MATHEMATICS and ABM CLUSTER

SCHOOL YEAR 2022 - 2023

PreCalculus
MATH04
Course Outcome 3
Quarter 01

MATH04 | Specialized | CO3.1

E-mail address: [email protected]
Telephone number: (02) 8247 - 5000
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Lesson Trigonometric Functions of

1
Any Angles
COURSE OUTCOME BULLETIN

Objective: At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to use the reference angles to find
exact values of circular functions; Graph the six circular functions (a) amplitude (b) period (c)
phase shift and (d) vertical shift; Illustrate the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric
functions; Graph the inverse trigonometric functions

Subject Matters:
Lesson 1.1 Signs of Trigonometric functions
Lesson 1.2 Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal Angles
Lesson 1.3 Reference Angle
Lesson 1.4 Evaluation of Trigonometric Functions using Reference Angle

Learning Competencies:
I. Uses reference angles to find exact values of circular

Evaluation:
Performance Task: PT3.1 to be deployed in Aleks

Written Work: WW3.1 to be deployed in Aleks

What do I know? (Pre-test)

Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer.
√3
1. The x-coordinate of an angle along the unit circle is . If the terminal angle is located in
2
the second quadrant, what is its y-coordinate?
1 1 1 1
a. 4 b. 2 c. − 2 d. − 4
2. In which quadrant does angle 𝜃 if sin 𝜃<0 and cos 𝜃 > 0
a. 𝑄1 b. 𝑄2 c. 𝑄3 d. 𝑄4

3. What are the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of a 225° angle
and the unit circle?
2
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

√2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2
a. (− 2 , 2 ) b. (− 2 , − 2 ) c. ( 2 , 2 ) d. ( 2 , − )
2
4. In which quadrant does angle 𝜃 if sec 𝜃<0 and csc 𝜃 > 0
a. 𝑄1 b. 𝑄2 c. 𝑄3 d. 𝑄4
cos 45° sin 225°
5. Without using calculator, evaluate tan 315° ?
1 1
a. − 2 b. −1 c. 2 d. 1
6. What is the x-coordinate of a 270° angle along the unit circle?
√2
a. 1 b. −1 c. 0 d. 2
7. It is the reciprocal of the sine function.
a. cosine b. cosecant c. secant d. cotangent
8. What is the y-coordinate of a 210° angle along the unit circle?
√3 √3 1 1
a. − 2 b. 2 c. 2 d. − 2
9. In which quadrant does angle 𝜃 if cot 𝜃<0 and sin 𝜃 > 0
a. 𝑄1 b. 𝑄2 c. 𝑄3 d. 𝑄4
10. Without using calculator, evaluate sin 60° + cos 2 60° ?
2
1 1
a. − 2 b. −1 c. 2 d. 1

3
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

What is it?
From the previous lesson, the trigonometric functions of an angle in standard
position can be stated in terms of the coordinates of a point on its terminal side and the radius
vector.
Recall:
The coordinate axes divide the plane into four parts called quadrants. For any given angle 𝜃 in
standard position, the measurement boundaries for each quadrant are summarized as follows:

Let 𝜃 be the measure of an angle in standard position with P(x, y) a point on its terminal
side, and let r be the length of the line segment from the origin to P. Then r is the length of the
hypothenuse of the reference triangle for angle 𝜃 and, by Pythagorean theorem, 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2,
or 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2.
y-axis
y-axis
P(x, y) P(x, y)

r r

𝜃
𝜃 x-axis
x-axis

𝜃 𝜃
x-axis x-axis

P(x, y) P(x, y)
y-axis y-axis
4
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Let 𝜽 be an acute angle of a right triangle. The values of the six trigonometric functions of 𝜽
are:
𝑦 𝑟
sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑦
𝑥 𝑟
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = ;𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑟 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
tan 𝜃 = ; 𝑥 ≠ 0 cot 𝜃 =
𝑥 𝑦

Note:
1. When 𝑥 = 0, tan 𝜃 and sec 𝜃 are not defined, and when 𝑦 = 0, csc 𝜃 and cot 𝜃 are not
defined.
2. A second, third or fourth quadrant angle means that the terminal side of the angle lies in
the second, third, or fourth quadrant respectively.

Examples
The terminal side of angle 𝜃 in standard position passes through P. Draw 𝜃 and find the exact
values of the six trigonometric functions of 𝜃.
1. 𝐴 (3, −4)
2. 𝐵 (−√3, −2)
3. 𝐶(5, 12)
4. 𝐷(−24,7)

Solutions
The terminal side of angle 𝜃 in standard position passes through P. Draw 𝜃 and find the exact
values of the six trigonometric functions of 𝜃.
1. 𝐴 (3, −4)
Find the value of radius
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 Distance formula
𝑟 = √32 + (−4)2 Substitution method
𝑟=5
Substitute the values of 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −4, 𝑟 = 5 to the formulas of six trigonometric
functions.
𝟒 𝟒 𝟓
sin 𝜃 = − tan 𝜃 = − sec 𝜃 =
𝟓 𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 𝟓 𝟑
cos 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
𝟓 −𝟒 −𝟒

5
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

2. 𝐵 (−√3, −2)
Find the value of radius
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 Distance formula
2
𝑟 = √(−√3) + (−2)2 Substitution method
𝑟 = √7
Substitute the values of 𝑥 = −√3, 𝑦 = −2, 𝑟 = √7 to the formulas of six trigonometric
functions.
−2 −𝟐√𝟕 −2 𝟐√𝟑 √7 −√𝟐𝟏
sin 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑟 tan 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑟 sec 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑟
√7 𝟕 −√3 𝟑 −√3 𝟑
−√3 −√𝟐𝟏 √𝟕 −√3 √𝟑
cos 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑟 csc 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑟
√7 𝟕 −𝟐 −2 𝟐

3. 𝐶(5, 12)
Find the value of radius
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 Distance formula
2
𝑟 = √5 + 12 2 Substitution method
𝑟 = 13
Substitute the values of 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 12, 𝑟 = 13 to the formulas of six trigonometric
functions.
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟑
sin 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
𝟏𝟑 𝟓 𝟓
𝟓 𝟏𝟑 𝟓
cos 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

4. 𝐷(−24,7)
Find the value of radius
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 Distance formula
𝑟 = √(−24)2 + 72 Substitution method
𝑟 = 25
Substitute the values of 𝑥 = −24, 𝑦 = 7, 𝑟 = 25 to the formulas of six trigonometric
functions.
𝟕 𝟕 𝟐𝟓
sin 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
𝟐𝟓 −𝟐𝟒 −𝟐𝟒
𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟒
cos 𝜃 = − csc 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 = −
𝟐𝟓 𝟕 𝟕

6
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

1.1. Signs of Trigonometric Functions

Each of the trigonometric functions of an angle is given by two of the variables x,
y and r associated with. Because r is always positive, the sign ( + or -) of a trigonometric
function is determined by the signs of x and y, and therefore by the quadrant containing 𝜃.
The sign of each trigonometric function in each quadrant are summarized below.

Note:
Graphically, the figure below summarizes the quadrants where each trigonometric function is
positive.

Examples
I. Determine the sign of the following trigonometric functions without the aid of a calculator.
1. cos 185°
2. cot 301°
3. sin 1489°
4. sec 85°

II. Find the quadrant(s) where the following conditions are true:
1. sin 𝜃 > 0, cos 𝜃 < 0
2. sin 𝜃 < 0, tan 𝜃 < 0
3. sec 𝜃 > 0, cot 𝜃 < 0
4. sin 𝜃 > 0, tan 𝜃 < 0
5. sec 𝜃 < 0, csc 𝜃 < 0
7
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

6. sin 𝜃 , cos 𝜃 , tan 𝜃 all have the same sign

III. Find the exact values of the other five trigonometric functions for an angle in standard
position lying in the given quadrant.
1. csc 𝜃 = −2, QIII
4
2. tan 𝜃 = − 3, QII
5
3. cos 𝜃 = 13, QIV
4. tan 𝜃 = 1; QI

Solution
I. Determine the sign of the following trigonometric functions without the aid of a calculator.
1. cos 185°
185° at quadrant III Definition
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟏𝟖𝟓° is negative Definition
2. cot 301°
301° at quadrant IV Definition
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑𝟎𝟏 ° is negative Definition
3. sin 1489°
1489° − 4(360°) = 49° Find the coterminal angle
49° at quadrant I Definition
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟗° is positive
4. sec 85°
85° at quadrant I Definition
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟖𝟓° is positive Definition

II. Determine the sign of the following trigonometric functions without the aid of a calculator.
1. sin 𝜃 > 0, cos 𝜃 < 0

Sine is positive at quadrant I and quadrant II (blue star)

Cosine is positive at quadrant II and quadrant II (red star)
The theta is located at quadrant II
2. sin 𝜃 < 0, tan 𝜃 < 0

Sine is negative at quadrant III and quadrant IV (blue star)

Tangent is negative at quadrant II and quadrant IV (red star)
The theta is located at quadrant IV
3. sec 𝜃 > 0, cot 𝜃 < 0

Secant is positive at quadrant I and quadrant IV (blue star

Cotangent is negative at quadrant II and quadrant IV (red star)
The theta is located at quadrant IV

8
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

4. sin 𝜃 > 0, tan 𝜃 < 0

Sine is positive at quadrant III and quadrant IV (blue star)

Tangent is negative at quadrant II and quadrant IV (red star)
The theta is located at quadrant IV
5. sec 𝜃 < 0, csc 𝜃 < 0

Secant is negative at quadrant II and quadrant III (blue star)

Cosecant is negative at quadrant III and quadrant IV (red star)
The theta is located at quadrant III

6. sin 𝜃 , cos 𝜃 , tan 𝜃 all have the same sign

Sine is positive at quadrant I (blue star)

Cosine is positive at quadrant I (blue star)
Tangent is positive at quadrant I (blue star)
The theta is located at quadrant I

III. Find the exact values of the other five trigonometric functions for an angle 𝜃in standard
position lying in the given quadrant.

1. csc 𝜃 = −2, QIII

2 𝑟
csc 𝜃 = =
−1 𝑦
Therefore, 𝑟 = 2, 𝑦 = −1. Solve for the value of x.
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟2 Distance formula
2
𝑥 = √𝑟 − 𝑦 2 Isolate x
𝑥 = √22 − (−1)2
𝑥 = √3
𝑥 = −√3 x is negative at quadrant III
Substitute the values x, y and r.
𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑 𝟐 𝟐√𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = − 𝒐𝒓 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = −√𝟑 𝒐𝒓 −
√𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
√𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = −𝟐 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = √𝟑

4
2. tan 𝜃 = − 3, QII
4 𝑦
tan 𝜃 = −3 = 𝑥 , at quadrant II, the x coordinate is negative, and the y-coordinate is
positive
Therefore, 𝑦 = 4, 𝑥 = −3. Solve for the value of r.
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟2 Distance formula
9
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 Isolate r
𝑟 = √(−3)2 + 42
𝑟=5
Substitute the values x, y and r.
𝟒 𝟒 𝟓
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟓 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = − 𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = − 𝟑
𝟑 𝟓 𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = − 𝟓 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = − 𝟒

5
3. cos 𝜃 = 13, QIV
5 𝑥
cos 𝜃 = =
13 𝑟
Therefore, 𝑟 = 13, 𝑥 = 5. Solve for the value of y.
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟2 Distance formula
2
𝑦 = √𝑟 − 𝑥 2 Isolate x
2
𝑦 = √13 − 5 2

𝑦 = √144
𝑦 = −12 y is negative at quadrant IV
Substitute the values x, y and r.
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = − 𝟏𝟑 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = − 𝟓 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟓
𝟓 𝟏𝟑 𝟓
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟑 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = − 𝟏𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = − 𝟏𝟐

4. tan 𝜃 = 1; QI

1 𝑦
tan 𝜃 = 1 = 𝑥 , at quadrant I, the x coordinate and the y-coordinate are both positive
Therefore, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 = 1. Solve for the value of r.
𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟2 Distance formula
2
𝑟 = √𝑥 + 𝑦 2 Isolate r
𝑟 = √12 + 12
𝑟 = √2
Substitute the values x, y and r.
𝟏 √2
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒐𝒓 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟏 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = √2
√2 𝟐
𝟏 √2 𝟓
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝒐𝒓 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = √2
√2 𝟐

10
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

1.2. Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal Angles

The value of a trigonometric function of a quadrantal angle can be found by choosing any
point on the terminal side of the angle and then applying the definition of that trigonometric
function.

An angle in standard position whose terminal side lies on the x- or y- axis is called a quadrantal
angle. The definitions of the trigonometric functions can be used to evaluate the trigonometric
functions of the quadrantal angles 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° and 360° by using r equal to 1.

Examples
Determine the six trigonometric functions of by using the definitions of the trigonometric
functions and r=1

Solutions
Determine the six trigonometric functions of by using the definitions of the trigonometric
functions and r=1

1. For 𝜃 = 0°; 𝑥 = 1; 𝑦 = 0; 𝑟 = 1
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟏 =0 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝟏 = 𝟏 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟎 or undefined 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝟎 or undefined

2. For 𝜃 = 90°; 𝑥 = 0; 𝑦 = 1; 𝑟 = 1
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟏 = 𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟎 or undefined 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟎 or undefined
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟏 = 𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝟏 = 𝟎

3. For 𝜃 = 180°; 𝑥 = −1; 𝑦 = 0; 𝑟 = 1

𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = −𝟏 =0 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = −𝟏 = −𝟏
−𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = = −𝟏 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = or undefined 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = or undefined
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎

11
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

4. For 𝜃 = 270°; 𝑥 = 0; 𝑦 = −1; 𝑟 = 1

−𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟏 = −𝟏 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟎 or undefined 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟎 or undefined
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = −𝟏 = −𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = −𝟏 = 𝟎

5. For 𝜃 = 360°; 𝑥 = 1; 𝑦 = 0; 𝑟 = 1
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟏 = 𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟏 =0 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = = 𝟏 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = or undefined 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = or undefined
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎

The summary of the values of trigonometric function of quadrantal angles will lead to this

1.3. Reference Angle

Given a nonquadrantal angle in standard position, its reference angle (𝜽′) is the acute angle
with positive measure formed by the terminal side of angle 𝜽 and the x-axis.

Note:
1. The reference angle is always the positive angle measured between the terminal side of
the angle and the nearest angle.

2. A summary of how to calculate the reference angle from a given angle 𝜃 is given below:
Quadrant I: 𝜃 ′ = 𝜃
Quadrant II: 𝜃 ′ = 180° − 𝜃
Quadrant III: 𝜃 ′ = 𝜃 − 180°
Quadrant IV: 𝜃 ′ = 360° − 𝜃

12
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Examples
I. Give the reference angle for each angle in standard position.
1. 1235°
2. 125°
3. −2567°
4. 425°
Solutions
I. Give the reference angle for each angle in standard position.
1. 1235°
1235° − 3(360°) = 155° Find the coterminal angle
′
𝜃 = 180° − 𝜃 Formula of reference angle in quadrant II
𝜃 ′ = 180° − 155° Substitution method
′
𝜽 = 𝟐𝟓°
2. 125°
𝜃 ′ = 180° − 𝜃 Formula of reference angle in quadrant II
′
𝜃 = 180° − 125° Substitution method
𝜽′ = 𝟓𝟓°
3. −2567°
−25675° + 8(360°) = 313° Find the coterminal angle
′
𝜃 = 360° − 𝜃 Formula of reference angle in quadrant IV
′
𝜃 = 360° − 313° Substitution method
𝜽′ = 𝟒𝟕°
4. 425°
425° − 1(360°) = 65° Find the coterminal angle
′
𝜃 =𝜃 Formula of reference angle in quadrant I
′
𝜽 = 𝟔𝟓°

1.4. Evaluation of Trigonometric Functions using Reference Angle

Let 𝜃 be a nonquadrantal angle in standard position with reference angle 𝜃′ . To evaluate
a trigonometric function of 𝜃, use the following procedure.
1. Find the co-terminal angle if needed.
2. Determine the reference angle 𝜃′.
3. Determine the sign of the trigonometric function of 𝜃.
4. The value of the trigonometric function of equals the value of the trigonometric of 𝜃′ ,
prefixed with the correct sign.
Examples
I. Find the exact value of the six trigonometric functions for each of the following angle without
the aid of calculator
1. 225°
2. 330°
3. 510°
5𝜋
4. 3

13
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

II. Evaluate each expression.

1. sin(−270°) + cos(450°)
2. cos(540°) + tan(720°)
3. tan(225°) + sin(240°) cos(60°)

Solutions
I. Find the exact value of the six trigonometric functions for each of the following angle without
the aid of calculator.
1. 225°
𝜃 ′ = 𝜃 − 180° Formula to get the reference angle in QIII
′
𝜃 = 225° − 180° Substitution method
′
𝜃 = 45° Evaluate
At quadrant III, the sign of tangent and cotangent are positive and the rest is negative.
Evaluate each trigonometric function with reference angle of 45°. Take note that the sign
of tangent and cotangent are positive.
√𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟐𝟓° = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝟐𝟓° = 𝟏 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐𝟐𝟓° = −√𝟐
𝟐
√𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝟐𝟓° = −𝟐 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐𝟐𝟓° = −√𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝟐𝟓° = 𝟏

2. 330°
𝜃 ′ = 360° − 𝜃 Formula to get the reference angle in QIV
′
𝜃 = 360° − 330° Substitution method
𝜃 ′ = 30° Evaluate
At quadrant IV, the sign of cosine and secant are positive and the rest is negative.
Evaluate each trigonometric function with reference angle of 30°. Take note that the sign
of cosine and secant are positive.
𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑 𝟐 𝟐√𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟑𝟎° = − 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟑𝟎° = 𝒐𝒓 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑𝟑𝟎° = 𝒐𝒓
√𝟑 𝟑 √𝟑 𝟑
√𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟑𝟎° = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟑𝟑𝟎° = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑𝟑𝟎° = −√𝟑
𝟐

3. 510°
510° − 360° = 150° Find the co-terminal angle
𝜃 ′ = 180° − 𝜃 Formula to get the reference angle in QII
′
𝜃 = 180° − 150° Substitution method
′
𝜃 = 30° Evaluate
At quadrant II, the sign of sine and cosecant are positive and the rest is negative.
Evaluate each trigonometric function with reference angle of 30°. Take note that the sign
of cosine and secant are positive.
𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑 𝟐 𝟐√𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝟏𝟎° = 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝟏𝟎° = 𝒐𝒓 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟓𝟏𝟎° = 𝒐𝒓 −
√𝟑 𝟑 √𝟑 𝟑
√𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓𝟏𝟎° = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟓𝟏𝟎° = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟓𝟏𝟎° = −√𝟑
𝟐

14
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

5𝜋 180°
4. ∗ 𝜋 = 300°
3
′
𝜃 = 360° − 𝜃 Formula to get the reference angle in QIV
𝜃 ′ = 360° − 300° Substitution method
′
𝜃 = 60° Evaluate
At quadrant IV, the sign of cosine and secant are positive and the rest is negative.
Evaluate each trigonometric function with reference angle of 60°. Take note that the sign
of cosine and secant are positive.
√𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎𝟎° = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟎𝟎° = −√𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑𝟎𝟎° = 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐√𝟑 𝟏 √𝟑
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟎𝟎° = 𝟐 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟑𝟎𝟎° = 𝒐𝒓 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑𝟎𝟎° = 𝒐𝒓 −
√𝟑 𝟑 √𝟑 𝟑

II. Evaluate each expression.

1. sin(−270°) + cos(450°)
sin(−270° + 360°) + cos(450° − 360°) Find the co-terminal angle
sin(90°) + cos(90°) Simplify each argument
1+0 Evaluate
1
2. cos(540°) + tan(720°)
cos(540° − 360°) + cos(720° − 2(360)°) Find the co-terminal angle
cos(180°) + cos(0°) Simplify each argument
−1 + 0 Evaluate
-1
3. tan(225°) + sin(240°) cos(60°)
tan(225° − 180°) + sin(240° − 180°) cos(60°) Find the co-terminal angle
tan(45°) + sin(60°) cos(60°) Simplify each argument
−√3 1
(1)2 + ( )( ) Evaluate
2 2
√3 𝟒−√𝟑
1− =
4 𝟐

What’s more?
A. Find the other five trigonometric function given the condition.
10
1. sin 𝐴 = at Q2
26
2. csc 𝐴 = −3√2 at Q3
3. cot 𝐴 = 4 at Q3
5
4. sec 𝐴 = 3 at Q4
√3
5. cos 𝐴 = at Q1
2

15
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

B. Find the missing coordinate of the point of intersection of the unit circle and the terminal ray
of an angle in standard position.
1
1. (2 , _____) 𝜃 is in Q4
3
2. (____ , − 4) 𝜃 is in Q4
5
3. (− 12 , _____) 𝜃 is in Q3
12
4. ( , _____) 𝜃 is in Q1
13
√3
5. (______ , ) 𝜃 is in
2
Q2

Assessment (Post-test)
Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer.
1
1. The y-coordinate of an angle along the unit circle is 2. If the terminal angle is located in
the second quadrant, what is its x-coordinate?
3 √3 √3 3
a. 4 b. − 2 c. 2 d. − 4
2. In which quadrant does angle 𝜃 if sin 𝜃>0 and cos 𝜃 > 0
a. 𝑄1 b. 𝑄2 c. 𝑄3 d. 𝑄4
3. What are the coordinates of the point of intersection of the terminal side of a 315° angle
and the unit circle?
√2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2
a. (− 2 , 2 ) b. (− 2 , − 2 ) c. ( 2 , 2 ) d. ( 2 , − )
2
4. In which quadrant does angle 𝜃 if sec 𝜃>0 and csc 𝜃 < 0
a. 𝑄1 b. 𝑄2 c. 𝑄3 d. 𝑄4
cos 135° sin 225°
5. Without using calculator, evaluate ?
tan 315°
1 1
a. − b. −1 c. d. 1
2 2
6. What is the x-coordinate of a 810° angle along the unit circle?
√2
a. 1 b. −1 c. 0 d. 2
7. It is the reciprocal of the cosine function.
a.sine b. cosecant c. secant d. tangent
8. What is the y-coordinate of a 210° angle along the unit circle?
√3 √3 1 1
a. − 2 b. 2 c. 2 d. − 2
9. In which quadrant does angle 𝜃 if cot 𝜃<0 and sin 𝜃 < 0
a. 𝑄1 b. 𝑄2 c. 𝑄3 d. 𝑄4
10. Without using calculator, evaluate sin 45° + cos 2 45° ?
2
1 1
a. − 2 b. −1 c. 2 d. 1

16
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Module 1: Answer Key

17
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Lesson Graphs of Trigonometric

2
Function
COURSE OUTCOME BULLETIN

Objective: Graph the six circular functions (a) amplitude (b) period (c) phase shift and (d) vertical
shift.

Subject Matters:
Lesson 2.1 Graph of Sine and Cosine
Lesson 2.2 Graph of Tangent
Lesson 2.3 Graph of Cotangent, cosecant and secant

Learning Competencies:
II. Determine the domain and range of the different circular functions
III. Graph the six circular functions (a) amplitude, (b) period, and (c) phase shift

Evaluation:
Performance Task: PT to be deployed in Blackboard

Written Work: WW to be deployed in Aleks

What do I know? (Pre-test)

Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer

1. What is the amplitude of 𝑦 = 2 sin(3𝑥) + 1?

a. 2 b. 3 c. no amplitude d. can’t determine
2. What is the period of 𝑦 = 2 sin(3𝑥) + 1?
2𝜋
a. 2 b. 3 c.2𝜋 d. 3𝜋
3. What is the amplitude of of 𝑦 = −3 cos(5𝑥 − 𝜋) + 1?
a. 5 b. 3 c. no amplitude d. -3

18
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

4𝜋
4. A water wave is created in a wave tank. It has an amplitude of 3 and a period of . Find
5
the equation of this wave as a sine function.
5𝑡 4𝜋 𝑡
a. 𝑓(𝑡) = 3 sin 2 c. 𝑓(𝑡) = 5 sin 3
5 4𝜋𝑡
b. 𝑓(𝑡) = 2 sin 3𝑡 d. 𝑓(𝑡) = 3 sin 5
5. What is the phase shift of the given function 𝑓(𝑡) = −2 sin(𝑡 − 𝜋)
a. −2 b. 𝜋 c. −𝜋 d. 0
6. Which function below describes only the following transformations?
𝜋
Left: 2 Period: 𝜋
𝜋
a. 𝑦 = 2 − sin (2𝑥 − 2 ) c. 𝑦 = 2 cos(2𝑥 − 𝜋)
𝜋
b. 𝑦 = sin 2 (𝑥 + 2) d. 𝑦 = cos(2𝑥 + 𝜋)
7. What is the equation of the graph?

a. 𝑦 = 2 cos(2𝑥 − 𝜋) + 1 c. 𝑦 = −2 sin(2𝑥 − 𝜋) + 1
b. 𝑦 = − cos(2𝑥 − 𝜋) + 1 d. 𝑦 = sin(2𝑥 − 𝜋) + 1

8. What is the equation of the graph?

a. 𝑦 = 2 cos(3𝑥 − 𝜋) − 2 c. 𝑦 = 2 sin(3𝑥 − 𝜋) − 2
b. 𝑦 = cos (3𝑥 − 𝜋) − 2 d. 𝑦 = sin(3𝑥 − 𝜋) − 2

9. What is the amplitude of of 𝑦 = 2 tan(7𝑥) − 2?

19
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

a. 2 b. 7 c. no amplitude d. can’t determine

10. What is the equation of the graph?

a. 𝑦 = sec(𝑥 − 𝜋) c. 𝑦 = −csc(𝑥 − 𝜋)
b. 𝑦 = −sec(𝑥 − 𝜋) d. 𝑦 = csc(𝑥 − 𝜋)

20
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

What is it?
The trigonometric functions can be graphed on a rectangular coordinate system by
plotting the points whose coordinates belong to the function. But the easier way to graph
trigonometric functions is by using the properties of each function.

2.1. Graphs of Sine and Cosine

Basic Properties of Sine Function: 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙

Domain: All Real Numbers
Range: {𝑦| − 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1}
Period: 2𝜋
Symmetry: With respect to the origin
x-intercepts: At multiples of 𝜋

Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 and 𝒚 = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙

Basic Properties of Cosine Function: 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

Domain: All Real Numbers
Range: {𝑦| − 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1}
Period: 2𝜋
Symmetry: With respect to the y-axis

21
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

𝜋
x-intercepts: At odd multiples of 2

Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 and 𝒚 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

Amplitude and Period of Sinusoidal Graphs

The word sinusoidal means “resembling the sine function”. Any graphs of the form y = sin x

or y = cos x are referred to as sinusoidal functions

Amplitude of Sinusoidal Functions

For sinusoidal functions of the form 𝑦 = asin(𝑏𝑥) and 𝑦 = acos(𝑏𝑥), the amplitude is the |a|.
When |𝑎| < 1, the graph is compressed in the vertical direction, and when |𝑎| > 1, the graph is
stretched in the vertical direction.

Period of Sinusoidal functions

2𝜋
For sinusoidal functions of the form 𝑦 = asin 𝑏𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥, the period is . When 0 <
|𝑏|
𝑏 < 1, the graph is stretched in the horizontal direction, and when 𝑏 > 1, the graph is
compressed in the horizontal direction.

Note:
Assuming c is a positive constant, we graph the functions using horizontal and vertical
translations (shifts) in the following way
• To graph f(x+c) shift f(x) to the left c units
• To graph f(x-c), shift f(x) to the right c units
• To graph f(x) + d, shift f(x) up d units
• To graph f(x) –d, shift f(x) down c units
22
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Properties of Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒃𝒙 − 𝒄) + 𝒅 and 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒃𝒙 − 𝒄) + 𝒅

𝑐
Amplitude: 𝐴 = |𝑎| Starting Point of One Cycle: 𝑏
2𝜋 𝑐 2𝜋
Period: 𝑃 = Ending Point of One Cycle: 𝑏 +
𝑏 𝑏
𝑃
Interval: 𝐼 = Vertical Shift: 𝑉𝑆 = 𝑑
4
𝑐
Phase Shift: 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑏

Examples:
I. Determine the amplitude, period, phase shift and vertical shift of each function. Sketch the
graph over one period interval.
𝜋
1. 𝑦 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑥 − 2 )
𝜋
2. 𝑦 = −2 cos (𝑥 + 2 ) + 1

II. Each graph displays one cycle of the graph of trigonometric function, find the equation:

1.

2.

Solutions:
I.
𝜋
1. 𝑦 = 3 sin (2𝑥 − 2 )
𝜋
𝑎 = 3 ; 𝑏 = 2; 𝑐 = 2 ; 𝑑 = 0 Get the value of a, b, c and d
Amplitude: 𝐴 = |3| = 3 Substitute the value of a

23
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

2𝜋
Period: 𝑃 = =𝜋 Substitute the value of b, simplify
2
𝜋
Interval: 𝐼 = Substitute the balue of period
4
𝜋
𝜋
Phase shift: 𝑃𝑆 = 2
= Substitute the value of b and c, simplify
2 4
𝜋
𝜋
Starting Point of One Cycle: 2
=4 Substitute the value of b and c, simplify
2
𝜋 5𝜋
Ending Point of One Cycle: 4 + 𝜋 = 4
Substitute the value of b and c, simplify
Find the four points by adding the interval from the starting point of one cycle
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
+4 =2
4
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
+4 =
2 4
3𝜋 𝜋
+4 =𝜋
4
𝜋 5𝜋
𝜋+4 = 4
Vertical Shift: 𝑉𝑆 = 0 Substitute the value of d

𝜋
2. 𝑦 = −2 cos (𝑥 + 2 ) + 1
𝜋
𝑎 = −2 ; 𝑏 = 1; 𝑐 = − 2 ; 𝑑 = 1 Get the value of a, b, c and d
Amplitude: 𝐴 = |−2| = 2 Substitute the value of a
2𝜋
Period: 𝑃 = 1 = 2𝜋 Substitute the value of b, simplify
2𝜋 𝜋
Interval: 𝐼 = =2 Substitute the balue of period
4
𝜋
𝜋
Phase shift: 𝑃𝑆 = 2
= Substitute the value of b and c, simplify
1 2
𝜋
−2 𝜋
Starting Point of One Cycle: = − 2 Substitute the value of b and c, simplify
1
𝜋 3𝜋
Ending Point of One Cycle: − 2 + 2𝜋 = 2
Substitute the value of b and c, simplify
Find the four points by adding the interval from the starting point of one cycle
𝜋 𝜋
− + =0
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
0+ =
2 2

24
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

𝜋 𝜋
+2 =𝜋
2
𝜋 3𝜋
𝜋+2 = 2
Vertical Shift: 𝑉𝑆 = 1 Substitute the value of d

II. Each graph displays one cycle of the graph of trigonometric function, find the equation:
1. From the pattern use the 𝑦 = acos(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑑
Amplitude: 𝑎 = 2 The distance from the node to maximum and to
minimum point is 2
2𝜋
Period: 𝑏 = 6𝜋 One cycle has period of 2𝜋
1
Period:𝑏 = 3 Solve for b
Phase Shift : 0 No horizontal/ Phase shift
Vertical Shift: 𝑑 = 0 No vertical shift
𝒙
𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) Substitute the values of a, b, c and d to the formula.
𝟑
2. From the pattern use the 𝑦 = asin(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑑
Amplitude: 𝑎 = 1 The distance from the node to maximum and to
minimum point is 1
𝜋
Starting Point of One Cycle: 6 Given
7𝜋
Ending Point of One Cycle: Given
6
7𝜋 𝜋
Period : 6
−6=𝜋 Subtract the starting point from the ending point
2𝜋
Period : Formula of period
𝑏
2𝜋
Period : = 𝜋, 𝑏 = 2 Solve for b
𝑏
𝑐
Phase shift: 𝑏 Formula of phase/horizontal shift
𝑐 𝜋
Phase shift: 2 = 6 Substitute the value b=2 , the starting point of one
cycle
𝜋
𝑐=3 Isolate c
Vertical shift: 𝑑 = 0
𝜋 𝝅
𝑦 = sin (2𝑥 − 3 ) + 0 or 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 )

25
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

2.2. Graphs of Tangent Function and Cotangent Function

Basic Properties of 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙

𝜋
Domain: All real numbers except odd multiples of 2

Range: All real numbers

𝜋 𝜋
Period: 𝜋 (the graph completes one cycle on the interval − 2 < 𝑥 < 2 )

Symmetry: With respect to the origin

𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: at multiples of 𝜋
𝜋
Vertical Asymptotes: odd multiples of 2

The graph has no defined amplitude, since the function is unbounded.

Basic Properties of 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙

Domain: All real numbers except multiples of 𝜋
Range: All real numbers
𝜋
Period: 𝜋 (the graph completes one cycle on the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 2 )

Symmetry: With respect to the origin

𝜋
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: at odd multiples of
2

26
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Vertical Asymptotes: at multiples of 𝜋

The graph has no defined amplitude, since the function is unbounded.

Properties of Tangent Function: 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝒃𝒙 − 𝒄) + 𝒅

Amplitude: No Amplitude
𝜋
Period: 𝑃 = 𝑏
𝑃
Interval: 𝑃 = 2
𝑐
Phase Shift: 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑏
𝑐
Starting Point of One Cycle: 𝑏
𝑐
Ending Point of One Cycle: 𝑏 + 𝑃

Asymptote: 𝑆𝑃 + 𝐼 + 𝑃𝑘; 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 (𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 3 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟)

Properties of Cotangent Function: 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒕 (𝒃𝒙 − 𝒄) + 𝒅
Amplitude: No Amplitude
𝜋
Period: 𝑃 = 𝑏
𝑃
Interval: 𝑃 = 2
𝑐
Phase Shift: 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑏
𝑐
Starting Point of One Cycle:
𝑏
𝑐
Ending Point of One Cycle: 𝑏 + 𝑃
27
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Asymptote: 𝑆𝑃 + 𝑃𝑘; 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 (𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 3 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟)

Examples
I. Determine the amplitude, period, phase shift and vertical shift of each function. Sketch
𝜋
1. 𝑦 = tan(𝑥 − 2 )
𝜋
2. 𝑦 = −2 cot(𝑥 − 4 )

Solutions

I. Determine the amplitude, period, phase shift and vertical shift of each function. Sketch the
graph.
𝜋
1. 𝑦 = tan(𝑥 − 2 )
𝜋
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 2 , 𝑑 = 0 Find the values of a, b, c, and d

Amplitude: No Amplitude
𝜋
Period: 𝑃 = 1 = 𝜋 Substitute the value of b
𝜋
Interval: 𝐼 = Substitute the value of period (P)
2
𝜋
𝜋
Phase Shift: 𝑃𝑆 = 2
=2 Substitute the value of b and c
1
𝜋
Starting Point of One Cycle: 2 Definition
𝜋
Ending Point of One Cycle: 2 + 𝜋 Definition

Asymptote: 𝑆𝑃 + 𝐼 + 𝑃𝑘; 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 (take at least 3 integer)

𝜋 𝜋
+ 2 + 𝜋(−1) = 0 Substitute when k=-1
2
𝜋 𝜋
+ 2 + 𝜋(0) = 𝜋 Substitute when k=0
2
𝜋 𝜋
+ 2 + 𝜋(1) = 2𝜋 Substitute when k=1
2

Vertical Shift: d=0 Substitute the value of d

28
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

𝜋
2. 𝑦 = −2 cot(𝑥 − 4 )
𝜋
𝑎 = −2, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 4 , 𝑑 = 0 Find the values of a, b, c, and d
Amplitude: No Amplitude
𝜋
Period: 𝑃 = 1 = 𝜋 Substitute the value of b
𝜋
Interval: 𝐼 = Substitute the value of period (P)
2
𝜋
𝜋
Phase Shift: 𝑃𝑆 = 4
=4 Substitute the value of b and c
1
𝜋
Starting Point of One Cycle: 4 Definition
𝜋
Ending Point of One Cycle: 4 + 𝜋 Definition
Asymptote: 𝑆𝑃 + 𝑃𝑘; 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 (take at least 3 integer)
𝜋 3𝜋
+ 𝜋(−1) = − Substitute when k=-1
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
+ 𝜋(0) = 4 Substitute when k=0
4
𝜋 5𝜋
+ 𝜋(1) = Substitute when k=1
4 4
Vertical Shift: d=0 Substitute the value of d

2.3. Graphs of Cosecant Function and SecantFunction

Basic Properties of 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙

Domain: All real numbers except multiples of 𝜋
Range:{𝑦|𝑦 ≥ 1, 𝑦 ≤ −1}
Period: 2𝜋
Symmetry: With respect to the origin
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: none
29
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Vertical Asymptotes: at multiples of 𝜋

The graph has no defined amplitude, since the function is unbounded.

Basic Properties of 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙

𝜋
Domain: All real numbers except odd multiples of 2

Range:{𝑦|𝑦 ≥ 1, 𝑦 ≤ −1}
Period: 2𝜋
Symmetry: With respect to y-axis
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡: none
𝜋
Vertical Asymptotes: at odd multiples of 2

The graph has no defined amplitude, since the function is unbounded.

30
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

What’s more?
Give the amplitude and period for each function. Then sketch the graph for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
1. 𝑦 = sin(3𝑥 )
2. 𝑦 = −3 cos(2𝑥)
3. 𝑦 = csc(7𝑥)
4. 𝑦 = 2 tan(5𝑥)
5. 𝑦 = −2 cot(3𝑥)

What I can do
Determine the amplitude, period, asymptote( if there’s any), phase shift and vertical shift of
each function. Sketch the graph.
1. 𝑦 = 2 cos(𝑥 − 𝜋) + 1
2. 𝑦 = −3 sin(𝑥 + 𝜋) + 2
3. 𝑦 = 2 tan(3𝑥 − 𝜋)
4. 𝑦 = 2 cot(2𝑥 − 𝜋) + 1

Assessment (Post-test)

Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer

1. What is the equation of the graph?

a. 𝑦 = 2 cos(3𝑥 − 𝜋) − 2 c. 𝑦 = 2 sin(3𝑥 − 𝜋) − 2
b. 𝑦 = cos(3𝑥 − 𝜋) − 2 d. 𝑦 = sin(3𝑥 − 𝜋) − 2

31
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

2. What is the phase shift of 𝑦 = 2 sin(3𝑥) + 1?

a. 2 b. 3 c. 1 d. none

3. What is the range of 𝑦 = 2 sin(3𝑥) + 1?

a. [−2,2] b. [−1,3] c.[1,2] d. [−2,4]
4. What is the amplitude of of 𝑦 = 2 cos(5𝑥 − 𝜋) + 1?
a. 2 b. 5 c. no amplitude d. can’t determine
5. What is the period of of 𝑦 = 2 cos(5𝑥 − 𝜋) + 1?
2𝜋
a. 2 b. 5 c.2𝜋 d. 3𝜋
6. What is the amplitude of of 𝑦 = 2 tan(7𝑥) − 2?
a. 2 b. 7 c. no amplitude d. can’t determine
7. What is the period of of 𝑦 = 3 tan(𝜋𝑥) − 2?
a. 2 b. 1 c.3 d. 4
8. What is the equation of the graph?

a. 𝑦 = −2 cos(4𝑥 + 3𝜋) + 1 c. 𝑦 = −2 sin(4𝑥 + 3𝜋) + 1

b. 𝑦 = − cos(4𝑥 + 3𝜋) + 1 d. 𝑦 = 2sin(4𝑥 + 3𝜋) + 1
9. Which function below describes only the following transformations?
𝜋
Left: 2 Period: 𝜋
𝜋
a. 𝑦 = 2 − sin (2𝑥 − 2 ) c. 𝑦 = 2 cos(2𝑥 − 𝜋)
𝜋
b. 𝑦 = sin 2 (𝑥 + 2) d. 𝑦 = cos(2𝑥 + 𝜋)
10. What is the x-intercept of equation 𝑦 = − csc(𝑥 − 𝜋) ?
𝜋
a. 2 b. 𝜋 c. 0 d. None

32
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Module2 Answer Key

33
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Lesson
3 Trigonometric Identities

COURSE OUTCOME BULLETIN

Objective: Apply the trigonometric concepts to solve problems related to trigonometric

identities.
Subject Matters:
Lesson 3.1 Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
Lesson 3.2 Proving Trigonometric Identities
Lesson 3.3 Addition and Subtraction Identities
Lesson 3.4 Double Angle Identities and Half Angle Identities
Lesson 3.5 Sum and Product Identities

Learning Competencies:
I. Determine whether an equation is an identity or a conditional equation
II. Derive the fundamental trigonometric identities
III. Derive trigonometric identities involving sum and difference of angles
IV. Derive the double and half-angle formulas
V. Simplify trigonometric expressions
VI. Prove other trigonometric identities
VII. Solve situational problems involving trigonometric identities

Evaluation:
Performance Task: PT to be deployed in Aleks

Written Work: WW to be deployed in Aleks

What do I know? (Pre-test)

Multiple choice. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
cot 𝑥
1. Simplify:
tan 𝑥

34
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

a. cot 2 𝑥 b. tan2 𝑥 c. sec 2 𝑥 d. csc 2 𝑥

2. Simplify: csc 𝐴 (cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴)
a. tan 𝐴 + 1 b. cot 𝐴 + 1 c. 2 tan2 𝐴 d. sin 𝐴 tan 𝐴
3. Simplify: sin2(5𝐴) + tan2 (5𝐴) + cos 2 (5𝐴)
a. − sec 2 (5𝐴) b. 1 c. sec 2 (5𝐴) d. 5

4. Use trigonometric identities to find the exact value: sin 10° cos 50° + cos 10° sin 50°
1 1 √3 √3
a. b. c. d.
2 6 3 2
5. Use trigonometric identities to find the exact value: cos 100° cos 20° − sin 100° sin 20°
1 1 √3 √3
a. − 2 b. c. d. −
2 2 2
5
6. If cos 𝐴 = − 13 and tan 𝐴 < 0, then find sin(2𝐴)
119 119 120 120
a. b. − c. d. −
169 169 169 169
(csc 𝐴+cot 𝐴)(csc 𝐴−cot 𝐴)
7. Simplify csc 𝐴
a. cos 𝐴 b. sin 𝐴 c. − sin 𝐴 d. csc 𝐴
8. Simplify (sin2 𝐵 + cos 2 𝐵) − (csc 2 𝐵 − cot 2 𝐵)
a. cos 2 𝐵 b. sin2 𝐵 c. 0 d. 2
12 1+sin 𝐴
9. If tan 𝐴 = , then 1−sin 𝐴 is equal to
5
12
a. 24 b. c. 25 d. 9
13
sin 𝐴+cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴−cos 𝐴
10. Simplify: sin 𝐴−cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴+cos 𝐴
2
a. sin2 𝐴+cos2 𝐴 c. 3(sin2 𝐴 − cos 2 𝐴)
2
b. 2(sin2 𝐴 − cos 2 𝐴) d. sin2 𝐴−cos2 𝐴

35
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

What is it?
From the previous lesson, the trigonometric functions of an angle in standard position
can be stated in terms of the coordinates of a point on its terminal side and the radius vector.

Recall the Trigonometric Functions

If angle θ in standard position with coordinates P(x,y) on its terminal side where OP= r

𝑦 𝑟
sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑦
𝑥 𝑟
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = ;𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑟 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
tan 𝜃 = ; 𝑥 ≠ 0 cot 𝜃 =
𝑥 𝑦

Examples
Write the six trigonometric functions for angle θ in the standard position if the given point is on
its terminal side.
1. 𝑃(−3, −4)

Solutions
1. From the given 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = −4 ; and terminal side lies in quadrant 4. We need to solve
for the value of r using the Pythagorean formula 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
Substitutute the values 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = −4 to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 :
(−3)2 + (−4)2 = 𝑟 2
9 + 16 = 𝑟 2
𝑟=5
Substitute the values of 𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = −4, 𝑟 = 5 to the formulas of six trigonometric
functions.
𝟒 𝟒 𝟓
sin 𝜃 = − tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = −
𝟓 𝟑 𝟑
𝟑 𝟓 𝟑
cos 𝜃 = − csc 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
𝟓 −𝟒 𝟒

Definition: A trigonometric identity is an equation involving trigonometric functions that hold

for all values of the argument, typically chosen to be 𝜃 .

36
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Examples
1
1. sin2 𝐴 + cos 2 𝐴 = 1 2. cos 𝐴 = sec 𝐴
3.1. Fundamental Identities
There are different fundamental identities that we’ll discuss in this section. These are the
reciprocal identities, quotient identities, Pythagorean identities, and negative argument
identities.

Examples
Solve the following:
1. Prove: 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 tan 𝜃 = 1
sin 𝜃
2. Prove: tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
3. Simplify: cos 𝜃 cot 𝜃 + sin 𝜃
4. Simplify: tan2 𝜃 − sec 2 𝜃 + 2(sin 𝜃+ cos 𝜃)2 − 4 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

Solutions
1. Let’s use the six trigonometric functions to prove the fundamental identities.
Prove: 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 tan 𝜃 = 1
𝑥 𝑦
Substitute cot 𝜃 = 𝑦 and tan 𝜃 = 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 tan 𝜃 = 1

𝑥 y
( )=1
𝑦 x
37
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Cancel the common factor between the numerator and denominator.

1=1 true, therefore, an identity.
2. Let’s use the six trigonometric functions to prove the fundamental identities.
sin 𝜃
Prove: tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
𝑦 𝑥
Substitute sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 and cos 𝜃 = 𝑟
𝑦
sin 𝜃
= 𝑟
𝑥
cos 𝜃
𝑟
To divide fractions, multiply the numerator by the reciprocal of the denominator.
𝑦 𝑟 𝑦
(x) = 𝑥
𝑟
𝑦
And we know that 𝑥 = tan 𝜃.

3. Simplify: cos 𝜃 cot 𝜃 + sin 𝜃

Use the fundamental identities to simplify the expression.
cos 𝜃
Substitute sin 𝜃 for cot 𝜃
cos 𝜃 cot 𝜃 + sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃 ( ) + sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃
cos 2 𝜃
+ sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃
Add the expression
cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃
sin 𝜃
Substitute the cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
1
sin 𝜃
1
Use the quotient identity sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃
Therefore the final answer is csc 𝜃

4. Simplify: tan2 𝜃 − sec 2 𝜃 + 2(sin 𝜃+ cos 𝜃)2 − 4 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

Expand the (sin 𝜃+ cos 𝜃)2
tan2 𝜃 − sec 2 𝜃 + 2(sin2 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃) − 4 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Use the Pythagorean Identity tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃 then it will be tan2 𝜃 − sec 2 𝜃 = −1
and sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 .
tan2 𝜃 − sec 2 𝜃 + 2(sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) − 4 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Substitute the values
−1 + 2(1 +2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) − 4 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Distribute the 2 inside the parenthesis
−1 + 2 + 4 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − 4 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Combine like terms.
1

38
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

3.2. Verifying Identities

The fundamental identities that we discussed from the previous lesson are used to verify
that certain equations are identities. Algebraic techniques like factoring, simplifying expressions
and working with fractions are used to manipulate one side of the equation.

Guidelines for Verifying Identities

The following suggestions help guide the way to verifying trigonometric identities:
• Start with the more complicated side of the equation
• Combine all the sums and difference of fractions into a single fraction
• Use fundamental trigonometric identities.
• Use algebraic techniques to manipulate one side of the equation.
• Sometimes it is helpful to convert all trigonometric functions to sines and cosines.
Note:
Trigonometric identities must be valid for all values of the independent variable for which the
expressions in the equation are defined (domain of the equation)

Examples
Verify the following the identities:
1 1
5. 2 sec 2 𝜃 = 1−sin 𝜃 + 1+sin 𝜃
1+cos 𝜃
6. = sec 𝜃 + 1
cos 𝜃
cos 𝜃
7. = 1 − sin 𝜃
sec 𝜃+tan 𝜃
1
8. tan 𝜃+cot 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
9. 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1 = cos 4 𝜃 − sin4 𝜃
10. tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 sec 𝑥
11. (sin 𝑥 − tan 𝑥)2 = tan2 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − 1)2
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2
12. 1+sin 𝑥 + 1−sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
13. (sin 𝐴 + cos 𝐴)2 tan 𝐴 = tan 𝐴 + 2 sin2 𝐴
14. (1 + sin 𝐴 + cos 𝐴)(1 − sin 𝐴 − cos 𝐴) = −2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
tan2 𝐴 sin 𝐴
15. 1−cos2 𝐴 + sec2 𝐴−1 = cos 𝐴 (sec 3 𝐴 + cot 𝐴)
(cos2 𝑥+1+sin 𝑥) 1+sin 𝑥
16. =
cos2 𝑥+3 2+sin 𝑥

39
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Solutions
Verify the following the identities:
1 1
1. 2 sec 2 𝜃 = 1−sin 𝜃 + 1+sin 𝜃

Begin with more complicated side. In this problem, we’ll start from right to left. (Do not forget
to indicate it on your solution)
Work from RIGHT to LEFT
2 sec 2 𝜃 1 1
+
1 − sin 𝜃 1 + sin 𝜃
1(1 + sin 𝜃) + 1(1 − sin 𝜃) Add the fraction by getting the LCD
(1 − sin 𝜃)(1 + sin 𝜃 )
2 Combine like terms
(1 − sin 𝜃)(1 + sin 𝜃)
2 Multiply the denominator
1 − sin 𝜃2
2 Use the Pythagorean Identity
2
cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 and isolate cos 2 𝜃
Then substitute cos 2 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃
2 sec 2 𝜃 Substitute using the reciprocal identity

1+cos 𝜃
2. = sec 𝜃 + 1
cos 𝜃

Work from LEFT to RIGHT

1 + cos 𝜃 sec 𝜃 + 1
cos 𝜃

1 cos 𝜃 Separate the fraction using the

+ 𝐴 𝐶 𝐴+𝐶
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 property 𝐵 + 𝐵 = 𝐵
sec 𝜃 + 1 Substitute using the reciprocal identity
and divide the second term

Work from RIGHT to LEFT

1 + cos 𝜃 sec 𝜃 + 1
cos 𝜃
1 Substitute using the reciprocal identity
+1
cos 𝜃
1 + cos 𝜃 Add the fraction using cos 𝜃 as the
cos 𝜃 common denominator

40
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

cos 𝜃
3. sec 𝜃+tan 𝜃 = 1 − sin 𝜃
Work from LEFT to RIGHT
cos 𝜃 1 − sin 𝜃
sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
cos 𝜃 1
Substitute the reciprocal identity sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
1 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 and quotient identity tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃

cos 𝜃 Add the denominator

1 + sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃

cos 𝜃 Divide fraction by multiplying the numerator

cos 𝜃 ∗
1 + sin 𝜃 by the reciprocal of denominator

cos 2 𝜃 Multiply
1 + sin 𝜃

1 − sin2 𝜃 Use Pythagorean Identity cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 =

1 + sin 𝜃 1 and isolate cos 2 𝜃 then substitute
cos 2 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃

(1 + sin 𝜃)(1 − sin 𝜃) Factor the numerator

1 + sin 𝜃

1 − sin 𝜃 Cancel the common factor

1
4. tan 𝜃+cot 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
Work from LEFT to RIGHT
1 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃
1 Substitute the quotient identities
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 and cot 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
+
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

1 Add the denominator

sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

1 Substitute the sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1

1
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

41
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 Simplify

sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 Use the commutative rule
2 4 4
5. 2 cos 𝜃 − 1 = cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
Work from RIGHT to LEFT
2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1 cos 4 𝜃 − sin4 𝜃
(cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) Factor the expression using the
difference of two squares

(cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) (1) Substitute the sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1

cos 2 𝜃 − (1 − cos 2 𝜃) Substitute the sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜃

cos 2 𝜃 − 1 + cos 2 𝜃 Distribute the negative sign inside

the parenthesis

2cos 2 𝜃 − 1 Combine like terms

6. tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 sec 𝑥

Work from LEFT to RIGHT
tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 sec 𝑥
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 Substitute the quotient identities
+ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 and cot 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 Add the fraction

cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

1 Substitute the sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1

cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

1 1 Separate the fraction

∗
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥

sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥 Substitute the quotient identities

1 1
sec 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 and csc 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

csc 𝑥 sec 𝑥 Commutative Rule

42
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

7. (sin 𝑥 − tan 𝑥)2 = tan2 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − 1)2

Work from RIGHT to LEFT
(sin 𝑥 − tan 𝑥)2 tan2 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − 1)2
tan2 𝑥 (cos 2 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 1) Expand the binomial

tan2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 − 2 tan2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥 Distribute the tan2 𝑥

sin2 𝑥 2
sin2 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Substitute the tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥
cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
2
sin2 𝑥 Simplify the first and second
sin 𝑥 − 2 + tan2 𝑥 term
cos 𝑥

sin 𝑥 sin2 𝑥
sin2 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥 Separate the cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥
sin2 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + tan2 𝑥 Subsitute the quotient
sin 𝑥
identity tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

(sin 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)2 Factor the trinomial

cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2
8. 1+sin 𝑥 + 1−sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
Work from LEFT to RIGHT
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2
+
1 + sin 𝑥 1 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

cos 𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥) + cos 𝑥 (1 + sin 𝑥) Add the fraction

(1 + sin 𝑥)(1 − sin 𝑥)

cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 Multiply the numerator and
1 − sin2 𝑥 denominator

2 cos 𝑥 Combine like terms on

cos 2 𝑥 numerator and substitute the
cos 2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥

2 Simplify
cos 𝑥

43
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

9. (sin 𝐴 + cos 𝐴)2 tan 𝐴 = tan 𝐴 + 2 sin2 𝐴

Work from LEFT to RIGHT
(sin 𝐴 + cos 𝐴)2 tan 𝐴 tan 𝐴 + 2 sin2 𝐴

(sin2 𝐴 + 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + cos 2 𝐴) tan 𝐴 Expand the binomial

(1 + 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴) tan 𝐴 Substitute the sin2 𝑥 +

cos 2 𝑥 = 1

tan 𝐴 + 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 tan 𝐴 Distribute the tan 𝐴 inside

the parenthesis
sin 𝐴 Substitute the quotient
tan 𝐴 + 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴
cos 𝐴 identity tan 𝐴 = cos 𝐴

tan 𝐴 + 2 sin2 𝐴 Multiply

10. (1 + sin 𝐴 + cos 𝐴)(1 − sin 𝐴 − cos 𝐴) = −2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

Work from LEFT to RIGHT
(1 + sin 𝐴 + cos 𝐴)(1 − sin 𝐴 − cos 𝐴) −2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

1(1 − sin 𝐴 − cos 𝐴) Distribute the 1, sin 𝐴

+ sin 𝐴 ((1 − sin 𝐴 − cos 𝐴) and cos 𝐴 inside the
+ cos 𝐴 ((1 − sin 𝐴 − cos 𝐴) parenthesis

1 − sin 𝐴 − cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴 Multiply

− sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 − cos 2 𝐴

1 − 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴 − cos 2 𝐴 Combine like terms

1 − 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 − 1(sin2 𝐴 + cos 2 𝐴) Factor the negative 1

1 − 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 − 1(1) Substitute the

Pythagorean identity
sin2 𝐴 + cos 2 𝐴 = 1

−2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 Combine like terms

44
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

tan2 𝐴 sin 𝐴
11. 1−cos2 𝐴 + sec2 𝐴−1 = cos 𝐴 (sec 3 𝐴 + cot 𝐴)
Work from LEFT to RIGHT
tan2 𝐴 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 (sec 3 𝐴
+ + cot 𝐴)
1 − cos 2 𝐴 sec 2 𝐴 − 1
2
tan 𝐴 sin 𝐴 Substitute the sin2 𝐴 = 1 −
+ cos 2 𝐴 and tan2 𝐴 = 1 −
sin2 𝐴 tan2 𝐴
sec 2 𝐴

sin2 𝐴 sin2 𝐴
Substitute the cos2 𝐴 = tan2 𝐴
cos 2 𝐴 + sin 𝐴
sin2 𝐴 sin2 𝐴
cos 2 𝐴

sin2 𝐴 1 cos 2 𝐴 Divide the fraction by

∗ + sin 𝐴 ∗ multiplying the numerator by
cos 2 𝐴 sin2 𝐴 sin2 𝐴
the reciprocal of denominator
1 cos 2 𝐴 Cancel the common factor
+
cos 2 𝐴 sin 𝐴

1 cos 𝐴 Get the GCF

cos 𝐴 ( 3
+ )
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴

cos 𝐴 (sec 3 𝐴 + cot 𝐴) Substitute the reciprocal

1
identity sec 𝐴 = cos 𝐴 and
cos 𝐴
quotient identity cot 𝐴 = sin 𝐴

(cos2 𝑥+1+sin 𝑥) 1+sin 𝑥

12. =
cos2 𝑥+3 2+sin 𝑥
Work from LEFT to RIGHT
cos 2 𝑥 + 1 + sin 𝑥 1 + sin 𝑥
cos 2 𝑥 + 3 2 + sin 𝑥
1 − sin2 𝑥 + 1 + sin 𝑥 Substitute the cos 2 𝐴 = 1 − sin2 𝐴
1 − sin2 𝑥 + 3

2 + sin 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 Combine like terms

4 − sin2 𝑥

(2 − sin 𝑥)(1 + sin 𝑥) Factor the numerator and

(2 − sin 𝑥)(2 + sin 𝑥) denominator

45
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

1 + sin 𝑥 Cancel the common factor

2 + sin 𝑥

3.3. Sum and Difference Identities

The sum and difference identities for sine, cosine, tangent can be used to find the exact values
of angles that are not special angles. We can also use these formulas to get the values of
cosecant, secant and cotangent by getting the respective reciprocal.

Examples
I. Find the exact value for each trigonometric expression:
1. cos 15 °
5𝜋
2. sin 12
3. cot 105°
II. Write each expression as a single trigonometric function:
1. cos(5𝐴) cos(2𝐴) − sin(5𝐴) sin(2𝐴)
tan 59°−tan 12°
2. 1+tan 59° tan 12°
3. cos(3𝐴) sin(5𝐴) − cos(5𝐴) sin(3𝐴)
1
4. sin(2𝜋−𝐵) cos 𝐵+cos(2𝜋−𝐵) sin 𝐵
3 12
III. If sin 𝐴 = 5 , 90° < 𝐴 < 180° and cos 𝐴 = 13 , 270° < 𝐴 < 360°. Find the exact value of
1. sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2. sec(𝐴 − 𝐵)
3. tan(𝐴 + 𝐵)
IV. Evaluate the following without using the calculator:
1. cos 70° cos 20° − sin 70° sin 20°
tan 75° tan 15°+1
2. tan 75°−tan 15°

Solutions
I. Find the exact value for each trigonometric expression:
1. cos 15 °
Use the formula cos(𝐴 − 𝐵 ) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵.
Find the special angles that will lead the sum or difference to 15°. In this problem, we
will use 𝐴 = 60°; 𝐵 = 45°. Substitute these values to the formula.
46
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

cos 15° = cos(60° − 45°) = cos 60° cos 45° + sin 60° sin 45°

Get the value of each trigonometric function:

1 √2 √3 √2
cos 60° cos 45° − sin 60° sin 45° = ( ) + ( )
2 2 2 2
Simplify:
√𝟐 + √𝟔
𝟒
5𝜋
2. sin 12
Convert the radian to degree form first:
5𝜋 180°
∗ = 75°
12 𝜋
Find the special angles that will lead the sum or difference to 75°. In this problem, we
will use 𝐴 = 45°; 𝐵 = 30°. Substitute these values to the formula.
sin 75° = sin(45° + 30°) = sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45°
Get the value of each trigonometric function:
√2 √3 √2 1
sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45° = ( )+ ( )
2 2 2 2
Simplify:
√𝟔 + √𝟐
𝟒

3. cot 105°
We don’t have direct formula of sum of cotangent from our list. We are going to use the
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
formula reciprocal of tangent. Therefore, we have tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵, the
1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
reciprocal is cot(𝐴 + 𝐵) = tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
Find the special angles that will lead the sum or difference to 105°. In this problem, we
will use 𝐴 = 60°; 𝐵 = 45°. Substitute these values to the formula.
1 − tan 60° tan 45°
cot(60° + 45°) =
tan 60° + tan 45°
Get the value of each trigonometric function:
1−tan 60° tan 45° 1−√3(1)
=
tan 60°+tan 45° √3+1
Simplify and rationalize the fraction by multiplying both numerator and denominator by
√3 − 1
1 − √3 √3 − 1 √3 − 1 − 3 + √3
∗ =
√3 + 1 √3 − 1 3−1
Simplify
2√3−4
= 2
47
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Factor out the common factor and simplify

2(√3−2)
= 2 = √3 − 2
II. Write each expression as a single trigonometric function:
1. cos(5𝐴) cos(2𝐴) − sin(5𝐴) sin(2𝐴)
Use the formula cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cos(5𝐴 + 2𝐴) = cos 5𝐴 cos 2𝐴 − sin 5𝐴 sin 2𝐴
Then add the argument:
𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟕𝐀)
tan 59° −tan 12°
2. 1+tan 59° tan 12°
tan 𝐴−tan 𝐵
Use the formula tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
tan 59°−tan 12°
Then, tan(59° − 12°) = 1−tan 59° tan 12°
Then subtract the argument:
𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟒𝟕°)
3. cos(3𝐴) sin(5𝐴) − cos(5𝐴) sin(3𝐴)
Use the formula sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
Based on the problem we cannot use the formula directly, but we can manipulate the
problem using the commutative rule.
cos(3𝐴) sin(5𝐴) − cos(5𝐴) sin(3𝐴) = sin(5𝐴) cos(3𝐴) − cos(5𝐴) sin(3𝐴)
Then, sin(5𝐴) cos(3𝐴) − cos(5𝐴) sin(3𝐴) = sin(5𝐴 − 3𝐴)
Subtract the argument
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨)
1
4. sin(2𝜋−𝐵) cos 𝐵+cos(2𝜋−𝐵) sin 𝐵
Use the formula sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1 1
Then, sin(2𝜋−𝐵) cos 𝐵+cos(2𝜋−𝐵) sin 𝐵 = sin(2𝜋−𝐵+𝐵)
Simplify the argument
1
sin(2𝜋)
Use the reciprocal identity
𝐜𝐬𝐜(𝟐𝝅)

3 12
III. If sin 𝐴 = 5 , 90° < 𝐴 < 180° and cos 𝐵 = 13 , 270° < 𝐴 < 360°. Find the exact value of
1.
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
3 12
From the problem, sin 𝐴 = 5 at quadrant II, and cos 𝐵 = 13 at quadrant IV
Use the formula: sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
We need to get the value of cos 𝐴 and sin 𝐵. Let’s start with the value of cos 𝐴. We can
3 𝑦
use the given sin 𝐴 = 5 = 𝑟 . Find the adjacent side or x by using the Pythagorean formula
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 . Substitute the given values to the formula
𝑥 2 + 32 = 52

48
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

𝑥 2 = 25 − 9
𝑥=4
4
Angle A at quadrant II, the value of cos 𝐴 = −
5
12 𝑥
For the value of sin 𝐵, we can use the given cos 𝐵 = 13 = 𝑟 . Find the value of opposite
side (y) by using the Pythagorean formula 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 . Substitute the given values to
the formula 122 + 𝑦 2 = 132
Isolate y
𝑦 2 = 132 − 122
𝑦=5
−5
Angle B at quadrant IV, the value of sin 𝐵 = 13
3 4 12 5
Now we have sin 𝐴 = 5 , cos 𝐴 = − 5 , cos 𝐵 = 13 , sin 𝐵 = − 13
Substitute these values to the formula
3 12 4 5
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = ( ) ( ) − (− ) (− )
5 13 5 13
36 20 𝟏𝟔
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = − =
65 65 𝟔𝟓

2. sec(𝐴 − 𝐵)
Use the formula: cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1
sec(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
Find the values that we got from the problem
1
sec(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
4 12 3 5
(− ) (13) + ( ) (− 13)
5 5
1
=
48 15
− −
65 65
Subtract the denominator
1
=
63
−
65
Divide the fraction by multiplying the numerator by the reciprocal of denominator.

65 𝟔𝟓
=1∗− =−
63 𝟔𝟑

3. tan(𝐴 + 𝐵)
tan 𝐴 +tan 𝐵
Use the formula tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
Get the value of tan 𝐴 and tan 𝐵. For angle A, the opposite side and adjacent side are 3
3
and 4 respectively. At quadrant II, the value of tan 𝐴 = − 4. For angle B, the opposite side

49
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

5
and adjacent side are 5 and 12 respectively. At quadrant IV, the value of tan 𝐵 = − 12.
Substitute these values to the formula.
3 5
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 − 4 + (− 12)
=
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 1 − (− 3) (− 5 )
4 12
Simplify
14 7
− 12 (− 6)
=
16 − 5 11
15 16
Divide the fraction by multiplying the numerator by the reciprocal of denominator.
7 16 𝟓𝟔
− ∗ =−
6 11 𝟑𝟑
IV. Evaluate the following without using the calculator:
1. cos 70° cos 20° − sin 70° sin 20°
Use the formula cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cos 70° cos 20° − sin 70° sin 20° = cos 90°
Evaluate
cos 90° = 𝟎
tan 75° tan 15°+1
2. tan 75°−tan 15°
tan 𝐴 −tan 𝐵 1+tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
Use the formula tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 1+tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵, therefore we have cot(𝐴 + 𝐵) = tan 𝐴 −tan 𝐵
We need to manipulate the problem to have same pattern with the formula
tan 75° tan 15° + 1 1 + tan 75° tan 15°
=
tan 75° − tan 15° tan 75° − tan 15°
Then we have
1 + tan 75° tan 15°
= cot 60°
tan 75° − tan 15°
Evaluate:
1 √𝟑
cot 60° = 𝑜𝑟
√3 𝟑

3.4. Double and Half Angle Identities

Double-angle identities can be derived from the sum identities and half angle identities
can be derived from double-angle formulas.
To derive the double angle of sine, cosine and tangent, substitute A for B in the formulas
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) , cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) and tan(𝐴 + 𝐵).
Double Angle for Sine
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑨)
50
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Use the formula sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Then, sin(𝐴 + 𝐴) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 Use commutative rule
sin(𝐴 + 𝐴) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 Combine like terms

sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝑨)

Double Angle for Cosine

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑨)
Use the formula cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Then, cos(𝐴 + 𝐴) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴

Multiply

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨

From here, we can also derive that

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨) = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝟏 and 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨) = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨

Double Angle for Tangent

tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
Use the formula tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐴
Then, tan(𝐴 + 𝐴) = 1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐴
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐴 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨
Simplify 1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐴 = 𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝑨

Half-Angle Identity for Sine

𝑥
To derive the half angle of sine and cosine, replace A by 2 in two formulas for cos(2𝐴)

cos(2𝐴) = 1 − 2 sin2 𝐴 Double Angle Identity for Cosine

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
cos (2 (2)) = 1 − 2 sin2 (2) Substitute 𝐴 = 2
51
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

𝑥
cos 𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 (2) Simplify
𝑥 𝑥
2 sin2 (2) = 1 − cos 𝑥 Isolate 2 sin2 (2)
𝑥 1−cos 𝑥
sin2 (2) = Divide both sides by 2
2

𝒙 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟐) = ±√ Get the square root of both sides
𝟐

Half-Angle Identity for Cosine

cos(2𝐴) = 2 cos 2 𝐴 − 1 Double Angle Identity for Cosine

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
cos (2 (2)) = 2 cos 2 (2) − 1 Substitute 𝐴 = 2

𝑥
cos 𝑥 = 2 cos 2 (2) − 1 Simplify
𝑥 𝑥
2 cos 2 (2) = cos 𝑥 + 1 Isolate 2 cos 2 (2)
𝑥 cos 𝑥+1
cos 2 (2) = Divide both sides by 2
2

𝒙 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐) = ±√ Get the square root of both sides
𝟐

Note:
𝑥
The use of a positive or negative depends on the quadrant in which 2 is located.

The half-angle formulas for sine and cosine can be used to derive the half-angle formula for
tangent. There are three equivalent forms for this formula.
𝒙 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟐) = ±√𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟐) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝟐) = 𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

52
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Examples
I. Write each expression in terms of a trigonometric function of one angle.
1. 2cos 13.5 ° sin 13.5°
9𝜋
2. 2 cos 2 ( 5 ) − 1
2 tan 15°
3. 1−tan2 15°
1
4. 2 cos 18° sin 18°
II. Use double angle identities to find the exact value of each trigonometric function:
5
1. If sec 𝐴 = − 4 and angle A is in second quadrant, find sin(2𝐴).
12
2. If sin 𝐴 = − 13 and 270° < 𝐴 < 360°, find cot(2𝐴).
3
3. If cos 𝐵 = − 5 and angle B is in third quadrant, find cos(2𝐵).
sin(2𝐴) cos 𝐴−cos(2𝐴) sin 𝐴 1
4. Verify: =
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴
1 −tan2 𝐵
5. Verify: cos(2𝐵) = sec2 𝐵
6. Verify: sin 𝐴 (4 cos 2 𝐴 − 1) = sin (3𝐴)

III. Use the half angle identities to find the exact value of the following
1. tan 22.5 °
7𝜋
2. sin( 8 )

IV. Find the exact value of each trigonometric function. Assume 0° < 𝐴 < 360°
𝐴 3
1. sin 2 if cos 𝐴 = 5 and A lies in quadrant 1
𝐴
2. csc 2 if sec 𝐴 = −2 and A lies in quadrant 2

Solutions
I. Write each expression in terms of a trigonometric function of one angle.
1. 2cos 13.5 ° sin 13.5°
Use the formula 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝑨) = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
2 sin 13.5° cos 13.5 ° Commutative Rule
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2(13.5°)) Substitute to the formula
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝟕° Simplify

9𝜋
2. 2 cos 2 ( 5 ) − 1
Use the formula: 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨) = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝟏
9𝜋 9𝜋
2 cos 2 ( 5 ) − 1 = cos (2 ( 5 )) Substitute to the formula
𝟏𝟖𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) Simplify
𝟓

2 tan 15°
3. 1−tan2 15°

53
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨
Use the formula: 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝑨) = 𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝑨
2 tan 15°
= tan(2 ∗ 15°) Substitute to the formula
1−tan2 15°
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟑𝟎°)

1
4. 2 cos 18° sin 18°
Use the formula: 𝐬𝐢𝒏(𝟐𝑨) = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
1
Commutative Rule
2 sin 18° cos 18°
1
Substitute to the formula
sin 2(18°)
1
Simplify
sin(36°)
𝐜𝐬𝐜(𝟑𝟔°) Use the reciprocal identity

II. Use double angle identities to find the exact value of each trigonometric function:

5
1. If sec 𝐴 = − 4 and angle A is in second quadrant, find sin(2𝐴).
Use the formula 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝑨) = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
From the problem the hypotenuse (r) and adjacent side (x) are 5 and 4 respectively. Solve
for the value of opposite side (y) by using the Pythagorean formula 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2.

42 + 𝑦 2 = 52 Substitute to the formula

2
𝑦 = 25 − 16 Isolate y
𝑦=3
3 4
At quadrant 2, the values of sin 𝐴 = 5 and cos 𝐴 = − 5
3 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝐴) = 2 (5) (− 5) Substitute to the formula
24
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝐴) = − 25 Multiply

12
2. If sin 𝐴 = − 13 and 270° < 𝐴 < 360°, find cot(2𝐴).
𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑨
Use the formula 𝒕𝒂𝒏 (𝟐𝑨) = 𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝑨 , since we are asked to find the cot(2𝐴), we have to
get the reciprocal of tan(2𝐴).
𝟏−𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝑨
𝒄𝒐𝒕 (𝟐𝑨) = 𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑨

Find the value of tan 𝐴. The angle A lies at quadrant 4, the opposite side (y) is -12 and the
hypotenuse is 13. Solve for the value of adjacent side (x) by using the Pythagorean
formula 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2.

𝑥 2 + (−12)2 = 132 Substitute to the formula

𝑥 2 = 169 − 144 Isolate x
𝑥=5

54
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

12
At quadrant 4, the value of tan 𝐴 = − 5
12 2
1−(− 5 )
𝑐𝑜𝑡 (2𝐴) = 12 Substitute to the formula
2(− )
5
𝟏𝟏𝟗
= 𝟏𝟐𝟎 Simplify

3
3. If cos 𝐵 = − 5 and angle B is in third quadrant, find cos(2𝐵).
Use the formula: 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨) = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝟏
3 2
2 (− 5) −1 Substitute to the formula
9
2 (12) −1 Evaluate
𝟕
− 𝟐𝟓 Simplify

sin(2𝐴) cos 𝐴−cos(2𝐴) sin 𝐴 1

4. Verify: = cos 𝐴
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
In verifying trigonometric identities and the arguments are not single argument, you have
to convert the trigonometric function to single argument using the different formulas that
we discussed in this chapter.

Work from LEFT to RIGHT

sin(2𝐴) cos 𝐴 − cos(2𝐴) sin 𝐴 1
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴
2sinA cos A cos 𝐴 − (2 cos 2 𝐴 − 1) sin 𝐴 Substitute the double angle for sine
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 and the double angle for cosine

2sin A cos 2 𝐴 − 2 cos 2 𝐴 sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 Multiply

sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

sin 𝐴 Combine like terms

sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

1 1 Cancel the common factor

cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴

1 −tan2 𝐵
5. Verify: cos(2𝐵) = sec2 𝐵
Work from LEFT to RIGHT
cos(2𝐵) 1 −tan2 𝐵
sec 2 𝐵
2 cos 2 𝐵 − 1 Substitute the double angle
for cosine
55
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

2
sec 2 𝐵 Multiply both numerator and
(2 cos 𝐵 − 1) ∗
sec 2 𝐵 denominator by sec 2 𝐵

(2 cos 2 𝐵 − 1)(1 + tan2 𝐵) Use the Pythagorean identity

sec 2 𝐵 1 + tan2 𝐵 = sec 2 𝐵
2 cos 𝐵 + 2 cos 2 𝐵 tan2 𝐵 − 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝐵
2 Multiply the numerator
sec 2 𝐵

(sin2 𝐵) Substitute the quotient

2 cos 2 𝐵 + 2 cos 2 𝐵 − 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝐵
cos 2 𝐵 identiy
sec 2 𝐵
2 cos 𝐵 + 2 sin 𝐵 −1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝐵
2 2
Cancel the common factor
sec 2 𝐵
2(cos 2 𝐵 + sin2 𝐵) −1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝐵 Factor the GCF
sec 2 𝐵

2(1) − 1 − tan2 𝐵 Substitute the Pythagorean

sec 2 𝐵 Identity
1 − tan2 𝐵 2
1 − tan 𝐵 Combine like terms
sec 2 𝐵 sec 2 𝐵

6. Verify: sin 𝐴 (4 cos 2 𝐴 − 1) = sin (3𝐴)

Work from RIGHT to LEFT
sin 𝐴 (4 cos 2 𝐴 − 1) sin (3𝐴)
sin (2𝐴 + 𝐴) Separate the 3A

sin(2𝐴) cos 𝐴 + cos(2𝐴) sin 𝐴 Use the sum

identity for sine

(2sin Acos A) cos 𝐴 + (2 cos 2 𝐴 − 1) sin 𝐴 Substitute the

double angle for
sine and cosine
2sinA cos 2 𝐴 + 2 cos 2 𝐴 sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 Distribute the sine
inside the
parenthesis

4 sin 𝐴 cos 2 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 Combine like terms

sin 𝐴 (4 cos 2 𝐴 − 1) sin 𝐴 (4 cos 2 𝐴 − 1) Factor the GCF

56
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

III. Use the half angle identities to find the exact value of the following
1. tan 22.5 °
𝐴 1−cos 𝐴
Use the formula: tan ( ) =
2 sin 𝐴
𝐴
Let 2 = 22.5° Representation
𝐴 = 45° Multiply both sides by 2
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 45°
tan(22.5°) = sin 45° Substitute to the formula
√2
1−
= √2
2
Evaluate
2
2−√2 2
= ∗ Divide the fraction by multiplying the numerator by
2 √2
the reciprocal of denominator
2−√2
= Cancel the common factor
√2
2−√2 √2
= ∗ Multiply both numerator and denominator by √2
√2 √2
2√2−2
= 2
2(√2−1)
= Factor GCF
2
= √2 − 1 Cancel common factor

7𝜋
2. sin( )
8
𝐴 1−cos 𝐴
Use the formula: sin ( 2 ) = ±√ 2
7𝜋 180
∗ = 157.5° Convert the radian form to degree form.
8 𝜋

𝐴
Let 2 = 157.5° Representation
𝐴 = 315° Multiply both sides by 2

1−cos 315°
sin(157.5°) = ±√ Substitution the values to the formula
2

Since 157.5°, lies in quadrant 2, and since the sign of sine in quadrant 2 is positive, then
1−cos 315°
we will use +√
2

√2
1− 2
sin(157.5°) = +√ Evaluate the cos 315°
2

√𝟐−√𝟐
sin 157.5° = 𝟐

57
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

IV. Find the exact value of each trigonometric function. Assume 0° < 𝐴 < 360°
𝐴 3
1. sin 2 if cos 𝐴 = 5 and A lies in quadrant 1
𝑨 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
Use the formula: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟐) = ±√ 𝟐
For the sign of half-angle, we will use this table:

𝐴 1−cos 𝐴
sin ( 2 ) = √ 2

Since angle A lies in quadrant 1, then the half angle lies in quadrant 1, therefore the sign
of half angle of A of sine is positive.

3
𝐴 1−5
sin ( 2 ) = √ Substitute the value of cos A
2

5−3
√ 5
Subtract the numerator
2
2 1
√5 ∗ 2 Divide fraction by multiplyinh the numerator by the
reciprocal of denominator
√5
Simplify
5

𝐴
2. csc 2 if sec 𝐴 = −2 and A lies in quadrant 2
𝑨 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
Use the formula: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟐) = ±√ 𝟐

Since angle A lies in quadrant 2, then the half angle lies in quadrant 1, therefore the sign
𝐴
of half angle of A of sine is positive. Since we are asked to find the csc 2 , we have to get
𝑨
the reciprocal of sin𝟐

𝐴 1 𝐴
csc ( 2 ) = Reciprocal of sin 2
1−cos 𝐴
√
2

From the given sec 𝐴 = −2, the reciprocal of secant B is the value of cosine B. Therefore,
58
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

1
cos 𝐴 = − 2
𝐴 1
csc ( 2 ) = Substitute to the formula
1
√1−(−2)
2

1 1
= =
1 3
√1−(−−2) √2
2 2
1 2
= =
√
3 √3
4
2√3
= Final answer
3

3.5. Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Identities

Examples
I. Write each expression as a sum or difference of sines and/or cosines
1. cos(13𝑥) sin(13𝑥)
7𝑥 3𝑥
2. sin ( 2 ) sin ( 2 )
3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
3. sin (− ) cos (− )
2 2
4. 6 cos(−3𝑥) cos(2𝑥)

59
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

II. Write each expression as a product of sines and/or cosines

1. cos(3𝑥) − cos(7𝑥)
𝐴 3𝐴
2. sin ( 4 ) − sin ( 4 )
3. sin(7𝑥) + sin(6𝑥)
−𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥
4. cos ( 2 ) + cos ( 4 )

III. Simplify the following trigonometric expression

sin(5𝑥)+sin(3𝑥)
1. cos(5𝑥)−cos(3𝑥)
cos(3𝑥)+cos 𝑥
2. sin(3𝑥)−sin 𝑥

sin 𝐴+sin 𝐵 𝐴+𝐵

IV. Verify the following: cos 𝐴+cos 𝐵 = tan ( 2
)

Solutions
I. Write each expression as a sum or difference of sines and/or cosines
1. cos(13𝑥) sin(3𝑥)
1
Use the formula: cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = 2 [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
1
cos(13𝑥) sin(3𝑥) = 2 [sin(13𝑥 + 3 𝑥) − sin(13𝑥 − 3𝑥)] Substitution
𝟏
= 𝟐 [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟏𝟔 𝒙) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟏𝟎𝒙)] Simplify
7𝑥 3𝑥
2. sin ( 2 ) sin ( 2 )
1
Use the formula: sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = 2 [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
7𝑥 3𝑥 1 7𝑥 3𝑥 7𝑥 3𝑥
sin ( 2 ) sin ( 2 ) = 2 [cos ( 2 − ) − cos( 2 + )] Subsitution
2 2
𝟏
= 𝟐 [𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒙) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟓𝒙)] Simplify
3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
3. sin (− ) cos (− )
2 2
1
Use the formula: sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = 2 [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
− sin ( ) cos ( ) odd/even identity
2 2
3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥 1 3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥 5𝜋𝑥
− sin ( ) cos ( ) = − 2 [sin ( + ) + sin( − )] Substitution
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝟏 𝟏
= − [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟒𝝅𝒙) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(−𝝅𝒙)] or − [𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟒𝝅𝒙) − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝅𝒙)] Simplify
𝟐 𝟐
4. 6 cos(−3𝑥) cos(2𝑥)
1
Use the formula: cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = 2 [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
6 cos(3𝑥) cos(2𝑥) odd/even identity
1
6 cos(3𝑥) cos(2𝑥) = 6(2 [cos(3𝑥 + 2𝑥) + cos(3𝑥 − 2𝑥)] ) Subsitution
= 𝟑[𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟓𝒙) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙)] ) Simplify

60
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

II. Write each expression as a product of sines and/or cosines

1. cos(3𝑥) − cos(7𝑥)
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
Use the formula: cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵 = −2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2
3𝑥+7𝑥 3𝑥−7𝑥
cos(3𝑥) − cos(7𝑥) = −2 sin ( ) sin ( ) Substitution
2 2
= −2 sin(5𝑥) sin(−2𝑥) Simplify
= 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟓𝒙) 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒙) odd/even identity
𝐴 3𝐴
2. sin ( 4 ) − sin ( 4 )
𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵
Use the formula: sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐵 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝐴 3𝐴 𝐴 3𝐴
𝐴 3𝐴 − +
sin ( 4 ) − sin ( 4 ) = 2 sin ( 4 4
) cos ( 4 4
) Substitution
2 2
1
− 𝐴 𝐴
= 2 sin ( 2
) cos ( ) Simplify
2 2
𝟏 𝑨
= −𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟒 𝑨) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( 𝟐) odd/even identity

3. sin(7𝑥) + sin(6𝑥)
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
Use the formula: sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 = 2 sin ( 2 ) cos ( 2 )
7𝑥+6𝑥 7𝑥−6𝑥
sin(7𝑥) + sin(6𝑥) = 2 sin ( ) cos ( ) Substitution
2 2
𝟏𝟑𝒙 𝒙
= 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐) Simplify
𝟐
−𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥
4. cos ( ) + cos ( )
2 4
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
Use the formula: cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥
−cos ( 2 ) + cos ( ) odd/even identity
4
𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥
𝜋𝑥 3𝜋𝑥 + 4 − 4
−cos ( 2 ) + cos ( ) = −2 cos ( 2
) cos ( 2
) Substitution
4 2 2
5𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
−4
= −2 cos ( 4
) cos ( ) Simplify
2 2
5𝜋𝑥 −𝜋𝑥
= −2 cos ( ) cos ( )
8 8
𝟓𝝅𝒙 𝝅𝒙
= −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) odd/even identity
𝟖 𝟖

III. Simplify the following trigonometric expression

sin(5𝑥)+sin(3𝑥)
1. cos(5𝑥)−cos(3𝑥)
Use the formulas:
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( ) and cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵 = −2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2 2 2
5𝑥+3𝑥 5𝑥−3𝑥
sin(5𝑥)+sin(3𝑥) 2 sin( 2 ) cos( 2 )
= 5𝑥+3𝑥 5𝑥−3𝑥 Substitution
cos(5𝑥)−cos(3𝑥) −2 sin( 2 ) sin( 2 )

61
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

2 sin(4𝑥) cos(𝑥)
= −2 sin(4𝑥) sin(𝑥) Simplify
= − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 Cancel the common factor and use the quotient identity
cos(3𝑥)+cos 𝑥
2. sin(3𝑥)−sin 𝑥
Use the formulas:
𝐴−𝐵 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐵 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( ) and cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2 2 2
3𝑥+𝑥 3𝑥−𝑥
cos(3𝑥)+cos 𝑥 2 cos( ) cos( )
= 2
3𝑥−𝑥
2
3𝑥+𝑥 Substitution
sin(3𝑥)−sin 𝑥 2 sin( 2 ) cos( 2 )
2 cos(2𝑥) cos(𝑥)
= Simplify
2 sin(𝑥) cos(2𝑥)
= 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 Cancel the common factor and use the quotient identity

What’s more?
I. Simplify:
1. cos 𝐴 tan 𝐴
2. sec 𝐴 cot 𝐴
3. cos 2 𝐴 sec 𝐴 csc 𝐴
4. cos 𝐵 (1 + tan2 𝐵)
cos 𝐴
5. Express in terms of sin 𝐴 : sec 𝐴+tan 𝐴

What I can do
Verify the following:

1. cos 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = sec 𝑥

1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 sin 𝐴
2. = 1−cos 𝐴
sin 𝐴
sin(𝐴+𝐵)
3. tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵
𝐴
4. cos 𝐴 + 1 = cot 2 sec 𝐴
sin(4𝐴)+sin(6𝐴)
5. sin(4𝐴)−sin(6𝐴)
= − cot 𝐴 tan(5𝐴)

62
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Assessment (Post-test)
Multiple choice. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
12 1+sin 𝐴
1. If tan 𝐴 = 5 , then 1−sin 𝐴 is equal to
12
a. 24 b. c. 25 d. 9
13
(csc 𝐴+cot 𝐴)(csc 𝐴−cot 𝐴)
2. Simplify csc 𝐴
a. cos 𝐴 b. sin 𝐴 c. − sin 𝐴 d. csc 𝐴
tan 𝑥
3. Simplify: cot 𝑥
a. cot 2 𝑥 b. tan2 𝑥 c. sec 2 𝑥 d. csc 2 𝑥
4. Simplify: sec 𝐴 (cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴)
a. tan 𝐴 + 1 b. cot 𝐴 + 1 c. 2 tan2 𝐴 d. sin 𝐴 tan 𝐴
2 2 2
5. Simplify: sin (5𝐴) + tan (5𝐴) + cos (5𝐴)
a. − sec 2 (5𝐴) b. 1 c. sec 2 (5𝐴) d. 5
6. Use trigonometric identities to find the exact value: sin 20° cos 50° − cos 20° sin 50°
1 1 √3 √3
a. 2 b. − 2 c. 3 d. 2
7. Use trigonometric identities to find the exact value: cos 100° cos 40° + sin 100° sin 40°
1 1 √3 √3
a. − 2 b. c. d. −
2 2 2
sin 𝐴+cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴−cos 𝐴
8. Simplify: sin 𝐴−cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴+cos 𝐴
2
a. sin2 𝐴+cos2 𝐴 c. 3(sin2 𝐴 − cos 2 𝐴)
2
b. 2(sin2 𝐴 − cos 2 𝐴) d.
sin2 𝐴−cos2 𝐴
5
9. If cos 𝐴 = − 13 and tan 𝐴 > 0, then find sin(2𝐴)
119 119 120 120
a. 169 b. − 169 c. 169 d. − 169
10. Simplify (sin 𝐵 + cos 𝐵) − (csc 2 𝐵 − cot 2 𝐵)
2 2

a. cos 2 𝐵 b. sin2 𝐵 c. 0 d. 2

63
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3
MATH04 | PreCalculus

Module3: Answer Key

References
Barnett, R. (n.d.). PreCalculus-Custom Edition for HCT.
Hall, B. C., & Fabricant, M. (n.d.). Algebra 2 with Trigonometry. Prentice Hall.

64
MATH04 | PreCalculus | CO3