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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) The problem of generalizing to other experimenters may be reduced by using


A) both male and female experimenters.
B) male experimenters with female participants and female experimenters with male participants.
C) a field experimental technique.
D) a confederate.
Answer: A

2) A failure to replicate a study may mean that


A) the experimenter may have been careless or the original results represent a Type I error or a
critical aspect of the original procedure may have been omitted.
B) the original results represent a Type I error.
C) the experimenter was careless or incompetent.
D) a crucial aspect of the original procedure was omitted in the report.
Answer: A

3) Conceptual replications often involve changing the way that either the independent variable is
manipulated, or the dependent variable is measured. In addition to enhancing external validity of the
study, this process also increases the ______________ of the measure.
A) face validity B) accuracy
C) construct validity D) internal validity
Answer: C

4) Henrich et al. (2010) have questioned the external validity of any studies using WEIRD participants.
Their criticisms focus on the fact that such participants
A) are always psychology students who are not representative of students in general.
B) should be avoided, and only 'normal' university students should be selected for participation.
C) are overwhelmingly male, so cannot generalize to the general population in North America.
D) by being Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic, such participants may not
represent the humanity as a whole.
Answer: D

5) One way to assess whether pretesting creates a generalization problem is to


A) include pretesting versus no pretesting as a variable in a factorial design.
B) not use a pretest.
C) ask participants whether pretests were a problem.
D) use a double-blind technique.
Answer: A

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6) Which of the following would a researcher be least likely to do when conducting a literature
review?
A) Calculate an effect size for all of the studies reviewed.
B) Discuss future directions for research.
C) Indicate what findings are strongly and weakly supported in the literature.
D) Indicate inconsistencies and areas in which research is lacking.
Answer: A

7) Pretesting for scores on the dependent variable


A) is a good way to be sure that groups are equivalent before they experience the independent
variable.
B) examines group equivalence and can assess mortality effects.
C) can limit the generalizability of the results.
D) allows the experimenter to assess mortality effects.
Answer: B

8) In studies that use human participants, the most common population studied is
A) children. B) psychiatric patients.
C) college students. D) older adults.
Answer: C

9) The use of different procedures to replicate a research finding is called a(n) _____ replication.
A) exact B) abstract C) procedural D) conceptual
Answer: D

10) When a researcher attempts to replicate precisely the procedures of a study to see whether the same
results are obtained, he has conducted which type of replication?
A) Direct B) Conceptual C) Procedural D) Abstract
Answer: A

11) The use of only college students, volunteers, or participants from one locale _____ the _____ of the
study.
A) weakens; internal validity B) weakens; external validity
C) enhances; external validity D) enhances; internal validity
Answer: B

12) A researcher replicates a past study manipulating the physical attractiveness of a defendant by using
photographs instead of written descriptions. This technique would be an example of _____
replication.
A) exact B) abstract C) conceptual D) procedural
Answer: C

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13) When the results of a study can be generalized to other subject populations, the study is said to have
A) construct validity. B) statistical validity.
C) external validity. D) internal validity.
Answer: C

14) Astudy examining college students' attitudes toward tuition increases would demonstrate external
validity among college students by
A) showing the results generalize to college students from other colleges.
B) lowering tuition one semester and raising tuition the next semester.
C) sampling only students enrolled at colleges that have not raised tuition.
D) finding a difference in attitudes between students who have experienced tuition increases and
students who have not experienced tuition increases.
Answer: A

15) External validity refers to the


A) generalizability of the results.
B) the effectiveness of the manipulation of the independent variable.
C) adequacy of the experimental design.
D) practical application of the research findings.
Answer: A

16) Many studies are dependent on the use of volunteers. Volunteers differ from non-volunteers in that
volunteers tend to be more
A) social, highly educated and in need of approval.
B) social and highly educated.
C) highly educated.
D) highly educated and in need of approval.
Answer: A

17) Aresearcher decides to conduct a research study in the laboratory as opposed to as a field
experiment. This decision can
A) greatly improve external validity of the study.
B) greatly reduce internal validity of the study.
C) impact neither internal nor external validity.
D) impact both internal and external validity.
Answer: D

18) Research on the results of laboratory and field experiments that examine the same variables suggest
A) similar results.
B) independent variables in field experiments be manipulated differently than laboratory
experiments.
C) dissimilar results.
D) studies in laboratory experiments not be conducted in a natural setting.
Answer: A

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19) Dr.Salt found that college students (ages 18-23) performed better on a cognitive task when tested
under a low noise condition than a high noise condition. Dr. Aludard wants to repeat the study by
adding age as a variable (18-23 and 65-74). Dr. Aludard predicts an interaction between the age and
noise variables. Dr. Aludard is questioning the _____ validity of the original study.
A) external B) statistical C) internal D) interactional
Answer: A

20) _____ is the extent to which the findings may be generalized, while _____ refers to the ability to
infer that there is a causal relationship.
A) Construct validity; external validity B) External validity; internal validity
C) External validity; statistical validity D) Internal validity; external validity
Answer: B

21) Conceptual replications are ________ exact replications.


A) the same as B) less important than
C) just as important as D) more important than
Answer: D

22) Which of the following statements is least likely to be correct regarding results of laboratory and
field experiments that examine the same variables?
A) Laboratory and field experiments should be considered in isolation.
B) The results tend to be complementary rather than contradictory.
C) Both tend to produce the same results.
D) The magnitude of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is very
similar.
Answer: A

23) A Solomon four-group design


A) assesses the effects of the pretest experience.
B) increases the overall cost of the study.
C) limits the external validity of the study.
D) decreases the cost of a simple factorial design.
Answer: A

24) A _____ is a set of statistical procedures for combining the results from a number of studies in order
to provide a general assessment of the relationship between variables.
A) field experiment B) combined assignment
C) meta-analysis D) literature review
Answer: C

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25) Ellenhas read a number of studies on the effect of physical attractiveness on judgments of an
individual's personality characteristics. She then writes a paper in which she categorizes the findings
and draws her conclusions based on her summaries of the studies. Ellen has most likely conducted
a(n)
A) categorization analysis. B) literature review.
C) meta-categorization. D) meta-analysis.
Answer: B

26) Dr.Vasquez used a statistical procedure to analyze the findings of 105 studies that studied the
effects of exercise on mood. Dr. Vasquez has probably conducted a(n)
A) causal analysis. B) literature review.
C) analysis of variance. D) meta-analysis.
Answer: D

27) One of the most important features of _______ is the focus on ______.
A) literature reviews; replications B) meta-analysis; effect size
C) literature reviews; meta- analysis D) meta-analysis; statistical interactions
Answer: B

28) Analternative to traditional literature reviews which uses new statistical procedures to draw
conclusions about a research area is
A) keyword analysis. B) critical theory.
C) meta-analysis. D) science citation analysis.
Answer: C

29) A______ identifies trends in the literature whereas a _____ allows statistical, quantitative
conclusions about the research.
A) meta-analysis; conceptual replication
B) meta-analysis; narrative literature review
C) narrative literature review; meta-analysis
D) conceptual replication; narrative literature review
Answer: C

30) Autonomy and informed consent may reduce the external validity of a research study because
A) participants will commonly be undergraduate psychology students.
B) these principles reduce the probability that women will take part in research studies.
C) participants typically volunteer to take part in the research study.
D) participants are likely to be deceived.
Answer: C

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31) The problem of generalizing to other experimenters is
A) almost impossible to address through any practical approaches.
B) particularly important when the researcher conducts Internet surveys.
C) the possibility that results are generalizable only to certain types of experimenters.
D) only a problem for experiments involving human participants.
Answer: C

32) When findings are replicated using _____, our confidence in the generalizability of the findings
_____.
A) pretests; decreases B) multiple methods; increases
C) college students; decreases D) statistical interactions; increases
Answer: B

33) A valid criticism of the use of college students in a particular study would include
A) references to ways to eliminate the demand characteristics found in the study.
B) good reasons why the college students are representative of the population.
C) good reasons for changing the procedure to accommodate other variables.
D) good reasons why the study's effects would not be found in other groups.
Answer: D

34) The text stresses the importance of ________ in establishing generalizations.


A) field experiments B) replications
C) interactions D) pretests
Answer: B

35) Participantsin most research studies differ from the general population by several characteristics
including age and intelligence. As a result of these differences
A) most studies completely lack internal validity
B) most studies completely lack external validity
C) researchers should only provide qualified generalizations to the general population
D) researchers should only provide qualified statements of causality
Answer: C

36) Inattempting to study police officers' attitudes towards their supervisors, Les surveys 25 police
officers from the day shift. In order to ensure the finding has external validity, Les should
A) use confounding variables.
B) randomly assign officers to work under specific supervisors.
C) sample officers from all shifts in the department.
D) use a larger sample of officers from the day shift.
Answer: C

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37) Inorder to determine the effect of a pretest on the dependent measure, one should use a ________
design.
A) before/after B) Solomon four-group
C) pretest-posttest D) counterbalanced
Answer: B

38) Robert has reviewed a number of studies that have manipulated the type of injuries a person
receives as a result of a drunk driving accident. He then statistically combines the results from all
studies to reach a general conclusion of the effect of type of injuries received. Robert has most likely
conducted a
A) causal analysis. B) meta-analysis.
C) statistical review. D) literature review.
Answer: B

39) Ifan interaction between gender and room temperature on task performance is found, the results
suggest
A) temperature has no effect on task performance.
B) performance is not influenced by gender or temperature.
C) the findings for males cannot be generalized to females.
D) males and females respond the same way regardless of temperature.
Answer: C

40) Sally decides to conduct an exact replication of an experiment she has just read about in a research
journal. If Sally does not obtain the same results reported in the original study, what might be
responsible for her failure to replicate the results?
A) There are several possible reasons as to why Sally's replication might not yield the same results
as the original study.
B) The original author omitted an important aspect of the procedure.
C) The original results represent a Type I error.
D) The replication attempt was flawed.
Answer: A

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41) Ken had female and male participants view an hour of cartoons under one of two environmental conditions:
either alone or with other participants. Afterwards, the participants rated how much they enjoyed the time
spent watching the cartoons. The mean ratings of enjoyment by the participants in the conditions were:

Alone Others
Females 3 3
Males 4 9

What can Ken conclude based on the results of his study?


A) People enjoy viewing cartoons.
B) There is no interaction between gender and environmental condition.
C) The results for females cannot be generalized to males.
D) The results for females can be generalized to males.
Answer: C

42) The presence of an interaction between gender and age of participants in a study indicates that
A) there is no relationship between age and gender.
B) age is a more important variable than gender.
C) the results for males cannot be generalized to females.
D) the results of the study are flawed.
Answer: C

43) Aconsumer research firm is hired to determine which brand of laundry soap is most preferred by the
consumer. Surveying a sample of housewives, they find the most preferred brand is "White Suds."
Which of the following is the greatest threat to external validity in this study?
A) The stereotypical assumption that only women do laundry.
B) People really don't care about laundry products.
C) Laundry soaps do not differ between manufacturers.
D) White Suds is only available in a limited market.
Answer: A

44) Failure to replicate findings shares the same problems as ________ because ________.
A) Type II errors; the probability of error cannot be determined
B) non-significant findings; it won't get published
C) non-significant findings; it is difficult to interpret results
D) Type I errors; the probability of error cannot be determined
Answer: C

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45) Conceptual replications
A) help us to generalize beyond single operational definitions of variables.
B) use a variety of procedures to replicate findings, solve replication problems and help with
generalization.
C) solve the problems of failures to replicate.
D) use different procedures to replicate a research finding.
Answer: B

46) Animportant consideration in the external validity of research is


A) use only college age participants.
B) assure all participants have the same background.
C) include groups from varying cultures.
D) employ only one type of experimenter.
Answer: C

47) One way to increase our knowledge of generalization to other subject populations is to
A) prohibit research on animals.
B) use volunteers only.
C) use relevant subject variables in the experimental design.
D) use only white male sophomores in Los Angeles.
Answer: C

48) Under which circumstance described below would you conduct a replication?
A) You want to show that a particular set of results will not recur using a different operational
definition for the independent variables.
B) You have studied other successful replications but want to be certain that you are able to
achieve the same results.
C) You believe the results as reported and want to convince yourself the effect is real.
D) You want to show that a particular set of results will recur using different operational
definitions for the independent variables.
Answer: D

49) Compared to the general population, college students tend to be


A) young and middle to upper class socioeconomic status.
B) young and high in cognitive skills.
C) young, high in need for peer approval.
D) young, high in cognitive skills, and high in need for peer approval.
Answer: D

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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED14

1) A
2) A
3) C
4) D
5) A
6) A
7) B
8) C
9) D
10) A
11) B
12) C
13) C
14) A
15) A
16) A
17) D
18) A
19) A
20) B
21) D
22) A
23) A
24) C
25) B
26) D
27) B
28) C
29) C
30) C
31) C
32) B
33) D
34) B
35) C
36) C
37) B
38) B
39) C
40) A
41) C
42) C
43) A
44) C
45) B
46) C
47) C
48) D
49) D

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