JSPM’s

JAYAWANTRAO SAWANAT COLLEGE OFENGINEERING

Sr.No. 58, Handewadi Road, Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Experiment No. 1
Title: AM Generation (DSB-FC)
Aim: AM Generation (DSB-FC) and calculation of modulation index by graphical method, Power of AM
Wave for different modulating signal.

Introduction: In amplitude modulation, the amplitude or strength of the carrier oscillations is varied.
For example, in AM radio communication, a continuous wave radio-frequency signal
(a sinusoidal carrier wave) has its amplitude modulated by an audio waveform before transmission.
The audio waveform modifies the amplitude of the carrier wave and determines the envelope of the
waveform. In the frequency domain, amplitude modulation produces a signal with power concentrated
at the carrier frequency and two adjacent sidebands. Each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the
modulating signal, and is a mirror image of the other. Standard AM is thus sometimes called "double-
sideband amplitude modulation" (DSB-AM) to distinguish it from more sophisticated modulation
methods also based on AM.
Link for FCC AM Broadcast standards: https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/am-clear-regional-local-
channels
Reference :Amplitude Modulation Lecture By:
Mr. Pradeep Kshetrapal, Tutorials Point India
Private Limited.

Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJYj7-NqXx4

Objective: The objective for the practical is as follows.

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  Generation of AM Signal using balanced modulator.
 Measure Modulation index using graphical method.
 Measure power of AM signal for different modulating signal. 

Pre-requisites:

1. What is modulation process

2. What are Amplitude Modulation and its mathematical analysis.

Hardware Requirement:
1. AM (DSB-FC) Kit 2.CRO 3) Spectrum Analyzer 4) Connecting probes 5) BNC Connector
CRO Probe 6) Spectrum Analyzer attenuator probe.

Software Requirement: Nil

Use of engineering standards: AM Broadcast Standards.

A.THEORY:
Modulation is the act of translating some low frequency or baseband signal (voice, music, and
data) to a higher frequency. Why do we modulate signals? There are at least two reasons: to allow the
simultaneous transmission of two or more baseband signals by translating them to different
frequencies, and to take advantage of the greater efficiency and smaller size of higher frequency
antenna.
In the modulation process, some characteristic of a high-frequency sinusoidal carrier is
changed in direct proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the baseband signal. The carrier itself
can be described by the equation:

e = VC cos (ωct +φ)

Where;
VC = peak amplitude of the carrier,
ωc = angular frequency of the carrier in radians per second,
t = time
φ = initial phase of the carrier at time t = 0.
In the expression above, there are two properties of the carrier that can be changed, the
amplitude (V) and the angular position (argument of the cosine function). Thus we have amplitude
modulation and angle modulation. Angle modulation can be further characterized as either frequency
modulation or phase modulation.
Amplitude Modulation:

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 Amplitude modulation of a sine or cosine carrier results in a variation of the carrier amplitude that
is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. In the time domain (amplitude versus time),
the amplitude modulation of one sinusoidal carrier by another sinusoid shows variation in amplitude of
the carrier. The mathematical expression for this complex wave shows that it is the sum of three
sinusoids of different frequencies. One of these sinusoids has the same frequency and amplitude as the
unmodulated carrier. The second sinusoid is at a frequency equal to the sum of the carrier frequency
and the modulation frequency; this component is the upper sideband. The third sinusoid is at a
frequency equal to the carrier frequency minus the modulation frequency; this component is the lower
sideband. The two-sideband components have equal amplitudes, which are proportional to the
amplitude of the modulating signal. Figure 1a shows the carrier and sideband components of the
amplitude-modulated wave of figure 1b as they appear in the frequency domain (amplitude versus
frequency).
Xc (t) = VC [1+m x(t)] cos ωct ------- Equation for AM

Xc (t) = VC cos ωct + ½ mVC cos ( ωc + ωm )t + ½ mVC cos ( ωc - ωm )t -----Detail equation for AM

Where
Xc (t) = instantaneous amplitude of AM wave
VC = Peak amplitude of carrier
ωc = 2πfc= fc- carrier frequency
ωm = 2πfm = fm - information signal frequency
m = modulation index 0<m<1

So in amplitude modulated wave three components are available i.e centrally carrier component, lower
sideband (fc - fm ) and upper side band (fc+ fm ). From the spectrum the bandwidth for am is 2fm .
Bandwidth= 2 x fm

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Figure 2.1. (a) Frequency domain (spectrum analyzer) display of an amplitude-modulated carrier.
(b) Time domain (oscilloscope) display of an amplitude-modulated carrier.

B.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Figure 2.2: AM Modulation & Demodulation Block diagram

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C.PROCEDURE:

TO GENERATE AM SIGNAL BY MODULATING WITH AUDIO SIGNAL

GENERATOR: -

1. Connect following links:

a. Link between Sine O/P terminal of Audio Generator and MOD I/P terminal of balanced
modulator.
b. Connect RF Link in balanced modulator.

2. Connect CRO channel-1 at Sine O/P terminal. Connect ground of probe to ground terminal of
Audio Generator. Adjust amplitude of sine wave to 1 Vpp and audio Frequency to 5 KHz.

3. Connect CRO channel-2 at RF O/P terminal of RF Oscillator. Connect ground of probe to

ground terminal of RF Oscillator. Adjust output frequency of RF oscillator to 455 KHz and
Amplitude to 8 Vpp.

4. Now Connect CRO Channel 2 at AM MOD O/P terminal of balanced modulator. Trigger
CRO by channel-1The Amplitude Modulated wave will be observed.

TO MEASURE MODULATION INDEX OF A.M. SIGNALUSING GRAPHICAL METHOD:-

1.Observe the AM o/p on CRO. Then calculate modulation Index by following formula;
m = (Vmax - Vmin )/ (Vmax + Vmin ) --- Graphical method

TEST POINT WAVEFORMS

T1. Modulating Sine wave signal: - (at Sine O/P terminal of Audio Oscillator) : 1 KHz, 1Vpp-

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T2. R. F. Carrier Signal: - (at RF O/P terminal of RF Oscillator) fc = 455 KHz, 10Vpp

T3. AM modulated Signal: - ( at AM MOD O/P terminal of Balanced Modulator)

Figure 2.3: The AM Generation waveform.

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Observation Table 1: Modulation Index measurement

A) Graphical Method

Give Vc =……..Vpp and fc =…….KHz

Parameter / Method Graphical Method

m = (Vmax - Vmin )/ (Vmax + Vmin ) % m= m x 100

fm = …KHz,Vm= … . Vpp

fm =….KHz,Vm =….Vpp

fm =… . KHz,Vm =…Vpp

TO MEASURE POWER OF A.M. SIGNAL

1. Repeat the step from 1 to 4 generates AM signal.

2. Connect Spectrum analyzer at the o/p of balanced modulator to observe spectrum output of
AM.

Observation Table 2: Power of AM wave for different modulating signal

Pt = Pc +Plsb +Pusb
Pc = ( Vc)2/2R
𝑚2 Vc2
Plsb = Pusb =
8
Carrier
𝐕𝐦 𝐟𝐦 𝐕𝐜 𝐟𝐜 LSB(P) USB(𝐏) 𝐏𝐓
(𝐏𝐜)
1)… . . Vpp
..….KHz …..Vpp

2)… . . Vpp
……KHz …..Vpp

3)… . . Vpp
……KHz .....Vpp

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Conclusion:

Upon completion of experiment students will be able to:

Generate AM Signal, Calculate modulation index by graphical method Power of AM Wave for
different modulating signal.

ELO-1: Student will be able to calculate various parameters of AM, FM, PAM and PWM using suitable
hardware kit.

Question Bank

Q. No Description

Define Amplitude modulation?

1.
2. Draw block diagram of AM Generation.
Write AM mathematical equation.
3.
Explain under modulation, ideal modulation and over modulation.
4.
5. Explain how to find modulation index using trapezoidal method.

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