Filters

Filters:
Filters serve the purpose of changing the harmonic content of a wave

as it passes from the input to the output. The major areas of use are: in
smoothing the voltage wave of a load fed from a rectifier. In reducing
the harmonic content of an inverter output waveform. In preventing
unwanted harmonic components being reflected into the a.c. system,
and in eliminating radio-frequency interference.
Rectifiers output smoothing:

The basic filter for smoothing the load voltage of a rectifier load
illustrated with reference to a 2- pulse wave form. Hence resulting in
continues in put current. Inverter
output filtering:
The out wave forms of either the quasi- square wave form, or the pulse
–width modulated waveforms. In order to attenuate the harmonic
content of these wave forms, it is necessary to pass them through a filter.
Typically, a reduction of the harmonic distortion factor to 5% is
adequate.
Various filter designs exist. But they are broadly variations of those.
A.C. line filters:

To attenuate the penetration of harmonic into the a.c. system from
rectifier load, harmonic filters can be connected to the neutral from each
line.
The manner in which the harmonic currents are by –passed is to
provide harmonic filters for a 6-pulse system, tuned harmonic filters are
provided for the 5th ,7th , 11th , and 13th harmonic components . For
the higher-order harmonics a high – pass filter is provided car must be
taken to avoid excessive loss at the fundamental frequency. A practical
problem is that of frequency drift, which may be as much as ±2% in a
public system. Either the filters have to be automatically turned or have
a low factor to be effective.
The use of filters as described above is normally limited to very large
converters, such as those used in the (H.V.D.C) transmission schemes.
Radio-interference suppression:
National and international standards specify limits to the harmonics
which equipment can induce in the lines, normally limits in the range
of 0.15 to 30 at the higher frequencies; it is easily possible for standing
–wave phenomena
The harmonic voltage between lines is termed symmetrical voltages,
and those between either line and earth and symmetrical voltage.
Typically, a limit is specified of a 2mv at the supply terminals, and
10mv at the load terminals for the range 5 to 30 mHz, the voltages –
being those measured across 150 Ω connected between lines or line to
earth.
Harmonic Components:
-Harmonic Current Flow
The current drawn by non-linear loads passes through all of the
impedance between the system source and load. This current produces
harmonic voltages for each harmonic as it flows through the system
impedance. These harmonic voltages sum and produce a distorted
voltage when combined with the fundamental. The voltage distortion
magnitude is dependent on the source impedance and the harmonic
voltages produced.
Evaluating System Harmonics:

In order to prevent or correct harmonic problems that could occur
within an industrial facility, an evaluation of system harmonics should
1
be performed if the facility conditions meet one or more of the criteria
below.
The application of capacitor banks in systems where 20% or more of
the load includes other harmonic generating equipment or where
background distortion exceeds 2%.
The facility has a history of harmonic related problems, including
excessive capacitor fuse operation.
Large single non-linear loads are being added greater than about 10%
of the transformer rating.
Many small identical non-linear loads are being added that operate
together.
In facilities where restrictive power company requirements limit the
harmonic injection
back into their system to very small magnitudes.
When coordinating and planning to add an emergency standby
generator as an alternate power source for non-linear load.
Often, the vendor or supplier of non-linear load equipment, such as
variable frequency drives, can evaluate the effects that the equipment
may have on the distribution system.
This usually involves details related to the design of the distribution
system similar to the data required when performing a short circuit
study. Such a study should consider all harmonic sources, including the
utility background distortion.
Reducing Harmonics:
There are many ways to reduce harmonics, ranging from variable
frequency drive designs to the addition of auxiliary equipment.
Following are some of the more common methods used today for
controlling power system harmonics.
Power System Design: Harmonic problems can be kept in check by
limiting the nonlinear load to 30% of the supply transformer rating.
However, with power factor correction capacitors installed, resonant
2
conditions could potentially limit the percentage of non-linear loads.
Use the following equation to determine if a resonant condition is
likely to occur at an undesirable frequency:
DC Link Harmonics of Three Phase Voltage Source

Converters:
PWM voltage source converters constitute the most important means to
control adjustable speed drives or generally to serve as an active
rectifier with low effects to the mains. An appropriate design of their
power section has to be done including the dc link capacitor. The
capacitor sizing basically aims two issues, dc ripple voltage and more
important capacitor lifetime which can directly be linked to its power
losses. These subjects are affected in particular by the capacitor currents
which coincide with the dc current harmonics in steady state operation
under certain presumptions. There are already several articles on the
calculation of the RMS value of the dc link ripple current which
eventually all lead to the same results regardless of the modulation
strategy. This value is only affected by the duty cycles of the active
space vectors and thus it will be of the same quantity for all modulation
waveforms as long as only one converter is considered to be the source
of harmonics on the dc bus. where the interference of two different
PWM converters connected to the same dc bus is examined. There it
turns out that the phase shift of the respective switching periods would
have an effect on the dc bus ripple current. However using different
modulation strategies or switching frequencies as applied only to a
single converter does not influence the dc link ripple current but the
dispersion of the dc link current spectra. Hence the dc link current
spectrum has to be analyzed for any applied modulation method to
predict resulting capacitor ripple voltage for instance. As the dc link
capacitor constitutes an integrating filter on the dc link current a change
of the modulation strategy and thus of the current spectra leads to a
change of the ripple voltage. Regarding the aging of the capacitor, its
heating and thus power losses have to be taken into account. These
power losses are a function of the capacitor current and its series
resistance. Usually the RMS value of the dc link current is used for the
design but since the series resistance of a capacitor ESR shows some
dependency on the frequency for detailed design it might be
3
necessary to determine the capacitor current spectra explicitly. The dc
current spectrum already has been calculated and measured for sine
triangular modulation in and determined by experiment for space vector
modulation as well.
Conclusions:
This work is designed to give the reader a comprehensive understanding
of the harmonic phenomenon. This phenomenon has grown to be a
problem in recent years due to the ever-increasing non
linear loads. It is shown that apart from the traditional effects of
overheating and pulsating torques, harmonics can lead to malfunctions
in control devices due to incorrect or several zero crossings. Poor power
factor is another negative effect. Among the mitigation techniques, the
traditional passive filtering approach is no longer attractive due to its
high kVA rating. Among current injection and Active filtering, the later
is more attractive because of the absence of
power dissipating equipments and fast transient response. The basic
active filtering is illustrated through circuits and actual hardware
generated key waveforms.
With the proliferation of non-linear loads, the issues of power
harmonics are more apparent than ever. Controlling and monitoring
industrial system designs and their effects on utility distribution
systems are a potential problem for the industrial consumer, who is
responsible for complying with the IEEE 519-1992 recommended
practices and procedures. Industrial facilities should include a system
evaluation, including a harmonic distortion analysis, while planning
facility construction or expansion. Vendors of non-linear loads, such as
variable frequency drives, can pro-vide services and recommend
equipment that will reduce harmonics in order to comply with the
revised IEEE 519-1992 guidelines
4
References
1. Murphy and F.G. Turnbull, “Power Electronic Control of AC

Motors”, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, New York, 1988
2. Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Analysis, ANSI/IEEE
Std. 39 1990, Chapter 10.
3. Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants, ANSI/IEEE Std.
141- 198 Chapter 8.
4. IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic
Control Electrical Power Systems , ANSI/IEEE Std. 519-1992
5. Power Electronics, school of electronic and electrical engineering
Cyril w.lander

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Filters

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Filters:

Filters serve the purpose of changing the harmonic content of a wave

Rectifiers output smoothing:

A.C. line filters:

Evaluating System Harmonics:

DC Link Harmonics of Three Phase Voltage Source

1. Murphy and F.G. Turnbull, “Power Electronic Control of AC

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