Earthquake Engineering

Part 3
Earthquake Effects On Structures

Tishk International University

Civil Engineering Department
Third Year (2022-2023)
Earthquake Engineering
Asst. Prof. Dr. Najmadeen Mohammed Saeed
[email protected]
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Vibration Effects on Structures
Structures are subjected to Two types of Loads
Static loads
Dynamic Loads
Equation of Static Equilibrium
F = KY K=E*A/L
F – External Force F=L/E*A
K – Stiffness of Structure
Y – Resulting Displacement
The restoring Force (KY) resists the applied force

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Part 3: Earthquake Effects On Structures
Vibration Effects on Structures
Equation of Dynamic Equilibrium
y

There are two additional Forces that resist

applied force along with the restoring Force (KY)
Ma – Inertia Force
Cv – Damping Force
These two force are resulting from the induced
Acceleration and Velocity in the Structure

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Seismic Zone Map
m

a =Z*g
Z = Zone Factor F

•Force is measured in Newtons, N.

•Mass is measured in kilograms, kg.
•Acceleration is measured in meters per second squared, m/s2.
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Earthquake Testing (Japan collapse video)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3z4YLUqOysI
Nonductile Concrete Building shake table experiment performed in Japan

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Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy
◼Building
◼ Should resist minor earthquakes
with some non-structural damage
◼ Should resist moderate earthquake
with some structural damage, but
without failure
◼ Can fail at most severe earthquake
but with sufficient warning.

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Vibration Effects on Structures
Under the action of dynamic loads the
structure vibrates, that is,

(a) The structure develops significant level of

inertia forces
(b) Significant level of mechanical energy is
stored as kinetic energy

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Direction of Inertia Force

Building at Rest Ground Accelerates to Left

Ground Accelerates to Right Ground & Building at Rest

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Shake Table (Structural Monitoring)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHaYCk84SeE&t=32s

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Representation of Inertia Force
F is known as an inertial force,
◦ created by building's tendency to remain at rest, in its
original position, although the ground beneath it is
moving

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What is Dynamic?
Dynamic load is one whose magnitude or direction or
position varies with time.

Dynamic response of the structure are displacement,

velocity, acceleration, stresses etc are.

Dynamic response of the structure depends on –

(i) Dynamic load
(ii) Dynamic properties of the structure itself (ex:
natural period)

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What is Dynamic?

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Seismic Effects On Structures
1. Inertia Forces
Ground acceleration at the base of structure
Structural vibration due to inertia force
Force generated at the floor mass level
Need to be transferred to ground safely
• When the ground moves, the building is
thrown backwards, and the roof
experiences a force, called inertia force
• The walls or columns are flexible, the
motion of the roof is different from that of
the ground (F=M x a)
• More mass means higher inertia force.
Therefore, lighter buildings sustain the
earthquake shaking better.
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Seismic Effects On Structures
2. Effect of Deformation in Structures
➢ The inertia force experienced by the
roof is transferred to the ground via
the columns, causing forces in
columns.
➢ The columns undergo relative
movement (u) between their ends.
➢ Horizontal displacement u, larger is
this greater the internal force in
columns.
➢ Also, the stiffer the columns are, larger
is this force. these internal forces in the
columns are called stiffness forces.
➢ The stiffness force in a column is the
column stiffness times therelative
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Part 3: Earthquake Effects On Structures
Seismic Effects On Structures
3. Horizontal and Vertical Shaking

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Seismic Effects On Structures
Earthquake Motions
❖ Three components
– Two Horizontal
[Longitudinal (X) & Transverse (Y)]
– One Vertical (Z)

❖Vertical component Y Z
X
• Add or subtract the gravity effect
• Nor critical to structures

❖ Horizontal components
– Inertia force & lateral displacement
– Critical for structures performance
– Need adequate load transfer path
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Seismic Effects On Structures
Effects of Horizontal Shaking
U-D EW
Movement of
Direction of forces
building
on Building NS

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Seismic Effects On Structures
4. Flow of Inertia Forces to Foundation
The lateral inertia forces are
transferred by the floor slab to
the walls or columns, to the
foundations, and finally to the
soil system underneath.
So, each of these structural
elements (floor slabs, walls,
columns, and foundations)
and the connections between
them must be designed to
safely transfer these inertia
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Gravity Resisting House Elements

Roof Joists

Walls

Floor Beams

Foundations

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House Elements Resist Horizontal Forces

Roof Diaphragm

f1 Shear Wall

f2
f3

Foundation
Floor
Diaphragm

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Earthquake effects on Buildings (Analysis and Design)
• Vertical Acceleration – Significant near epicenter
(Adds/Reduces to the gravity forces, Large balconies)
• Horizontal Acceleration – produces sway
( Effect of Inertia , distribution of lateral forces)
• Effect of Resonance - Excessive deflection
( Natural frequency coincides with Earthquake frequency

Ymax

weq/wnat
0 1 2

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Vertical Acceleration

Up/Down
Acceleration

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Large Span Cantilevers

Up/Down
Acceleration

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Principal modes of Failure of Shear wall

Sliding Rocking Bending

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Failure of Shear wall
Failure of one of the
shear walls in the building
at the construction joints
due to poor workmanship
at the joints. And it was
attributed to lack of
adequate axial-flexural
capacity .

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Modes of Vibration due to Earthquake Forces

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Effects of Earthquake on Stress Distribution

Lateral Displacement
&
Overturning

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Effects of Earthquake on Stress Distribution

Change in Stress

Change in Moment

Change in Load

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Effects of Earthquake on Vertical Structures

Repeated actions of earthquake

results in loss of resistance to rocking effects
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Bending Moment Distribution in Portal Frame

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Bending Moment Distribution in Portal Frame

Bending Moment Distribution in

Portal Frame

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Resonance
Frequency content of the ground motion is close to
building's natural frequency
◦ Tends to increase or amplify building response
◦ Building suffers the greatest damage from ground motion at a
frequency close or equal to its own natural frequency
Example: Mexico City earthquake of
September 19, 1985
• Majority of buildings that collapsed
were around 20 stories tall
• Natural period of around 2.0 seconds
• Other buildings, of different heights and
different natural frequencies, were
undamaged even though located right
next to damaged 20 story buildings
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Resonance
Tacoma Narrows bridge (1940)
Western Washington State, Pacific Northwest

Before Collapse After Collapse

Wind provided an external periodic frequency that matched the
natural frequency of 853 m long Suspension Bridge
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Resonance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5Kt0xs_nTk

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