KEY FORMULAS

Chapter 3 and 4: Numerical Descriptive Measures

Topic Formula Topic Formula

∑( − ̄)
Sample Variance = Sample Standard Deviation =
−1
∑( − ) Population Standard
Population Variance = =
Deviation

Chapter 5: Probability

( ∪ )= ( )+ ( )− ( ∩ ) ( ∩ )
Addition Rule Conditional Probability ( | )=
( )
( ∩ )= ( | ) ( ) ( | ) ( )
Multiplication Rule Bayes’ Theorem ( | )=
( | ) ( )+ ( | ) ( )
Chapter 6: Discrete Probability Distributions

!
Binomial Distribution ( = )= (1 − ) Poisson Distribution ( = )=
! ( − )! !

Chapter 7: Continuous Probability Distributions

Standard Transformation of Probability Density Function of 1 .
= ( )=
the Sample Mean √
Standard Normal Distribution √2
Probability Density Function 1 . Exponential Cumulative
( )= ( ≤ )= 1−
of Normal Distribution √2 Distribution Function

Chapter 8: Sampling and Sampling Distributions

Standard Error of the Sample ( )= Standard Transformation of =
Mean √ the Sample Mean √

Confidence Interval for ̄± Confidence Interval for ̄± ; = −1

,
when is Known √ when is Unknown √

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KEY FORMULAS

̄( ̄) Standard Error of the Sample ( )

Confidence Interval for p ̄± ( )=
Proportion
Required Sample Size when Required Sample Size when
Estimating the Population = Estimating the Population = ̂ (1 − ̂ )
Mean Proportion

Chapter 9: One- sample Hypothesis Testing

Test Statistic for when is ̄ Test Statistic for when is ̄
= = ; = −1
Known √ Unknown √
̄
Test Statistic for p = ( )

Chapter 10: Two-sample Hypothesis Testing

( ̄ − ̄ )± + Confidence Interval for − ( ̄ − ̄ )± + ; =

Confidence Interval for −
if and are unknown ,
if and are known ( ) ( )
but assumed equal ; = + −2

( ̄ − ̄ )± + ; =
,
Confidence Interval for −
if and are unknown Test Statistic for = ; = −1
√
and cannot be assumed equal
)
( / ) /( ) ( )

̄ ̄
( ̄ − ̄ )−
Test Statistic for Testing − = Test Statistic for Testing − =
if is zero ̄( ̄) if is not zero ̄ (1 − ̄ ) ̄ (1 − ̄ )
+

Chapter 11: Analysis of Variance

Sum of Squares Due to Sum of squares with
=∑ − ; df = c-1 =∑ ∑ − ; df = n-c
Treatments SSB treatments

Sum of Squares Total =∑ ∑ − ; df = n-1 Partitioned Sum of Squares SST = SSB + SSE

Mean Square for Treatments

= Mean Square Error - MSE =
MSB −

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KEY FORMULAS

Test Statistic for a One-way ( , ) = ; = ; df1 = c; df2 = n-c

Tukey’s test statistic
ANOVA Test = − 1; = −

Hartley’s Test = ; df1 =c; df2 = (n/c) -1

Chapter 12: Simple Regression

Sample Regression Equation
Simple Linear Regression
= + + for the Simple Linear = +
Model
Regression Model
Slope of the Sample ∑ ( − ̅ )( − ) Intercept of the Sample
= = ̄− ̄
Regression Equation ∑ ( − ̅) Regression Equation

Standard Error of the ∑

= =√ = = Total Sum of Squares = ( − ̄)
Estimate −2 −2
Sum of Squares due to
= ( − ̄) Sum of Squares due to Error = ( − )
Regression
Test Statistics for slope −0
Coefficient of Determinant = =1− = ; = −2
significance ( )

( ); Residuals for the Regression

Confidence Interval for ± ( ⁄( , )) = −2 = −
Model