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Orbital Mechanics Guide

The document discusses orbital mechanics including equations for orbital velocity and transfer between elliptical orbits. Key equations presented are for the velocity at periapsis and apoapsis in terms of gravitational parameter and orbital radii. It also derives expressions for orbital energy and changes in velocity needed for orbital transfer.

Uploaded by

Prakruthi K P
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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85 views28 pages

Orbital Mechanics Guide

The document discusses orbital mechanics including equations for orbital velocity and transfer between elliptical orbits. Key equations presented are for the velocity at periapsis and apoapsis in terms of gravitational parameter and orbital radii. It also derives expressions for orbital energy and changes in velocity needed for orbital transfer.

Uploaded by

Prakruthi K P
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = 𝑡4 − 𝑡3 = 𝑡

𝑎<𝑏

𝑥>𝑦

𝑥 𝑦
>
𝑡 𝑡
𝑉𝑥 > 𝑉𝑦
𝑇 2 ∝ 𝑎3
𝑥+𝑦
𝑎=
2
1 + 1.52
𝑎= = 1.26 𝐴𝑈
2

𝑇 2 ∝ 𝑎3
𝑇 2 = 𝑘𝑎3

𝑇 2 = 𝑎3
3
𝑇 = 𝑎2
3
𝑇 = (1.26)2 = 1.414 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

𝑇 1.414
𝑇𝐸−𝑀 = = = 0.707 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
2 2
1 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
0.707 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 0.707 × 365 ≈ 258 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ≈ 8.5 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐺 = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑀 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡
𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡

𝐺𝑀𝑒 𝑀 𝑀𝑉𝑅 2
=
𝑅2 𝑅

𝐺𝑀𝑒
𝑉𝑅 = √
𝑅
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝑟1
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝑟2
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝑣𝑝

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝑣𝑎


𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑝

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝑚𝑠

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠


𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑝 𝑟1 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎 𝑟2

𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑝 𝑟1 = 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎 𝑟2
𝑟1
𝑣𝑎 = 𝑣𝑝
𝑟2
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑝𝑜𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑠
𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑝2 𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑚𝑠 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎2 𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑚𝑠
− = −
2 𝑟1 2 𝑟2
𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑝2 𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑚𝑠 𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎2 𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑚𝑠
− = −
2 𝑟1 2 𝑟2
𝑣𝑝2 𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑣𝑎2 𝐺𝑚𝑝
− = −
2 𝑟1 2 𝑟2
𝑣𝑝2 𝑣𝑎2 𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝐺𝑚𝑝
− = −
2 2 𝑟1 𝑟2
(𝑣𝑝2 − 𝑣𝑎2 ) 1 1
= 𝐺𝑚𝑝 ( − )
2 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟12
(𝑣𝑝2 − 𝑣𝑝2 )
𝑟22 1 1
= 𝐺𝑚𝑝 ( − )
2 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑣𝑝2 𝑟12 1 1
(1 − 2 ) = 𝐺𝑚𝑝 ( − )
2 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟2

𝑣𝑝2 𝑟22 − 𝑟12 𝑟2 − 𝑟1


( 2 ) = 𝐺𝑚𝑝 ( )
2 𝑟2 𝑟1 𝑟2

𝑣𝑝2 (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )(𝑟2 + 𝑟1 ) 𝑟2 − 𝑟1


{ } = 𝐺𝑚 𝑝 ( )
2 𝑟22 𝑟1 𝑟2
2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟2
𝑣𝑝2 = ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟1

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟2
𝑣𝑝 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟1

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎 ,

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟1
𝑣𝑎 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟2
𝑟1 𝑉𝑟1

𝐺𝑚𝑝
𝑉𝑟1 = √
𝑟1

𝑉𝑝 𝑉𝑝

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟2
𝑉𝑝 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟1

𝑉𝑝 > 𝑉𝑟1

𝑉𝑟1 + ∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑝

∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑝 − 𝑉𝑟1
𝑉𝑟1
∆𝑉

𝑟1′ 𝑟2′ .
𝑟2′ 𝑟3 ′ ′∆𝑣′. ∆𝑣

𝑟2′ ′𝑣𝑝1 ′

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟2
𝑣𝑝1 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟1

𝑟3′ ′𝑣𝑝2 ′

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟3
𝑣𝑝2 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟3 ) 𝑟1

𝑣𝑝1 + ∆𝑣 = 𝑣𝑝2

∆𝑣 = 𝑣𝑝2 − 𝑣𝑝1
′𝑣𝑖𝑛 ′ 𝑟1

𝐺𝑚𝑝
𝑣𝑖𝑛 = √
𝑟1

𝑟1 𝑟2

′𝑣𝑝 ′

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟2
𝑣𝑝 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟1

𝑣𝑝 > 𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑣𝑝 ∆𝑣1

𝑣𝑖𝑛 + ∆𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑝

∆𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑝 − 𝑣𝑖𝑛

′𝑣𝑎 ′ ′𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 ′

2𝐺𝑚𝑝 𝑟1
𝑣𝑎 = √ ( )
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑟2

′𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 ′ 𝑟2

𝐺𝑚𝑝
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = √
𝑟2

𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 > 𝑣𝑎
𝑣𝑎 + ∆𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
∆𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑣𝑎

∆𝑣 = ∆𝑣2 + ∆𝑣1
𝑐
𝑒=
𝑎

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑒 < 1

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑒 = 0

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