
for HIV Patient Care. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(4): 68-85
170. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Impact of Breastfeeding on Infant Immune Responses in
the Context of HIV. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 2024; 2(4):23-39
171. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. HIV-Induced Immune Exhaustion in Neonates: A Review
of Mechanisms and Implications. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(3): 45-61
172. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Immunodeficiency and Immune Reconstitution in
Pediatric HIV: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Therapeutic Strategies. Elite Journal of
Immunology, 2024; 2(3): 62-79
173. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Hematological Consequences of Erythropoietin in HIV:
Clinical Implications. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(4): 86-104
174. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. GATA-1 and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Dysfunction in
HIV-Related Hematological Malignancies: A Review. Elite Journal of Haematology,
2024; 2(4): 105-122
175. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Exploration of Intricate Relationship between GATA-1
and Anemia in HIV. Elite Journal of Haematology, 2024; 2(4): 123-140
176. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. GATA-1 and Immune Dysregulation in HIV/AIDS:
Implications for Therapy. Elite Journal of HIV, 2024; 2(3): 69-85
177. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of GATA-1 in Erythropoietin Response and
Resistance in HIV/AIDS. Elite Journal of HIV, 2024; 2(4): 1-17
178. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding the Role of GATA-1 in T-Cell
Development in the Context of HIV Infection. Elite Journal of HIV, 2024; 2(4): 18-34
179. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) Pathway
Modulation in HIV/AIDS: From Bench to Bedside. Elite Journal of HIV, 2024; 2(4): 35-
53
180. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) and Immune
Checkpoint Inhibitors in HIV-Related Lymphomas: Current Insights and Future
Directions. Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(4): 1-17
181. Obeagu EI, Obeagu, GU. Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) Signaling in
HIV-Associated Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Elite
Journal of Scientific Research and Review, 2024; 2(1): 61-77
17
182. Obeagu EI, Obeagu, GU. Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 (CTLA-

4) Blockade and HIV-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy.
Elite Journal of Scientific Research and Review, 2024; 2(1): 78-94
183. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Impact of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated
Protein 4 (CTLA-4) Genetic Variations on HIV Susceptibility and Progression. Elite
Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(4): 18-35
184. Obeagu EI, Obeagu, GU. Antacid Use in HIV Patients: Implications for Drug
Absorption, Metabolism, and Adverse Effects. Elite Journal of Scientific Research and
Review, 2024; 2(3): 1-19
18
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CD8 T Cells and HIV: Lessons from the Immune Battleﬁeld

Article · April 2024

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu Getrude Uzoma Obeagu

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CD8 T Cells and HIV: Lessons from the Immune Battlefield

CD8 T Cell Responses in HIV

Immune Evasion Strategies

Implications for Therapeutic Interventions

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182. Obeagu EI, Obeagu, GU. Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 (CTLA-

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