Multimedia

Aishwarya College Of Education Pali
Fundamentals
Of
MULTIMEDIA
BCA
(Bachelor of computer application)
rd
3 Year
Written by:
Prof. Gajendra Jingar
Department of computer science
Syllabus
Multimedia: Needs and areas of use, Development platforms for multimedia – DOS, Windows,
Linux. Identifying Multimedia elements – Text, Images, Sound, Animation and Video, Making
simple multimedia with PowerPoint.
Text – Concepts of plain & formatted text, RTF & HTML texts, using common text preparation
tools, Conversion to and from of various text formats, using standard software, Object Linking
and Embedding concept, Basics of font design, overview of some fonts editing and designing
tools, Understanding & using various text effects.
Images – importance of graphics in multimedia, Vector and Raster graphics, image capturing
methods – scanner, digital camera etc. various attributes of Images – size, color, depth etc,
Various Image file format – BMP, DIB, EPS, CIF, PEX, PIC, JPG, TGA, PNG and TIF format –
their features and limitations, graphic file formats conversions, processing images with common
software tools such as Photoshop, Paint Shop pro, Corel draw etc..
Sound: Sound and it Attributes, Mono V/s Stereo sound, Sound channels, Sound and its effect
in multimedia, Analog V/s Digital sound, Basics of digital sounds-Sampling, Frequency, Sound
Depth, Channels, Sound on PC, Sound standards on PC, Capturing and Editing sound on PC,
Overview and using some sound recording, editing software. Overview of various sound file
formats on PC – WAV, MP3, MP4, Ogg Vorbose etc.
Animation: Basics of animation, Principle and use of animation in multimedia, Effect of
resolutions, pixel depth, Images size on quality and storage. Overview of 2-D and 3-D animation
techniques and software- animation pro, 3D studio & Paint Shop pro animator. Animation on the
Web – features and limitations, creating simple animations for the Web using GIF Animator and
Flash.
Video: Basics of Video – Analog and Digital Video, How to use video on PC. Introduction to
graphics accelerator cards, DirectX Introduction to AV/DV and IEEE1394 cards , Digitization of
analog video to digital video, Interlacing and non-interlacing, Brief note on various video
standards – NTSC, PAL, SECAM, HDTV, Introduction to video capturing Media & instrument –
Videodisk, DVCAM, Camcorder, Introduction to digital video compression techniques and
various file formats – AVI, MPEG, MOVE Real Video.
Multimedia on the Web: Bandwidth relationship, broadband technologies, Text in the web
– Dynamic and embedded font technology, Audio on the Web – Real Audio and MP3/MP4,
Audio support in HTML, Graphics – HTML safe color palate, Interlaced V/s Non interlaced
model, Graphics support in HTML, Image Map, Video on the Web – Streaming video, Real
Video, MPEG and SMIL, Virtual Reality on the Web.
Unit 1
Introduction to Multimedia
Multimedia means that computer information can be represented through audio, video, and
animation in addition to traditional media (i.e., text, graphics drawings, and images).
Multimedia is an interactive media and provides multiple ways to represent information to
the user in a powerful manner. It provides an interaction between users and digital
information. It is a medium of communication. Some of the sectors where multimedia‘s is
used extensively are education, training, reference material, business presentations,
advertising and documentaries.
Definition of Multimedia
By definition Multimedia is a representation of information in an attractive and interactive

manner with the use of a combination of text, audio, video, graphics and animation. In
other words we can say that Multimedia is a computerized method of presenting
information combining textual data, audio, visuals (video), graphics and animations. For
examples: E-Mail, Yahoo Messenger, Video Conferencing, and Multimedia Message
Service (MMS).
Multimedia as name suggests is the combination of Multi and Media that is many types of
media (hardware/software) used for communication of information.
Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text,
graphics, drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any other
media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and
processed digitally.
A Multimedia Application is an Application which uses a collection of multiple media
sources e.g. text, graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video.
Need and uses of Multimedia –
Multimedia has found extensive applications in various fields. Following are some of the
main areas where this technology is applied:
1. Home Entertainment –
It includes computer based games for kids, interactive encyclopedia, story-telling and
cartoons, Audio and video on demand (interactive television), special effects in films.
2. Multimedia in Education -
Many computer games with focus on education are now available. Consider an example of
an educational game which plays various rhymes for kids. The child can paint the pictures,
increase reduce size of various objects etc apart from just playing the rhymes. Several other
multimedia packages are available in the market which provides a lot of detailed
information and playing capabilities to kids.
3. Multimedia in Business-
Multimedia can be used in many applications in a business. The multimedia technology

along with communication technology has opened the door for information of global wok
groups. Today the team members may be working anywhere and can work for various
companies. Thus the work place will become global. The multimedia network should
support the following facilities:
 Voice Mail
 Electronic Mail
 Multimedia based FAX
 Office Needs
 Employee Training
 Sales and Other types of Group Presentation
 Records Management
4. Multimedia in Marketing and Advertising-
By using multimedia marketing of new products can be greatly enhanced. Multimedia

boost communication on an affordable cost opened the way for the marketing and
advertising personnel. Presentation that have flying banners, video transitions, animations,
and sound effects are some of the elements used in composing a multimedia based
advertisement to appeal to the consumer in a way never used before and promote the sale
of the products.
Multimedia and its elements Page | 1

5. Multimedia in Bank-
Bank is another public place where multimedia is finding more and more application in
recent times. People go to bank to open saving/current accounts, deposit funds, withdraw
money, know various financial schemes of the bank, obtain loans etc. Every bank has a lot
of information which it wants to impart to in customers. For this purpose, it can use
multimedia in many ways. Bank also displays information about its various schemes on a
PC monitor placed in the rest area for customers. Today on-line and internet banking have
become very popular. These use multimedia extensively. Multimedia is thus helping banks
give service to their customers and also in educating them about banks attractive finance
schemes.
6. Multimedia in Hospital-
Multimedia best use in hospitals is for real time monitoring of conditions of patients in
critical illness or accident. The conditions are displayed continuously on a computer
screen and can alert the doctor/nurse on duty if any changes are observed on the screen.
Multimedia makes it possible to consult a surgeon or an expert who can watch an ongoing
surgery line on his PC monitor and give online advice at any crucial juncture.
In hospitals multimedia can also be used to diagnose an illness with CD-ROMs/ Cassettes/
DVDs full of multimedia based information about various diseases and their treatment.
Some hospitals extensively use multimedia presentations in training their junior staff of
doctors and nurses. Multimedia displays are now extensively used during critical
surgeries.
7. Communication Technology and Multimedia Services-
The advancement of high computing abilities, communication ways and relevant standards
has started the beginning of an era where you will be provided with multimedia facilities
at home. These services may include:
 Basic Television Services
 Interactive entertainment
 Digital Audio
 Video on demand
 Home shopping
 Financial Transactions
 Interactive multiplayer or single player games
 Digital multimedia libraries
 E-Newspapers, e-magazines

8. Virtual reality-
Virtual reality is considered as important technology, giving scope for a great leap for
adverse fields. Virtual reality is an environment that can simulate physical presence in
places in the real world or imagined worlds.
9. Mass media –
It is used in the field of mass media i.e. journalism, in various magazines and newspapers
that are published periodically. The use of multimedia plays a vital role in a publishing
house as there are many works of newspaper designing and other stuff also. Nowadays it's
not only the text that we can see in the newspaper, but we can also see photographs in
newspaper, this not only makes newspaper a perfect example but will also explain the
worthiness of hypermedia.
10. Science and Technology –
Multimedia had a wide application in the field of science and technology. It is capable of
transferring audio, sending message and formatted multimedia documents. At the same
time, it also helps in live interaction through audio messages and it is only possible with the
hypermedia. It reduces the time and cost can be arranged at any moment even in
emergencies.
At the same time, it is useful for surgeons as they can use images created from imaging
scans of human body to practice complicated procedures such as brain removal and
reconstructive surgery. The plans can be made in a better way to reduce the costs and
complications.
11. Research –
In the area of mathematical and scientific research, multimedia is primarily used for
modeling and simulation. For example, looking at a molecular model by a scientist of a
particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance.
Development Platforms for Multimedia –
When evaluating a platform for multimedia delivery, one must take into account how well
that particular computing environment implements and supports the technologies that make
multimedia computing possible. Hardware support, however, is not necessarily the most
important criterion. Other factors, including the availability of authoring software and the
installed base of computing equipment within the user's environment
1. MS DOS
2. WINDOWS
3. LINUX

1. MS DOS –
MS-DOS, in full Microsoft Disk Operating System, the dominant operating system for
the personal computer (PC) throughout the 1980‘s. It is a command-line-based system,
where all commands are entered in text form and there is no graphical user interface.MS-
DOS was the most commonly used member of the family of disk operating systems. It was
the main choice as an operating system for IBM PC-compatible computer systems during
the 1980s to mid-1990s. MS-DOS was gradually replaced by systems with graphical user
interfaces, particularly Microsoft Windows.
2. WINDOWS –
A window is a graphical interface element used to display the contents of an application for
the user to view and interact with. A window is usually a rectangular area that can be
resized and is generally editable according to the capabilities and limitations imposed on it
by the application providing it. The window is essential in facilitating multitasking in a
modern operating system, as it allows users to visually and manually switch between
running applications and make general interactions with the operating system.
Editions of Windows –
Starting with Windows XP, Microsoft has published various editions of Windows. Each of
these Windows editions has the same core operating system, but some editions have
additional features, at an additional cost. The two most common editions of Windows for
home computers are Windows Home and Windows Professional.
Windows Home
Windows Home (also called Win Home) is the basic edition of Windows. It provides all
the fundamental functions of Windows, such as connecting to the Internet, browsing the
web, watching videos, using office software, and playing video games. It is the least
expensive edition of Windows, and it comes preinstalled on many new computers.
Windows Pro
Windows Professional (also called Windows Pro, or Win Pro) is an enhanced Windows
edition, for power users, and small to medium sized businesses.
3. Linux -
Linux is the best-known and most-used open source operating system. As an operating
system, Linux is software that sits underneath all of the other software on a computer,
receiving request. Linux is an open source and community-developed operating system for
computers. The Linux open source operating system, or Linux OS, is a freely distributable,
cross-platform operating system based on Unix that can be installed on PCs, laptops,
notebooks, mobile and tablet devices, video game consoles, servers, supercomputers and
more

As an Operating System, some of Linux features are:
 Portable(Multiplatform)
 Multitasking
 Multi User
 Multiprocessor (SMP) Support
 Multithreading Support
 Virtual Memory
 Hierarchical File System
 Graphical User Interface (X Window System, Wayland)
 Wide Hardware Support
 Dynamically Linked Shared Libraries as well as Static Libraries
 POSIX Compliant (Almost)
 Multiple Virtual Consoles
 Multiple File system Support
 Multiple Networking Protocols (TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, Appletalk, AX.25)
 Shell
 Strong Security Model
 Open Source
Identifying Multimedia Elements –
If we break the word multimedia into its component parts ,we get multi -meaning more
than one ,and media-meaning form of communication. Those types of media include:
1. Text
2. Graphics
3. Audio
4. Video
5. Animation
 Text- All multimedia productions contain some amount of text. The text can have
various types of fonts and sizes to suit the profession presentation of the
multimedia software.
 Graphics- Graphics make the multimedia application attractive. In many cases
people do not like reading large amount of textual matter on the screen. Therefore,
graphics are used more often than text to explain a concept, present background
information etc. There are two types of Graphics:
 Bitmap images- Bitmap images are real images that can be captured from devices
such as digital cameras or scanners. Generally bitmap images are not editable.
Bitmap images require a large amount of memory.
 Vector Graphics- Vector graphics are drawn on the computer and only require a
small amount of memory. These graphics are editable.
 Audio- A multimedia application may require the use of speech, music and sound
effects. These are called audio or sound element of multimedia.Speech is also a
perfect way for teaching. Audio are of analog and digital types. Analog audio or

sound refers to the original sound signal. Computer stores the sound in digital form.
Therefore, the sound used in multimedia application is digital audio.
 Video- The term video refers to the moving picture, accompanied by sound such as
a picture in television. Video element of multimedia application gives a lot of
information in small duration of time. Digital video is useful in multimedia
application for showing real life objects. Video have highest performance demand
on the computer memory and on the bandwidth if placed on the internet. Digital
video files can be stored like any other files in the computer and the quality of the
video can still be maintained. The digital video files can be transferred within a
computer network. The digital video clips can be edited easily.
 Animation- Animation is a process of making a static image look like it is moving.
An animation is just a continuous series of still images that are displayed in a
sequence. The animation can be used effectively for attracting attention. Animation
also makes a presentation light and attractive. Animation is very popular in
multimedia application
Multimedia Hardware and Software requirement -
MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
CPU
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an essential part in any computer. It is considered as the
brain of computer, where processing and synchronization of all activities takes place. The
efficiency of a computer is judged by the speed of the CPU in processing of data. For a
multimedia computer a Pentium processor is preferred because of higher efficiency.
Monitor
The monitor is used to see the computer output. Generally, it displays 25 rows and 80
columns of text. The text or graphics in a monitor is created as a result of an arrangement of
tiny dots, called pixels. Resolution is the amount of details the monitor can render.
Resolution is defined in terms of horizontal and vertical pixel (picture elements) displayed
on the screen.
Video Grabbing Card
We need to convert the analog video signal to digital signal for processing in a computer.
Normal computer will not be able to do it alone. It requires special equipment called video
grabbing card and software to this conversion process. This card translates the analog
signal it receives from conventional sources such as a VCR or a video camera, and converts
them into digital format.

Sound Card
Today‘s computers are capable of creating the professional multimedia needs. Not only you
can use computer to compose your own music, but it can also be used for recognition of
speech and synthesis. It can even read back the entire document for you. But before all this
happens, we need to convert the conventional sound signal to computer understandable
digital signals. This is done using a special component added to the system called sound
card.
CD-Rom
CD-ROM is a magnetic disk of 4.7 inches diameter and it can contain data up to 680
Megabytes. It has become a standard by itself basically for its massive storage capacity,
faster data transfer rate. To access CD-ROM a very special d1rive is required and it is
known as CD-ROM drive.
MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS –
For the creation of multimedia on the PC there are hundreds of software packages that are
available from manufacturers all over the world
These software packages can cost anything from being absolutely free (normally this
software is called freeware or shareware)
Here is a summary of just a few of these programs.
1. Adobe CS4 -
Adobe CS4 is a collection of graphic design, video editing, and web development
applications made by Adobe Systems many of which are the industry standard that
includes
2. Adobe Dreamweaver
Although a hybrid WYSIWYG and code-based web design and development
application, Dreamweaver‘s WYSIWYG mode can hide the HTML code details of
pages from the user, making it possible for non-coders to create web pages and
sites.WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) web development software that
allows users to create websites without using Html, everything can be done visually.
3. Adobe Fireworks
A graphics package that allows users to create bitmap and vector graphics editor with
features such as: slices, the ability to add hotspots etc.) for rapidly creating website
prototypes and application interfaces.
4. Gimp
Is an alternative to Photoshop and cheaper but not quite as good.

5. Google Sketch up
Sketch Up is a 3D modeling program designed for architects, civil engineers,
filmmakers, game developers, and related professions.
6. Microsoft FrontPage
As a WYSIWYG editor, FrontPage is designed to hide the details of pages‘ HTML
code from the user, making it possible for novices to easily create web pages and sites.
7. Microsoft PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentations are generally made up of slides may contain text, graphics,
movies, and other objects, which may be arranged freely on the slide.
8. Adobe Flash Player

Adobe Flash (formerly Macromedia Flash) is a multimedia platform that is popular for
adding animation and interactivity to web pages. Originally acquired by Macromedia,
Flash was introduced in 1996, and is currently developed and distributed by Adobe
Systems.
Flash is commonly used to create animation, advertisements, and various web
page Flash components, to integrate video into web pages, and more recently, to
develop rich Internet applications.
10. Apple QuickTime

QuickTime is an extensible proprietary multimedia framework developed by Apple,
capable of handling various formats of digital video, 3D models, sound, text, animation,
music, panoramic images, and interactivity.
Making simple presentation with PowerPoint –
What is PowerPoint -
A PowerPoint presentation is a presentation created using Microsoft PowerPoint software.

The presentation is a collection of individual slides that contain information on a
topic. PowerPoint presentations are commonly used in business meetings and for training
and educational purposes.

Step 1: Launch the PowerPoint Program –
When you launch the PowerPoint program, you may be prompted to pick what kind of
document you want to create. Choose to create a blank presentation. If it does not ask you
this, a blank presentation will automatically launch.
Step 2: Choosing a Design
To use a template, either click the "Design" tab or go to "File" again and click "New from
Template".The next thing you want to do is decide what design you want for the
presentation. To do this, go to the 'Design' tab at the top of the page. Scroll through all the
options and decide which one looks best for the presentation you want. To get a preview of
what the design will look like before applying it to the presentation, hover over the design
you want to preview. This design will be automatically continued throughout the rest of
your presentation. Once you have more than one slide, you can add a different design for
just one slide. To do this, select the slide you want to change the design on by clicking on
it. It will pop-up as the big slide in the screen. Then you can right-click the design you want
for this slide and select 'Apply to Selected Slide'. It will appear on that slide, but will not
change the design of the other slides.

Step 3: Create Title Page
Click the first box that says 'Click to add title' and add the title of your presentation. Click
the bottom box to add your name, or any other subtitle that you choose. Once you have
your text in the boxes, you can change their font, size, color, etc. with the toolbar options at
the top. You can change the size of the text box by selecting it, and then dragging the
corners of the box. To move the text boxes, select the box, and move your arrow over the
border of the box. A four-arrow icon will appear, and clicking with this icon will allow you
to move the text boxes wherever you choose.
Step 4: Add More Slides
Chances are, you are going to need more than one slide. There are a few ways you can add
more slides. Notice that there is a separate area to the left of the screen where your first
slide is located. The first way to add a slide is to right-click the area under where your first
slide is located and selects 'New Slide'. A new slide will appear. The second way to add
another slide it to click 'New Slide' in the toolbar above the slides.

Step 5: Add Charts, Pictures, Graphs, Etc.
If you want to insert a chart, picture, graph, or any other graphic, click on the 'Insert' tab at
the top of the window. Here you will see buttons of all the options of what you can insert
into your slide. Click the designated box and insert what it is you want to have on that
slide.
Once you have your chart or picture, you can add a border or edit it however you
want in the 'Format' tab.
Step 6: Add Transitions
To add transitions in between your slides, click the 'Transition‘ tab at the top of the
page. Here you can scroll through all the options of transitions, and hover over them to see
a preview. Select the slide you want the transition applied to, and then click the transition
you chose. You can do this for every slide, selecting the same or different transitions

Step 7-
Save your presentation by clicking "File" and "Save", making sure to specify which folder
or destination you want your PowerPoint to be.
Step 8: Play the Presentation
Once you have all your slides completed and in the order you want, view your
slideshow. Click the 'Slide Show' tab at the top of the page and select 'From
Beginning'. You can go through your entire slideshow, and change slides by clicking or
pressing the right arrow. A shortcut to this is pressing F5.

Text as a component of Multimedia -
Text is the most common medium of representing the information. In multimedia, text is
mostly use for titles, headlines, menu etc. It contains alphanumeric and some other special
characters. Keyboard is usually used for input of text.
Text is the graphic representation of speech. Unlike speech, however, text is silent, easily
stored, and easily manipulated. Text in multimedia presentations makes it possible to
convey large amounts of information using very little storage space. Computers
customarily represent text using the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) system. The ASCII system assigns a number for each of the characters found
on a typical typewriter. Each character is represent as a binary number which can be
understood by the computer
Text technology-
1. Based on creating letters, numbers and special characters.

2. May also include special icon or drawing symbols, mathematical symbol, Greek
letter etc[©™≈ƒ]
Text elements can be categories into:
1. Alphabet characters: A-Z

2. Numbers: 0-9
3. special characters: Punctuation [. , ; ‗ …..] , Sign or symbols [*&^%$#@!…..]
4. Also known Character Sets.
Obtaining text –
Text can be captured in following ways

1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
Font –
1. A ‗font‘ is a collection of characters of a particular size and style belonging to a

particular typeface family.
2. Usually vary by type sizes and styles.
3. The sizes are measure in points
4. This includes the letter set, the number set, and all of the special character and
diacritical marks you get by pressing the shift, option, or command /control keys.
Typeface
A ‗typeface‘ is a family of graphic characters that usually includes many type sizes and
styles.
A typeface contains a series of fonts. For instance, Arial, Arial Black, Arial Narrow and
Arial Unicode MS are actually 4 fonts under the same family.

1. Arial
2. Arial Black
3. Arial Narrow
4. Arial Unicode MS
FONT EFFECTS
The technology of font effects in bringing viewer‘s attention to content

1. Case : UPPER and lower cased letter
2. Bold, Italic, Underline, Superscript and Subscript
3. Embossed or Shadow
4. colors
5. Strikethrough
Font Size –
The font size or text size is how large the characters displayed on a screen or printed on a
page are.
How is the font size measured? –
A font is often measured in pt (points). Points dictate the height of the lettering. There are
approximately 72 (72.272) points in one inch or 2.54 cm. For example, the font size 72
would be about one inch tall, and 36 would be about a half of an inch.
Dimensions of Font –
▶ Baseline - The line on which the bases of character arrenged , the baseline is the
imaginary line upon which a line of text rests.
▶ X height - The distance between the baseline and the top of the lowercase.
▶ Cap height - Cap height stands for capital height. It is simply the height of capital
letters.
▶ Ascented -The recommended distance above the baseline for singled spaced text.
▶ Descender –Descender is the part that appears below the base line of a font

Font Types –
Fonts are divided in proportional and monospaced

categories depending on how each font deals with
the space between characters. Although both
categories of fonts can be used for any type of text,
both on the computer and in print, each category has
pros and cons and works best for specific usages.
1. Mono Spaced Fonts
2. Prorpotionally Spaced fonts
1. Mono Spaced Font –
A mono spaced font, also called a fixed-pitch, fixed-width, or non-proportional font, is

a font whose letters and characters each occupy the same amount of horizontal space.
Monospaced fonts were widely used in early computers and computer terminals, which
often had extremely limited graphical capabilities As can be seen in the picture, with
proportional spacing the letter 'w' takes up much more spacing than the other letters.
Monospace fonts can be reminiscent of pages typed on manual typewriters. Some basic text
editors such as Notepad for Windows use a monospace font to set text, as do some
specialized editors used for programming in various languages. Examples of commonly-
used monospace fonts are Courier New, Fixedsys, Monaco, Lucida Console and Andale
Mono. Monospaced are designed to make characters easy to read and find in hundreds of
lines of code
Benefits of Monospace Fonts
Setting text in a monospace font makes it easier to identify characters by themselves.

Because of this, tasks that rely on the easy identification of specific characters, such as
programming, benefit from the use of a monospace font.
Disadvantages of Monospace Fonts-
Because of the fixed width of all the characters, a block of text set in a monospace font will
typically take up more space than the same text set in a proportional font. Additionally,
long stretches of monospaced text can blend together visually and, as a result, become
harder to read.
2. Prorpotionally Spaced fonts –
A font in which different characters have different pitches

(widths). Proportional fonts are also called proportional-
pitch fonts. Most books, magazines and other printed
materials are set in proportional fonts; similarly, the
graphical user interface of many programs uses a
proportional font for titles, menus and other text.
Examples of commonly-used proportional fonts are Times
New Roman, Verdana, Arial, Georgia and Comic Sans.

Benefits Proportional Fonts
Text set in a proportional font is more visually appealing and often easier to read. Because
of the variable spacing between characters, it can be easier to focus on each word as a
whole rather than on individual characters.
Disadvantages of Proportional Fonts
Proportional fonts present a disadvantage in some situations. If you want to be able to

easily calculate the amount of characters present in a line of text, or identifying individual
characters is of the foremost importance, using a proportional font will make your task
harder. Additionally, in some proportional fonts some characters can be easily mistaken for
others: for example, a lowercase "l" and a capital "I" or the number "0" and the capital
letter "O" may look almost identical.
Other type of font
Ornamental Fonts -
A special font (or variant type style) with pictorial rather than text characters. Such
characters are used to embellish/decorate the text, as their name suggests, decorative
typefaces should be used for decorative or ornamental purposes. They are not suitable for
using in body text. You would have some pretty cross-eyed and sick readers if you forced
people to read too much in one of these fonts.

Dingbat Font –
Dingbat is a term used to describe certain fonts that have shapes and symbols in place of
what would normally be letters and numbers. A dingbat is a decorative element available in
font format. Dingbats can be graphic elements such as squares, triangles, hearts,
checkmarks, pinwheels, lightning bolts, arrows or stars. They can also be small illustrations
of anything you can imagine: a pointing finger, a pencil, a pair of scissors
Dingbats are appropriate for both print and web applications and can enhance visual
communication in many ways. Use them as
 bullets (try squares, inverted triangles, or checkmarks)
 paragraph separators
 article endings
 borders (when strung together)
 checkboxes on forms or surveys
 Eye-catching symbols to highlight e-mail addresses, telephone and fax numbers, etc.
 logos (when combined with type)
 purely decorative elements
Font Scalling –
Font Scalling means to Change the size of font Horizontally or Vertically
Font Spacing -
1. Tracking Font
2. Leading Font
3. kerning
1. Tracking Font –
Tracking refers to uniformly increasing or decreasing the

horizontal spacing between ranges of characters. Most
often used to adjust and fine-tune overall letter
spacing, tracking can create more readable, pleasing color
and texture. Tracking is another effective method of spatial
adjustment. In simple words, it uniformly manages the
space between all letters in terms of text. With more tracking space you can make the
overall density of typeface lower while with less tracking space you can make the character
density appear higher. Adjusting tracking space can have the significant impact on
readability. Through tracking, you can easily eliminate orphan lines and make them appear
neatly organized.

Leading Font –
Leading is the vertical spacing between lines of type. Leading is a typographical term
referring to the vertical space from the same point on one line to the same point on the next,
within the same paragraph.
Kerning –
kerning is the process of adjusting the spacing

between characters in a proportional font,
Kerning adjusts the space between individual letter
forms. Kerning focuses on the space between two
specific characters. Although characters have
various widths, it‘s important to proportionally
distance them.
Kerning is useful because it allows more text to be placed within a given amount of space.
This allows longer articles to be placed in newspapers and magazines with limited space. It
also looks more natural because when writing by hand, people often make characters
overlap. Many text editing programs, as well as image editors such as Adobe Photoshop,
allow the user to kern characters. These programs often include a kerning setting that
enables the user to determine how tightly the characters fit together.
Concept of plaintext and Formatted text –
Plain Text
Plaintext is any text, text file, or document that contains only text. Unlike a rich-text
document, a plain text file cannot have bold text, fonts, larger font sizes, or any other
special text formatting. Plain text, as you might have guessed, is rather plain. It supports
standard ASCII characters, including numbers, symbols, and spaces, but does not support
any type of text formatting. Therefore you cannot apply bold, italic, or underlined styles,
and you cannot use different fonts or font sizes in a plain text document.
Because plain text does not contain information about text sizes or styles, it is the most
efficient way to store text. Plain text documents often take up less than half the size of rich
text documents containing the same number of characters. This is why log files, which
contain a "log" of data generated by a program, are typically stored in a plain text format.

You can use a basic text editor such as Notepad or WordPad (for Windows) or TextEdit
(for Mac) to create a plain text document. Plain text is the most portable format because it
is supported by nearly every application on every machine. It is quite limited, however,
because it cannot contain any formatting commands.
Formatted text –
Formatted text is any text that contains special formatting such as font size, font color,
bold, italic. Formatted text is text that is displayed in a special, specified style. In computer
applications, formatting data may be associated with text data to create formatted text. How
formatted text is created and displayed is dependent on the operating system and
application software used on the computer. The purpose of formatted text is to enhance the
presentation of information. The goal is to help the reader to obtain, understand, and retain
the information.
RTF and HTML texts
RTF –
Short for rich text format, RTF is a mix between rich text files and plaintext files. Unlike
text files, RTF files offer some formatting features like bold, italic, underline, bullets,
different fonts, and text justification. However, it does not provide all of the features found
in a full word processor.
An example of an RTF editor is Microsoft WordPad. However, any text or word processor
program is capable of creating documents with any of the formatting features mentioned
above is capable of creating an RTF document.
Rich text format (RTF) is a specific type of word processing document format evolved by
Microsoft. This universal format helps provide compatibility between different word
processing applications and operating systems, which is important for a diversified system

where text document files move from one user's desktop to another. Rich text format is also
known simply as rich text.
The rich text format allows for encoding basic elements of the file, such as the size, color
and font of text. This format may not support more nuanced visual features in specific word
processing applications like a modern version of Microsoft Word, but it does preserve a lot
of the core design of the document file as it has been rendered in a particular word
processor. For example, proprietary formats such as .docx, .doc or .wp may not translate as
well between different systems as an .rtf version. For that reason, rich text format is often
used when emailing documents to a wide set of recipients or otherwise transporting them
between different parties that may be using radically different word processing setups.
How to convert a plaintext to an RTF file –
1. Open the file plaintext file in an RTF editor, such as WordPad or Microsoft Word.
2. Once open, choose the option to Save As and make sure that the Save as type is
*.rtf, *.docx, *.odt, or another RTF file format.
Html text –
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It's the way web pages and email
templates are coded so that text is formatted and images are added. Plain Text is
regular text, with no formatting options such as bold, italics, underlines, or special layout
options.
HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

 HTML describes the structure of a Web page
 HTML consists of a series of elements
 HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
 HTML elements are represented by tags
 HTML tags label pieces of content such as "heading", "paragraph", "table", and so
on
 Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to render the content of the
page
Object Linking and Embedding –
Object linking and embedding (OLE) is a Microsoft technology that facilitates the sharing
of application data and objects written in different formats from multiple sources. Linking
establishes a connection between two objects, and embedding facilitates application data
insertion.

OLE is used for compound document management, as well as application data transfer via
drag-and-drop and clipboard operations.
An OLE object may display as an icon. Double clicking the icon opens the associated
object application or asks the user to select an application for object editing.
Alternatively, an OLE object may display as actual contents, such as a graph or chart. For
example, an external application chart, such as an Excel spreadsheet, may be inserted into a
Word application. When the chart is activated in the Word document, the chart's user
interface loads, and the user is able to manipulate the external chart's data inside the Word
document.
OLE-supported software applications include:
 Microsoft Windows applications, such as Excel, Word and PowerPoint

 Corel WordPerfect
 Adobe Acrobat
 AutoCAD
 Multimedia applications, like photos, audio/video clips and PowerPoint
presentations.
OLE has certain disadvantages, as follows:
 Embedded objects increase the host document file size, resulting in potential storage
or loading difficulties.
 Linked objects can break when a host document is moved to a location that does not
have the original object application.
 Interoperability is limited. If the embedded or linked object application is
unavailable, the object cannot be manipulated or edited.

Unit II
Sound in Multimedia -
Sound is one of the most important elements of multimedia. It is meaningful ―speech‖ in

any language, from a whisper to a scream. It can provide the listening pleasure of music,
the startling accent of special effects or the ambience of a mood setting background
Sound comprises spoken word, voice, music and even noise. It is a complex relationship
involving
1. a vibrating object(sound source)
2. a transmission medium(air)
3. a receiver(ear)
4. a preceptor (brain)
Sound pressure is measured in db (decibel)
Sound waves are known as waveforms.
Sound and it Attributes-

⚫ Tone
⚫ Intensity
⚫ Frequency
⚫ Wavelength
⚫ Pitch
1. Tone -
'Tone' is related to the frequency composition of the sound. Tone in acoustics, sound that
can be recognized by its regularity of vibration Tone are of two types
Simple tone –
Simple tone has only one frequency, although its intensity may vary
Complex tone -
Complex tone consists of two or more simple tones,
2. Intensity -
Sound intensity, also known as acoustic intensity, is defined as the power carried by sound
waves per unit area in a direction perpendicular to that area

3. Frequency -
Frequency is the speed of the vibration, and this determines the pitch of the sound. It is only
useful or meaningful for musical sounds, where there is a strongly regular waveform.
Frequency is measured as the number of wave cycles that occur in one second. The unit of
frequency measurement is Hertz (Hz for short).
4. Wavelength -
Wavelength can be defined as the distance between two successive crests or troughs of a
wave. It is measured in the direction of the wave. Wavelength is the distance from one crest
to another, or from one trough to another, of a wave (which may be an electromagnetic
wave, a sound wave, or any other wave). Crest is the highest point of the wave whereas the
trough is the lowest. Since wavelength is distance/length, it is measured in units of lengths
such as meters, centimeters, millimeters, nanometers, etc.
5. Pitch -
Pitch can be taken as the measure of sound frequency expressed in terms of Hertz. Higher
the frequency, higher the pitch.. All kinds of sound produces some waves that are measured
with respect to the frequency it carries. Pitch can also be expressed as the position of a
musical note in musical scale.

Pitches are of two types
a. High pitch
b. Low pitch
What is Mono sound?
Mono means ―one‖ or ―single‖ - in the case of sound, it means that you are hearing the
same thing in both ears. You cannot judge the direction a sound came from. It sounds flat,
because it is not stereo.Mono or monophonic describes a system where all the audio signals
are mixed together and routed through a single audio channel.
What is Stereo sound?
Stereophonic sound systems have two independent audio signal channels, and the signals
that are reproduced have a specific level and phase relationship to each other. Stereo (or
Stereophonic sound) is the reproduction of sound using two or more
independent audio channels in a way that creates the impression of sound heard from
various directions, as in natural hearing.
Mono V/s Stereo Sound-
Mono Stereo
Introduction Monaural or monophonic sound Stereophonic sound or, more
reproduction is intended to be commonly, stereo, is a method of
heard as if it were a single sound reproduction that creates
channel of sound perceived as an illusion of multi-directional
coming from one position. audible perspective.
Cost Less expensive for recording and more expensive for recording
reproduction and reproduction
Recording Easy to record, requires only Requires technical knowledge
basic equipment and skill to record, apart from
equipment. It's important to
know the relative position of the
objects and events.
Key feature Audio signals are routed through Audio signals are routed through
a single channel 2 or more channels to simulate
depth/direction perception, like
in the real world.

Usage Public address system, radio talk Movies, Television, Music
shows, hearing aid, telephone and players, FM radio stations
mobile communication, some
AM radio stations
Channels 1 2
Sound Channels-
Sound channel refers to the independent audio signal which is collected when the sound is
recording in different position.
1. One –Mic channel
2. Stage channel
3. Location channel
4. Video mic channel
Effect in sound
1. Amplitude effects
2. Delay effects
3. Time/pitch effect
4. Reverse effect
5. Invert effect

Analog Sound –
Sound itself is a continuous wave, it is an analog

signal, this means that one cannot detect the precise
moment the pitch changes. In analog technology, a
wave is recorded or used in its original form. An
analog recording is one where a property or
characteristic of a physical recording medium is made
to vary in a manner analogous to the variations in air pressure of the original sound. Analog
audio splits sound into ―Left‖ and s―Right‖ components which are called stereo sound.
Therefore, if you only have 3 speakers connected to your sound system (left, right, and
center) then you can use this RCA connection and get great sound
Digital Sound
Digital sound is not a recording of the actual sound,

but rather a combination of binary code, representing
the sound's intensity and pitch at precise intervals
with relative accuracy Digital audio is a technology
that is used to record, store, manipulate, generate and
reproduce sound using audio signals that have been
encoded in digital form.
It also refers to the sequence of discreet samples that are taken from an analog audio
waveform. Instead of a continuous sinusoidal wave, digital audio is composed of discreet
points which represent the amplitude of the waveform approximately.
The more samples taken, the better the representation, and hence impacts the quality of the
digital audio. Most modern multimedia devices can only process digital audio, and in the
case of cell phones requiring analog audio input, they still convert it to digital before
transmission.
Analog V/s Digital Sound –

Digitization of Sound –
Digitization is a process of converting the analog signals to a digital signal. There are three
steps of digitization of sound.
Sampling -
Sampling is a process of measuring air pressure amplitude at equally spaced moments in
time, where each measurement constitutes a sample. A sampling rate is the number of
times the analog sound is taken per second. A higher sampling rate implies that more
samples are taken during the given time interval and ultimately, the quality of
reconstruction is better. The sampling rate is measured in terms of Hertz, Hz in short,
which is the term for Cycle per second. A sampling rate of 5000 Hz(or 5kHz,which is more
common usage) implies sampling rates most often used in multimedia are 44.1kHz(CD-
quality), 22.05kHz and 11.025kHz.
Quantization -
Quantization is a process of representing the amplitude of each sample as integers or

numbers. How many numbers are used to represent the value of each sample known as
sample size or bit depth or resolution. Commonly used sample sizes are either 8 bits or 16
bits. The larger the sample size, the more accurately the data will describe the recorded
sound. An 8-bit sample size provides 256 equal measurement units to describe the level
and frequency of the sound in that slice of time. A 16-bit sample size provides 65,536
equal units to describe the sound in that sample slice of time. The value of each sample is
rounded off to the nearest integer (quantization) and if the amplitude is greater than the
intervals available, clipping of the top and bottom of the wave occurs.
Encoding -
Encoding converts the integer base-10 number to a base-2 that is a binary number. The
output is a binary expression in which each bit is either a 1(pulse) or a 0(no pulse).

Concept of MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) –
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a protocol developed in the 1980's which
allows electronic instruments and other digital musical tools to communicate with each
other. MIDI is the modern musician‘s best friend. MIDI itself does not make sound, it is
just a series of messages like "note on," "note off," "note/pitch," "pitchbend," and many
more. These messages are interpreted by a MIDI instrument to produce sound. A MIDI
instrument can be a piece of hardware (electronic keyboard, synthesizer) or part of a
software environment (ableton, garageband, digital performer, logic...).
In short, MIDI is a way of sending data to easily make music.In short, MIDI is a way of
sending data to easily make music.It may be best to think of MIDI as a language. One that
allows computers and digital devices to communicate with each other. These digital devices
are called MIDI controllers. They allow you to ―control‖ your music via the language of
MIDI. They come in all forms, from MIDI keyboards to MIDI drum pads. The advantages
of MIDI include.
compact -
An entire song can be stored within a few hundred MIDI messages (compared to audio data
which is sampled thousands of times a second)
easy to modify/manipulate notes -
Change pitch, duration, and other parameters without having to rerecord
change instruments -
remember, MIDI only describes which notes to play, you can send these notes to any
instrument to change the overall sound of the composition.
MIDI COMPONENTS –
Synthesizer:
 It is a sound generator (various pitch, loudness, tone colour).

 A good (musician's) synthesizer often has a microprocessor, keyboard, control
panels, memory, etc.
Sequencer:
 It can be a stand-alone unit or a software program for a personal computer. (It used
to be a storage server for MIDI data. Nowadays it is more a software music
editor on the computer.
 It has one or more MIDI INs and MIDI OUTs.
Track:
 Track in sequencer is used to organize the recordings.

 Tracks can be turned on or off on recording or playing back.

Channel:
 MIDI channels are used to separate information in a MIDI system.

 There are 16 MIDI channels in one cable.
 Channel numbers are coded into each MIDI message.
Timbre:
 The quality of the sound, e.g., flute sound, cello sound, etc.
 Multitimbral - capable of playing many different sounds at the same time (e.g.,
piano, brass, drums, etc.)
Pitch:
 musical note that the instrument plays
Voice:
 Voice is the portion of the synthesizer that produces sound.

 Synthesizers can have many (12, 20, 24, 36, etc.) voices.
 Each voice works independently and simultaneously to produce sounds of
different timbre and pitch.
MIDI Requirements
MIDI keyboard –
A MIDI keyboard typically a piano-style electronic musical keyboard.
1. Sequencer Software-
MIDI Sequencer software is used to record and edit data like a word processor.
i.Cut and paste

ii.insert/delete

2. Sound synthesizer (built-in in to sound card)
MIDI facts
⚫ Since they are small, MIDI files embedded in web pages load and play.
⚫ Length of a MIDI files can be changed without affecting the audio quality.
⚫ Midi requires knowledge of music theory.
Overview of Various sound file formats
Audio format defines the quality and loss of audio data. Based on application different type
of audio format is used. The Audio Files category includes compressed and uncompressed
audio formats, which contain waveform data that can be played with audio playback
software. This category also includes MIDI files, musical scores, and audio project files,
which typically do not contain audio data.Audio formats are broadly divided into three
parts:
⚫ Uncompressed Format
⚫ Lossy Compressed format
⚫ Lossless Compressed Format
1. Uncompressed Format –
Uncompressed audio is audio without any compression applied to it The best way to store
data for high quality playback, as it requires very little processing in order to retrieve the
audio data. More compressed formats (below) can cause audio glitches on some systems. It
include
 PCM –
It stands for Pulse-Code Modulation. It represents raw analog audio signals in digital
form. To convert analog signal into digital signal it has to be recorded at a particular
interval. Hence it has sampling rate and bit rate (bits used to represent each sample). It

a exact representation of the analog sound and do not involve compression. It is the
most common audio format used in CDs and DVDs
 WAV –
It stands for Waveform Audio File Format, it was developed by Microsoft and IBM in
1991. It is just a Windows container for audio formats. That means that a WAV file
can contain compressed audio. Most WAV files contain uncompressed audio in PCM
format. It is just a wrapper. It is compatible with both Windows and Mac.
 AIFF –
It stands for Audio Interchange File Format. It was developed by Apple for Mac
systems in 1988. Like WAV files, AIFF files can contain multiple kinds of audio. It
contain uncompressed audio in PCM format. It is just a wrapper for the PCM
encoding. It is compatible with both Windows and Mac.
2. Lossy Compressed Format:
It is a form of compression that loses data during the compression process. But difference
in quality no noticeable to hear.
 MP3
It stands for MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3. It was released in 1993 and became popular. It
is most popular audio format for music files. Main aim of MP3 is to remove all those
sounds which not hearable or less noticeable by humans ears. Hence making size of
music file small. MP3 is like universal format which is compatible almost every
device.
 AAC
It stands for Advanced Audio Coding. It was developed in 1997 after MP3.The
compression algorithm used by AAC is much more complex and advanced than MP3,
so when compared a particular audio file in MP3 and AAC formats at the same
bitrate, the AAC one will generally have better sound quality. It is the standard audio
compression method used by YouTube, Android, iOS, iTunes, and PlayStations.
 WMA
It stands for Windows Media Audio. It was released in 1999.It was designed to
remove some of the flaws of MP3 compression method. In terms of quality it is better
than MP3. But is not widely used.
3. Lossless Compreson:
This method reduces file size without any loss in quality. But is not as good as lossy
compression as the size of file compressed to lossy compression is 2 and 3 times more.

 FLAC
It stands for Free Lossless Audio Codec. It can compress a source file by up to 50%
without losing data. It is most popular in its category and is open-source.
 ALAC
It stands for Apple Lossless Audio Codec. It was launched in 2004 and became free
after 2011. It was developed by Apple.
 WMA
It stands for Windows Media Audio. But it is least efficient in term of compression
and is not open-source. It has limited hardware support.
Software for Sound editing and mixing –
AVS is feature-rich audio production software that combines advanced audio editing
features with an easy-to-use ribbon-based interface, which makes it suitable for both
professionals and amateurs.
Using AVS Audio Editor –
⚫ Record audio.
⚫ Mix several audio tracks in one.
⚫ Apply effects and filters.
⚫ Generate sounds.
⚫ convert created audio to a wide range of modern audio formats;
⚫ Customize AVS Audio Editor Settings to meet your specific needs.
How to use audio effects in an audio file with AVS Audio Editor?
Step 1 - Download and install AVS Audio Editor

Step 2 -Open an audio file
To open an audio file for editing click the Open button on the Home tab of the Ribbon
Command Bar
Step 3: Set the effect application area

Step -4 Select an audio effect and adjust its properties
Step 5: Save the resulting audio

AVS Software Features:
Functions
Save Audio in All Key Formats
Edit and save audio files in MP3, ALAC, FLAC, WAV, M4A, WMA, AAC, MP2, AMR,
OGG, etc. with AVS Audio Editor. See a full list of audio formats.
Edit Audio
Cut, join, trim, mix, delete parts, split with AVS Audio Editor. Use Timeline for maximum
precision. Use specially designed filters to remove irritating sounds like roaring, hissing,
crackling, etc.
Apply Audio Effects
Select between 20 built-in effects and filters including delay, flanger, chorus, reverb, and
more. Mix audio and blend several audio tracks. AVS Audio Editor saves output files in
any popular format.
Record Audio from Any Input
Record audio data from various inputs like microphone, vinyl records, and other input lines
on a sound card. Edit recorded audio files, apply effects, save them in any key audio
format.
Text-to-speech
Turn written text into a natural sounding voice with a single click, save it in a popular audio
format that can be played on any device. Speed up or slow the speech rate down, change
pitch if necessary.
Export Audio from Video
Extract and edit audio from your video files with AVS Audio Editor. Save them on PC or
external hardware. See a full list of supported video formats
Create Ringtone for iPhone
Edit an audio file and save it to M4R format for iPhone. Get a unique ringtone ready
with AVS Audio Editor
Multilingual Support
AVS Audio Editor interface is available in English, French, German, Spanish, Italian,
Japanese, Dutch, Polish and Russian.

3D Sound-
As for 3D sound, what is it, exactly? Well, to put it simply, it's what you're hearing this
very moment. 3D sound, also known as spatial sound, is sound as we hear it naturally, and
the technology behind recreating it is quite amazing. Sounds come from all directions and
distances, and we're able to distinguish them by their pitch, tone, loudness, and location.
Let‘s say a flock of geese are flying over your house. You can hear them passing by, even
though they're up in the air and outside your house. You know this just from the sounds
they make. A car door was shut across the street, but you don't need to stand up and look
down from your apartment window to know that. If someone is coughing behind you in the
elevator, you know which direction the sound is coming from without turning your head.
Taking 3D sound and using it to, say,
enhance a user's experience in a
video game, is what has it rivaling
one of surround sound's many uses.
Playing a video game with
headphones on is where sound in
entertainment can have a realistic 3D
effect. With headphones on, sound
seems to come from the outside
world, not from inside the
headphones. Because sounds are
transferred directly into your auditory
canal, without reaching your body,
head, and outer ear, it's possible to
replicate true 3D.
With surround sound speakers, the
sound is sent to both ears, instead of either the left of the right ear, and the speakers
interfere with the clear signal each ear should have. So, based on a player's whereabouts in
a video game, 3D sound can be realistically produced from any direction and can reproduce
the sound effects while traveling around obstacles, as long as the listener's headphones are
on.
Here's a case-in-point example: If your character in a video game is being approached by
an enemy from the right side, he or she is able to hear the character coming from that
direction. Though surround sound is also capable of producing sounds from different
directions, it doesn't change according to what the listener is doing in a video game.
Feeling like you're actually in the middle of the action in a completely virtual world and
having sound come at you from every which way, is what makes 3D sound more realistic.

Unit III
VECTOR AND RASTER
RASTER
Raster images, also known as bitmaps, are comprised of individual pixels of color. Each
color pixel contributes to the overall image. Raster images are created with pixel-based
programs or captured with a camera or scanner. They are more common in general such as
jpg, gif, png, and are widely used on the web.
Most images you see on your computer screen are raster graphics. Pictures found on the
Web and photos you import from your digital camera are raster graphics. They are made up
of grid of pixels, commonly referred to as a bitmap. The larger the image, the more disk
space the image file will take up. For example, a 640 x 480 image requires information to
be stored for 307,200 pixels, while a 3072 x 2048 image (from a 6.3 Megapixel digital
camera) needs to store information for a whopping 6,291,456 pixels.
Since raster graphics need to store so much information, large bitmaps require large file
sizes. Fortunately, there are several image compression algorithms that have been
developed to help reduce these file sizes. JPEG and GIF are the most common compressed
image formats on the Web, but several other types of image compression are available.
Raster graphics can typically be scaled down with no loss of quality, but enlarging a bitmap
image causes it to look blocky and "pixelated.
VECTOR –
Vector graphics is the creation of digital images through a sequence of commands or

mathematical statements that place lines and shapes in a given two-dimensional or three-
dimensional space. So vector graphics are used for drawing vector art, which is ideal for
printing.
Vector graphics are used for line art, and for logos, and for creating fonts. They are
infinitely rescalable, without degradation in quality. Because of that, they are perfect for
reproduction in print at any size, large or small.
Unlike JPEGs, GIFs, and BMP images, vector graphics are not made up of a grid of pixels.
Instead, vector graphics are comprised of paths, which are defined by a start and end point,
along with other points, curves, and angles along the way. A path can be a line, a square, a
triangle, or a curvy shape. These paths can be used to create simple drawings or complex
diagrams. Paths are even used to define the characters of specific typefaces.

Because vector-based images are not made up
of a specific number of dots, they can be
scaled to a larger size and not lose any image
quality. If you blow up a raster graphic, it will
look blocky, or "pixilated". When you blow
up a vector graphic, the edges of each object
within the graphic stay smooth and clean. This
makes vector graphics ideal for logos, which
can be small enough to appear on a business card, but can also be scaled to fill a billboard.
Common types of vector graphics include Adobe Illustrator, Macromedia Freehand, and
EPS files. Many Flash animations also use vector graphics, since they scale better and
typically take up less space than bitmap images.
Vector V/s Raster

Vector Raster
Definition Composed by various shapes Composed of pixels
Scalability Scalable Loses quality when scaled

Conversion Can convert to raster Can‘t convert to vector
File size /Space File size is less File size is more
File extension .SVG,EPS,XML .Bmp, .Jpg, .Png ,.Gif
Cost Cost is more Cost is less
Uses Logo,Icon,Clipart Photographs
Image editing Possible to edit image without Possible to edit image to
reducing quality some extent
Software  Adobe Illustrator. Adobe Photoshop, GIMP,
Sketch. CorelDraw. Inscape. Corel Photo-Paint
Attributes of Image
Size:
The digital size of an image, measured in kilobytes (K), megabytes (MB), or gigabytes
(GB). File size is proportional to the pixel dimensions of the image. Images with more
pixels may produce more detail at a given printed size, but they need more disk space to
store and may be slower to edit and print.
For instance, a l-by-1-inch, 200 dpi image contains four times as many pixels as a l-by-1-
inch, l00-dpi image and so has four times the file size. Image resolution thus becomes a
compromise between image quality (capturing all the data you need) and file size. Another
factor that affects file size is file format--due to varying compression methods used by GIF,
JPEG, and PNG file formats, file sizes can vary considerably for the same pixel
dimensions. In the same way, color bit-depth and the number of layers and channels in an
image affect file size.

Color:
Think of a channel as analogous a plate in the printing process, with a plate applying each
layer of color. In addition to these default color channels, channel called alpha channels,
can be added to an image for storing and editing selections as masks, and spot color
channels can be added to add spot color plates for printing.
An image can have up to 24 channels. By default, Bitmap-mode, grayscale, duotone, and
indexed-color images have one channel; RGB and Lab images have three; CMYK images
have four. You can add color channels to all image types except Bitmap mode images.
Depth:
Bit depth--also called pixel depth or color depth or only depth-measures how much color
information is available to display or print each pixel in an image. Greater bit depth (more
bits of information per pixel) means more available colors and more accurate color
representation in the digital image.
For example, a pixel with a bit depth of 1 has two possible values: black and white. A pixel
with a bit depth of 8 has 28, or 256, possible values. And a pixel with a bit depth of 24 has
224, or roughly 16 million, possible values. Common values for bit depth range from 1 to 64
bits per pixel.
Image resolution:
The number of pixels displayed per unit of printed length in an image, usually measured in
pixels per inch (ppi). In Photoshop, you can change the resolution of an image; In
Photoshop, image resolution and pixel dimensions are interdependent. The amount of detail
in an image depends on its pixel dimensions, while the image resolution controls how much
space the pixels are printed over. Now let us see an example, you can modify an image's
resolution without changing the actual pixel data in the image--all you change is the printed
size of the image. On the other hand, if you want to maintain the same output dimensions,
changing the image‘s resolution requires change in the total no. of pixels. Increasing the
resolution of lower resolution image only spreads the original pixel information across a
greater no. of pixels; it rarely improves image quality.
Relationship with Image size, color depth and file size

Image size- is size of image in pixel or in inch (72 pixels is normally 1‖)
Color depth- is range of colors available for pixel.
File size in bytes= (Image size in pixel X color depth in bit)/8

Image size in Screen size Color depth in Number of File size in
pixel bits available bytes
colors (Approx.)
640x480 Full screen 8 256 300,000
320x240 Quarter screen 8 256 77,000
1024x768 Full screen 24 16.7 million 2,400,000

Various Image File Formats –
In a computer, a file format is the layout of a file in terms of how the data within the file is
organized. A particular file format is often indicated as part of a file's name by a file
name extension (suffix). Conventionally, the extension is separated by a period from the
name and contains three or four letters that identify the format.
GIF -
The graphics interchange format (GIF) was invented in 1987 by CompuServe to allow
images to be displayed. This format allows for 256 colors, compressions, interlacing and
animation. This is very powerful form, suitable for various types of images. GIF uses LZW
(Lampel Zev Welch) compression algorithm. There are two GIF standards are available
GIF87a and GIF89B. The GIF89a allow multiple images to be included in a single file.
Advantage/Feature:
1. Very powerful format
2. It provides the option to specify how many number of colors will be saved, which
to decrease the size of an image.
3. Convey Messages Better
4. It allows interlacing and animation.
5. Uses a non-lossy compression technique.
6. They are supported by all web browsers.
7. Suitable for on-line transmission and interchange of graphics data.
8. GIF file format is independent on computer hardware and operating system.
Disadvantage/Limits:
1. It uses only palette colors and has no provision for 24-bit RGB color files.
2. It has no provision for 4 or 8 bit gray scale and no grayscale or color correction
data.
3. They can slow a webpage down
4. Editing Is Not Possible
BMP Format –
The BMP file format, also known as bitmap image file or device independent bitmap (DIB)
file format or simply a bitmap, is a raster graphics image file format used to store bitmap
digital images. BMP images are generally uncompressed or compressed with a lossless
compression method. The files can store two-dimensional digital images with both
monochrome and color BMP is a meanwhile outdated image file format for computers
running the Windows operating system. The format was developed by Microsoft for storing
bitmap files in a device-independent bitmap format that would allow Windows to display
the bitmap on any type of display device. The term ‗device independent‘ means that the
bitmap specifies pixel color in a form independent of the method used by a display to
represent color.
Advantage –

⚫ Produce real quality image.
⚫ Capable of storing a large amount of information
⚫ The BMP file format supports various color depths, alpha channels, color profiles,
and optional data compression, thus making it relatively versatile.
⚫ The files can be uncompressed or compressed with lossless compression. Hence,
when compared to the JPEG standard, the BMP can be edited, manipulated, and
moved without losing image quality.
Disadvantage –
 Depend on resolution
 Enlargement of image size will produce a blurred images
DIB –
The DIB (Device Independent Bitmap) file format was developed to allow free image
transfer regardless of display device (hence the name of the format) or operating system.
DIB files were first used with Microsoft Windows and IBM's OS/2.
DIB files are similar to bitmap files, the only thing differentiating them being the lack of a
file header and the fact that they're not device dependent. The DIB file format contains all
the information required for displaying a bitmap including color palette and metric
resolution.
DIB files can store 2D images of various resolutions, widths or heights and with color
depths of 1, 4, 8, 16, 24 or 32 bits per pixel. The DIB file format can also be compressed
with various algorithms without affecting the quality of the image
EPS -
An EPS file is a graphics file saved in the Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) file format. It
may contain 2D vector graphics, bitmap images, and text. EPS files also include an
embedded preview image in bitmap format. EPS files are often used to save artwork, such
as logos and drawings.
EPS files are often used to save artwork, such as logos and drawings. They are a common
format used for transferring image data between different operating systems. The files are
supported by several different drawing programs and vector graphic editing applications.
You can convert EPS files to standard bitmap formats such as .PDF, .JPG, .PNG,
and .TIFF using programs such as Illustrator, Photoshop, and CorelDraw.
Advantage/Feature:
 Importing - EPS files are considered an ideal format for importing into
computer graphics applications.
 Cross- platform Compatibility- Cross-platform compatibility enables sharing
of EPS files between Mac and PC computers. Any file saved as an EPS in Adobe
Illustrator on a Mac, for example, can be opened in the same program on a PC
When an EPS file is sent to a printer, designers do not have to worry about file
compatibility–related problems.

Disadvantage –
 Custom Settings - Initially saving work in the EPS format for the sake of
importing or sharing with a printer requires taking the time to specify a few
settings within a dialog box. This extra step can be a disadvantage if you're in a
situation where you must work quickly.
 Page layout limitation - Although EPS files are supported by most graphic
design programs, page layout applications don't usually support modification of an
EPS file's text, lines or coloration, which is another potential disadvantage of using
an EPS file during production work.
PIC -
PIC is an image file format developed by John Bridges, the principal author of PCPaint, the
first Paintbrush program for the PC. It was also the native file format for Pictor Paint and
Graphics Animation System for Professionals and became the first widely accepted DOS
imaging standard. The PICtor format is a device-independent raster image format; the
file header stores information about the display hardware (screen resolution, color depth
and palette information, bit planes and so on) separately from the actual image information,
allowing the image to be properly transferred and displayed on ...The .pic file extension is
most commonly used by the Lotus 1-2-3 software. The PIC files contain Lotus picture files
that are used to represent graphics generated by the software.The .pic file extension is also
used for Autodesk Animator PIC/CEL files, Bio-Rad image files, General picture extension
files, Handy Scanner Cameron image files, IBM Storyboard bitmap files, Macintosh
Quickdraw/PICT drawing files, Micrografx drawing files, Movie BYU files, MTV &
Rayshade image files, PC Paint bitmap files, PICtor image format files, Pixar PIC files,
Psion Series 3 image format files, Apple QuickTime picture files, Radiance image files,
Rayshade image files and CADdy++ mechanical 2D picture data files.
TIF OR TIFF –
TIF is an image format file for high-quality graphics. TIF files are also called TIFF,
which stands for ―Tagged Image Format File.‖ TIF files were created in the 1986 as a
file format for scanned images in an attempt to get all companies to use one standard
file format instead of multiple. Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) is a standard file format
that is largely used in the publishing and printing industry. The extensible feature of this
format allows storage of multiple bitmap images having different pixel depths, which
makes it advantageous for image storage needs. Since it introduces no compression
artifacts, the file format is preferred over others for archiving intermediate files.TIFF does
not use compression much compared to other image file formats, it supports different types
of data compression. In the case of photographic images. A TIFF file uses the file extension
".tif" or ".tiff". TIFF is also known for its flexibility and has more features and capabilities
than other image file formats.

Advantages: –
 .tiff format isn‘t compressed and it means that no data is lost.

 The images are accurate and high
 Flexibility
 TIFF is largely used in imaging and 3D applications, medical imaging and desktop
publishing. Most image editing software or applications are capable of working
with TIFF files.
Disadvantages: –
 It‘s still not supported everywhere.

 The size of the images is incompatible with web usage.
 Due to the bigger size there are some other negative consequences: it‘s harder to
email a tiff image and the digital cameras can‘t store many images
PNG –
Portable Network Graphics is a raster-graphics file-format that supports lossless data

compression. PNG was developed as an improved, non-patented replacement for Graphics
Interchange Format. PNG supports palette-based images, grayscale images, and full-color
non-palette-based RGB or RGBA images
PNG stands for ―Portable Graphics Format‖. It is the most frequently used uncompressed
raster image format on the internet. This lossless data compression format was created to
replace the Graphics Interchange Format (GIF). PNG file format is an open format with no
copyright limitations. Like GIF images, PNG also have the ability to display transparent
backgrounds. In addition to that, PNG files are capable of containing 24bit RGB color
palettes and grayscale images. Basically, this image format was designed to transfer images
on the internet but with Paints hop Pro, PNG files can be applied with lots of editing
effects.
Advantages:
 Using a lossless method of compression, png. images don‘t discard any containing
information
 Compared to gifs, the transparency is better realized
 It allows animations
 24bit color / 8bit color(256 colors)
 suitable for flat areas of colors, logos, transparent or semitransparent images
 suitable for icons
Disadvantage
 Not widely supported, but there are efforts for better sustainability.
 For larger images is better to save them as JPEG because of the big size

JPEG –
JPEG stands for ―Joint Photographic Experts Group‖. It‘s a standard image format for
containing Lossy and compressed image data. Despite the huge reduction in file size JPEG
images maintain reasonable image quality. This unique compression feature allows JPEG
files to be used widely on the Internet, Computers, and Mobile Devices. The sharing of
JPEG images is quick and efficient. Also, a large number of JPEG image files can be stored
in minimum storage space. JPEG files can also contain high-quality image data with a
lossless compression. In Paint Shop Pro JPEG is a commonly used format for storing the
edited images
Advantages: –
 It‘s supported by all operating systems

 A very good solution when you need to take a special care of the color details
 The most common extension, it‘s supported by all cameras, photo printers or editing
software
 The size/quality ratio is satisfactory.
Disadvantages: –
 It‘s not suitable for logos, iconic graphics or everything similar due to the
compression algorithm
 it doesn‘t render the sharp contrasts well
 It doesn‘t support animation
 It‘s not recommended to save a JPEG image multiple times; each new save means
the information discard.
IMG (Image file formats) –

IMG, in computing, refers to binary files with the .img filename extension that store raw
disk images of floppy disks, hard drives, and optical discs .
WPG (WordPerfect Graphic File)-

Graphic created by WordPerfect, a word processing program; can contain both vector and
bitmap image data and may include up to 256 colors
EXIF –
"Exchangeable Image File Format" EXIF is a standard means of tagging image files
with metadata, or additional information about the image. It is supported by both the TIFF
and JPEG formats, but is most commonly seen in JPEG images captured with digital
cameras

PS –
Adobe PostScript (.PS) file format was developed by Adobe in 1982. This postscript file
format is widely used by publishers primarily for printing purposes. PS files contain text
and images on the same page. The image format is actually a programming language within
graphic contents. Different objects of PS files can be modified and placed anywhere by
proper editing applications like CorelDraw

Unit IV
Basics of Video –
Visual multimedia source that combines a sequence of images to form a moving picture.
The video transmits a signal to a screen and processes the order in which the screen
captures should be shown. Videos usually have audio components that correspond with the
pictures being shown on the screen.
The term video refers to the moving picture, accompanied by sound such as a picture in
television. Video element of multimedia application gives a lot of information in small
duration of time. Digital video is useful in multimedia application for showing real life
objects. Video have highest performance demand on the computer memory and on the
bandwidth if placed on the internet. Digital video files can be stored like any other files in
the computer and the quality of the video can still be maintained. The digital video files can
be transferred within a computer network. The digital video clips can be edited easily.
Characteristics of Video:
1. Analog- A non-digital representation of information in a continuous flow, rather

than as individual pieces of data ,
2. Digital- A representation of information as individual pieces of data
3. Aspect Ratio - Dimension of width to height
4. Frame- Rate Speed at which video frames appear, Measured in frames per second
(fps)
5. Streaming - process of transmitting audio/video files over the Internet that begin
playing as the remaining data is temporarily transferring to your computer. User
friendly because video can be viewed as the file is loading without having to wait
for the completed file to load.
Types of video Signal –
1. Component Video
2. Composite Video
3. S – Video
Component Video-
Component video is a video signal that has been split into two or more component
channels. In popular use, it refers to a type of component analog
video (CAV) information that is transmitted or stored as three
separate signals.
Higher-end video systems make use of three separate video wires
for the Red, Green, Blue channel. Each color channel is sent as a
separate video signal. Most computer systems use Component

Video, with separate signals for R, G, and B signals. For any color separation scheme,
Component Video gives the best color reproduction since there is no crosstalk between the
three channels. Component video requires more bandwidth and good synchronization of the
three components.
Composite Video-
• Component video is a video signal that has

been split into two or more components.
In popular use, it refers to a type of analog
video information that is transmitted or
stored as three separate signals.
• Component analog video signals do not
use R, G, and B components but rather a
colorless component, termed luma, which provides brightness information (as in
black-and-white video).
• This combines with one or more color-carrying components, termed chroma, that
give only color information.
• Component video is used in professional video production and provides the best
quality and the most accurate reproduction of colors.
• Component Video gives the best color reproduction since there is no crosstalk
between the three channels. Component video requires more bandwidth and good
synchronization of the three components.
• Component video cables come in three-wire sets
S-Video Signal:
• S-video is a technology for transmitting video

signals over a cable by dividing the video
information into two separate signals: one for color
(chrominance), and the other for brightness
(luminance).
• S-video is a technology for transmitting video
signals over a cable by dividing the video
information into two separate signals: one for color
(chrominance), and the other for brightness (luminance).
• To use S-Video, the device sending the signals must support S-Video output and the
device receiving the signals must have an S-Video input jack. Then you need an S-
Video cable to connect the two devices.
• S-Video cable doesn't always come standard with a TV, and usually must be
purchased separately.

• Like composite video, S-video connectors are widely used on VCRs, DVD players
and receivers. The audio for both composite video and S-video uses common
left/right stereo connections.
• As a result, there is less crosstalk between the color information and the crucial
gray-scale information.
• S-Video cables are used for computer-to-TV output for business or home us
Types of Video –
1. Analog video
2. Digital video
Analog Video –
Analog video is a video signal transferred by an analog signal. When combined in to one
channel, it is called composite video Analog video may be carried in separate channels, as
in two channel S - Video (YC) and multi - channel component video formats. Analog video
is used in both consumer and professional television production applications.
Analog Video Connections
Composite, S-Video and component video are the three types of analog video connections
found on A/V equipment. For more details, see composite video, S-Video and component
vid.
Digital video
Digital video is an electronic representation of moving visual images in the form of

encoded digital data. This is in contrast to analog video, which represents moving visual
images with analog signals. Digital video comprises a series of digital images displayed in
rapid succession
Digital video offers a number of advantages over analog video, including:
 Ease of sharing and storage.

 No degradation of data quality when copied.
 Easy and inexpensive copying.
 The capacity for multicasting.

Various video Standards –
• PAL
• NTSC
• SECAM
PAL: Phase Alteration Line
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a color encoding system for analog television, and was
created in 1961 in the United Kingdom. It features 624 horizontal lines per frame with a
rate of 25 frames per second. PAL is used in broadcast television systems in many
countries and is one of the three major broadcast standards, along with the NTSC and
SECAM systems. PAL scans the cathode ray tube 625 times horizontally to form the video
image. This is similar to the SECAM system. PAL makes use of a screen resolution of 720
× 576 pixels.PAL has a more detailed picture due to the higher number of scan lines.
Higher levels of contrast and better color reproduction are also present in PAL. Automated
color correction is possible in the PAL system, In fact, PAL is considered to have better
picture quality than NTSC. PAL has a slower frame rate, resulting in motion not being as
smooth, and saturation varies at times between frames. The picture itself can appear to
flicker at times. NTSC holds an edge over PAL when it comes to smoother pictures,
especially with high-speed footage, due to its higher frame rate. It's Parameters are as
follows:
Lines: 525
Frame rate: 25 Hz
Picture resolution: 720 x 576; 704 x 576; 352 x 576; 352 x 288
The countries that support PAL are as follows:
Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, China,

Denmark, Finland, Germany, , Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, and many
more
NTSC: NATIONAL TELEVISION STANDARDS COMMITTEE
The NTSC is responsible for setting television and video standards in the United States
(in Europe and the rest of the world, the dominant television standards are PAL and
SECAM). The NTSC standard for television defines a composite video signal with a
refresh rate of 60 half-frames (interlaced) per second.
The NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) was responsible for developing, in
1953, a set of standard protocol for television (TV) broadcast transmission and reception in
the United States. Two other standards - Phase Alternation Line (PAL) and Sequential
colour with Memoire (SECAM) - are used in other parts of the world. The NTSC standards
have not changed significantly since their inception, except for the addition of new

parameters for color signals. NTSC signals are not directly compatible with computer
systems. An NTSC TV image has 525 horizontal lines per frame (complete screen image).
These lines are scanned from left to right, and from top to bottom. Every other line is
skipped. Thus it takes two screen scans to complete a frame: one scan for the odd-
numbered horizontal lines, and another scan for the even-numbered lines. Each half-frame
screen scan takes approximately 1/60 of a second; a complete frame is scanned every 1/30
second.
NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) is the oldest existing standard,
developed in the USA and first used in 1954. Its parameters are as follows:
Lines: 625
Frame rate: 29.97 Hz
Picture resolutions: 720 x 480; 704 x 480; 352 x 480; 352 x 240
The Countries that support NTSC video are as follows:
Antilles, Netherlands, Bahamas, , Canada, , Cuba, , Mexico, Panama, Peru, South Korea,
Taiwan, United States of America and many more
SECAM –
SECAM, also written SÉCAM ("Sequential colour with memory"), is an analog color
television system first used in France. It was one of three major color television standards, a
SECAM picture is also made up of 625 interlaced lines and is displayed at a rate of 25
frames per second. However, the way SECAM processes the color information; it is not
compatible with the PAL video format standard.
SECAM (Sequential colour with memory) was developed in France in 1967. SECAM uses
the same bandwidth and resolution (720x576) as PAL but transmits the color information
sequentially. Take note that only a handful of products support SECAM.
The countries that support SECAM are as follows:
Afghanistan, Central African Republic, , France, , Iran, Iraq, Libya, Madagascar, Mali,
Martinique, Mauritius, Mauritania, Monaco, Morocco, Niger, North Korea, Poland, Russia,
Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Syria .
Video File Formats -
A video file format is a type of file format for storing digital video data on a computer
system. Videos come in different types of formats which pose an issue of compatibility
with your video player can be it on your Smartphone, laptop or even smart TV. Also not
having the right format can get you video rejected when trying to upload due to an
incompatible format. All of these might make it tiring at times figuring out which is which
or what it entails. Whenever a video file is saved it contains two file in it. One is the
container and other is codecs. Container defines the structure of the video file and which
codecs will be used. Codecs is used to compress and decompress video file.

AVI format (.avi):
Audio Video Interleave basically contains both audios as well as video data. It was
basically developed by Microsoft. It basically uses less compression and contains almost
any type of codec‘s. It is commonly used by internet user due to multiple codec‘s support.
It basically means that even if AVI files may look same from outside but they are different
from one another on the inside basically all windows OS support this type of format
including another player for other platform exist.
AVI is the oldest among the ones here and supports almost all types of codec‘s under the
sun. It is also very common and can be used almost in any form for any purpose. Videos in
this format can be played by most media players especially the old ones.
MPEG –
The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is the family of standards and file formats
which are used in digital video.
MPEG was developed by the working group formed by IEC and ISO, which is also known
as moving picture experts group. Because of the various sophisticated compression
techniques used, MPEGs, when compared to most audio and video formats, are smaller in
size and more or less of same quality.
MPEG is a popular file format for audio and video.For broadcasting applications with
limited resources, MPEG is one of the best options as it allows streaming high quality
video on platforms like the Internet. The file format is supported by most electronic
products and can be played using software like Windows Media Player, Cyberlink Power
DVD, Apple Quick Time Player, etc.
MPEG Features:
 Compared to most formats, are smaller in size.

 Sophisticated compression techniques.
 Compared to most formats, superior audio and video quality.
 Major standards are: MPEG1, MPEG2, MPEG3, MPEG4, and MPEG7 MPEG21.
 Many simple, cheap decoders.
 Supported by all popular browsers.
 Both a non-commercial and cross-bros
 High image resolution and multi-channel sound technique.
 Uses asymmetric compression methodology.
MPEG -1 –
MPEG-1 is initial video and audio compression standard. The video quality of this standard
is almost as good as a VHS tape. It is a Audio/video standards designed for digital storage
media (such as an MP3 file) Video data for MPEG-1 is normally 30 fps (frames per
second), with a resolution of about 352×240.

MPEG -2–
MPEG-2 was designed to compress video and audio for higher-quality videos and being
chosen as the compression scheme for over-the-air digital television, satellite TV services,
digital TV, and DVD Video. it has better quality of coding, multi-channel sound and higher
image resolution. Due to all this MPEG-2 became standard in digital television and DVD
industry.
MP4 (MPEG -4)
MPEG-4 was created to stream DVD quality video at lower data rates and smaller file
sizes. MPEG-4 supports video/audio "objects", 3D content, sprites, text and other media
types. MPEG-4 has become extremely popular due to the ability to fit a two-hour movie to
a CD file retaining comparatively high quality. It is a Multimedia standard for the
computers, mobile devices, and the web
MPEG-7 –
Formally called the Multimedia Content Description Interface, MPEG-7 provides a tool set
for completely describing multimedia content. MPEG-7 is designed to be generic and not
targeted to a specific application.
MPEG-21 -
Includes a Rights Expression Language (REL) and a Rights Data Dictionary. Unlike other
MPEG standards that describe compression coding methods, MPEG-21 describes a
standard that defines the description of content and also processes for accessing, searching,
storing and protecting the copyrights of content
MJPEG –
Video file compressed using the Motion JPEG (M-JPEG or MJPEG) format commonly
created by digital cameras, webcams, and other mobile devices; consists of a sequence
of .JPEG images. The M-JPEG format is easily editable, but takes up a sizable amount of
disk space. The format is used by media players, web browsers, digital cameras, consoles,
video cameras, and streaming servers.
3GP (.3gp)-
This is both audio and video file format which was designed to transmit data between 3G
phones and the internet. It is most commonly used to capture video from the phone and
upload it online. Both Windows and Mac support the format.
Windows Media Video –
This format was developed by Microsoft. It was designed for web streaming applications.
WMV files are the very small in size over the Web, as their file size decreases after

compression, due to which results in poor video quality.
But this makes it only file format which can be send through e-mail.
QuickTime Format (.mov)-
This format was developed by Apple. It can store multiple tracks(for different language),
text file(subtitle) and effects. MOV files are of high quality and are usually big in file size.
It is supported both by Windows and Apple.
Video editing Software –
Video editing software includes tools to convert file formats, cut segments (trimming), join
clips, re-sequence clips, adjust brightness/contrast, rotate or crop footage, add sound or add
transitions and other special effects.
Various video editing software are-
1. Adobe premiere
2. Adobe after effects
3. Final cut pro
1. Adobe Premiere –
Adobe Premiere is a video editing software package suitable for both amateur enthusiasts
and professionals. It can be purchased and used alone, or alongside other applications such
as Adobe Photoshop, After Effects, etc. Premiere Pro is used to edit videos, including
movies, and is quickly becoming the go-to program for filmmakers all over the world, both
amateur and pro.
How Does Premiere Work? –
Like most editing software, Premiere works by importing video from a source such as a
video tape onto your hard drive, then allowing you to create new edited versions which you
can export back to tape, disc or other medium.
How Good Is Premiere? –
Premiere is a powerful editing tool, capable of producing broadcast-quality and high-

definition video. It is a very popular package amongst video enthusiasts and professionals,
although other packages are usually preferred for the very top level of television
production. Premiere has a nice clean interface which is relatively easy to use for people of
all skill levels.
What Can Premiere Do? –
 Import video, audio and graphics in a wide variety of formats.

 Edit, manipulate and arrange these elements in a visual timeline.
 Add effects, filters, titles, etc.

 Export your edited video in a variety of formats, including video tape recordings,
DV, DVD, and common Internet video formats.
Premiere is a mid-range application. If budget is your main concern, you can probably find
something cheaper to suit your needs. Conversely, if budget is not an issue and
performance is paramount, you can pay many times the price of Premiere for the very best
systems. Adobe Premiere has been around for a long time and enjoys a very stable user
base. It is a solid, professional-level application which will be more than adequate for most
editing situations.
2. Adobe after effects –
Adobe after Effects is a video and animation-based tool that‘s used to add elements to
moving pictures and animations. Most designers use it to create titles, intros, and transition
between clips for more seamless video production.
 After Effects is a digital motion graphics, visual effects and compositing software.
 For titles, shapes, 2D animations, adding special effects, After Effects is your tool.
 While you can create motion in text, images, and any other layer in Adobe Premiere
Pro – it is a lot easier to do in After Effects.
What can Adobe After Effects do?
By moving and transforming layers, you are able to bring artwork to life. After Effects
offers digital tools that help you manipulate and edit various properties. There are a lot of
ways to create animations inside of After Effects!
Different types of animations you can create in After Effects:
 2D Vector Animation
 Basic 3D Animation
 Character Animation
 Kinetic Typography
 UI/UX mock-up animations
 Visual Effects
With Adobe After Effects you can create, composite, and stylize 2D footage layers in 3D
space. Adobe After Effects serves a different role depending on the users needs.. A video
editor might use After Effects more for title design, and an animator might use it for
creating 2D cartoon characters. The reason why so many people have trouble defining
what After Effects does is simply due to the fact that it does so many things and does them
well. It should be noted that while After Effects is an incredible software, it isn‘t ideal for
editing footage. This is mainly due to the fact that it doesn‘t have the same playback
capabilities or layout as a video editing application. In an editing
context, Adobe After Effects is usually used to apply effects after your footage has been
roughly edited.

3. Final cut pro –
Final Cut Pro is video editing software developed by Macromedia Inc. and later by Apple
Inc. to help enthusiasts and independent filmmakers to edit, process and convert videos in a
number of formats. Users can edit and process video stored on their hard drives and exports
the resulting video in a number of formats. It has multi-camera editing for combining and
processing videos from multiple sources at the same time. Final Cut Pro includes
professional features like standard ripple, roll, slip, slide, scrub, razor blade and time
remapping edit functions.
Basic of Animation –
Animation is the process of designing, drawing, making layouts and preparation of

photographic sequences which are integrated in the multimedia and gaming products.
Animation involves the exploitation and management of still images to generate the illusion
of movement. A person who creates animations is called animator. He / she use various
computer technologies to capture the still images and then to animate these in desired
sequence.
A simulation of movement created by displaying a series of pictures, or frames. Cartoons
on television is one example of animation. Animation on computers is one of the chief
ingredients of multimedia presentations. There are many software applications that enable
you to create animations that you can display on a computer monitor.
Multimedia is the term used to represent combination of visual and audio materials
gathered from various resources and then added into one single combination. A multimedia
product can be sets of texts, graphic arts, sounds, animations and videos. Precisely, term
multimedia is used to refer visual and audio materials into a single common presentation
which can be played in a computer including CD ROM or digital video, internet or web
technology, streaming audio or video and data projection system etc.
Modern entertainment industry i.e. film and television has gained new heights because of
advances in animation, graphics and multimedia. Television advertisements, cartoons
serials, presentation and model designs - all use animation and multimedia techniques.
Types of Animation –
Traditional animation (cel animation) –
This was the traditional method used to create 2D animations before the introduction of
computers. Traditional animation usually refers to animation hand-drawn on paper. It was
the process used for most of the productions throughout the 20th century. Traditional
animation sometimes referred to as cel animation -cel is short for celluloid which is a
transparent sheet on which objects are drawn-, traditional animation is a technique where
each frame is drawn by hand. It‘s also called classical or hand-drawn
animation.Fantasmagorie is the first animated film in history created using traditional
animation by The French caricaturist Émile Cohl in 1908.

Working –
An animator draws the characters, layout and backgrounds on paper. Each drawing in the
animation would be slightly different than the one before it and the one following it,
creating the illusion of movement when everything is put onto film. Once all the animation
has been drawn on paper, it is then photocopied or retraced onto transparent acetate sheets,
called cels. After the line art is transferred onto the cels, paint is applied to the images,
using a color chart that is pre-determined for each character or element of the movie. Cels
were essential to drawn animation since it freed up the animator from having to draw every
element in the film on one single layer of paper. Instead, by using cels, each element had its
own layer and could be animated separately.
This method is mostly obsolete since it is far more time-consuming and costly to produce.
Computer Animation –
Computer animation, the branch of computer-generated imagery (CGI) dealing with

generating moving digital images, is more in-demand than ever. Special effects are an
everyday part of modern entertainment, including television shows, movies, and video
games. These media images require the specialized skills of computer animators.
Generally, Computer animation is a visual digital display technology that processes the
moving images on screen. In simple words, it can be put or defined as the art or power of
giving life, energy and emotions etc. to any non-living or inanimate object via computers.
It can be presented in form of any video or movie. Computer animation has the ability to
make any dead image alive. The key/main concept behind computer animation is to play
the defined images at a faster rate to fool the viewer so that the viewer should interpret
those images as a continuous motion of images.
Computer Animation is a sub-part or say small part of computer graphics and animation.
Nowadays, animation can be seen in many area around us. It is used in a lot of movies,
films and games, education, e-commerce, computer art, training etc. It is a big part of
entertainment area as most of the sets and background is all build up through VFX and
animation. There are two basic kinds of computer animation: computer-assisted and
computer-generated. Computer-assisted animation is typically two-dimensional (2-D), like
cartoons. The animator draws objects and characters either by hand or with a computer.
Then he positions his creations in key frames, which form an outline of the most important
movements. Next, the computer uses mathematical algorithms to fill in the "in-between"
frames. This process is called twining. Key framing and tweeting are traditional animation
techniques that can be done by hand, but are accomplished much faster with a computer.

2D animation –
The term "2D" refers to animation that is created using two dimensional drawings. Classic
hand drawn animation is the main example for this type.2D animation is the art of creating
movement in a two-dimensional space. This includes characters, creatures, FX and
backgrounds. Today, artists use computer software to create everything in a 2D animation,
including environments, characters, visual effects, and more. For most of the 20th century,
the animation was done by taking photographs of drawings on paper and then placing them
on transparent acetate sheets called cels. This process was abandoned with the introduction
of computers, which allows artists to create digital animations and then use techniques to
manipulate the image. Compared to drawing multiple images, using computers is far less
time-consuming and effective.
Although drawing skills are still required to be a 2D animator today, most of the work is
done with the use of computer software. These programs often have a huge toolbox of
features that help the artists manipulate the animation in a number of ways, including
making it look smoother by fine-tuning important elements such as timing.
Other advantages of 2D animation over the traditional way include being able to save and
load work. Being able to do so proves very handy if something didn‘t work and you need to
revert back to an earlier version of the animation. Being skilled in a particular 2D
animation program also allows you to make good use of a vast library of visual effects. Of
course, every 2D animation software comes with its own learning curves, which only get
steeper the better the program is.
Knowing what each tool does and how to use it effectively is essential if you want to be a
good 2D animator that isn‘t limited to a few techniques.
Notable 2D Animation Programs
 Toon Boom Studio

 Autodesk‘s SketchBook Pro
 Anime Studio Debut
 DrawPlus
 FlipBook Lite
 Adobe Photoshop
 The TAB Pro
 CrazyTalk Animator
 MotionArtist
 Flip Boom Cartoon
Where is 2D animation used?
2D animation is widely used in a number of creative industries and is still widely used
despite the rise of 3D animation. Everything from cartoon series and Japanese anime to
video games and full feature films are done in 2D. The fact that 2D animation is flexible
enough to be done on a wide range of platforms it what makes it such a popular form for

anything from entertainment and multimedia to broadcast video.Television is where 2D
animation is still used the most.
The number of shows that have been made with 2D animation is near-endless, with some of
the more well-known ones being The Simpsons, SpongeBob Squarepants, South Park, and
Avatar: The Last Airbender.Anime, a style of Japanese animation inspired by their manga
comics, also makes use of 2D animation.
3D animation –
3D animation is the manipulation of three dimensional objects and virtual environments

with the use of a computer program.
1. Animators first create a 3D polygon mesh with various connected vertices to give it
form.
2. The mesh is then rigged by giving it an armature, a skeletal structure that can be
manipulated to make the object appear in specific poses.
3. After making other objects and environments, the artist then uses the software to
create scenes that are much more lifelike than 2D animation.
This form, which is also called computer-generated imagery (CGI), is a fairly recent
technique that only came into use during the 1990s.Before that, the closest thing to 3D
animation was stop-motion and Claymation, which involved using real-life objects and
taking pictures to give the illusion of motion. Now it is arguably the most popular form of
animation and is used in anything from TV shows, video games, and feature films.
"3D" refers to Computer Generated Images (CGI) that create the illusion of three
dimensional space with great accuracy. Films like Toy Story and Up are 3D - CGI
animation. Computer special effects also fall within this category. All the magical creatures
and powerful spells in Harry Potter are done this way. We should bear in mind though, that
in the end, 3D animation is also just a sequence of flat, two dimensional images projected
on the screen.
A computer and 3D software program is required to create 3D animations, which usually
comes with a ton of features that let you do anything from modeling and simulation to
rendering.Tools for adding lighting, visual effects, physics, and other elements are also
normally included.
The reason 3D animation has become popular is that it can be used to create realistic
objects and scenes.Live-action films like Transformers, Avatar, and The Avengers would
not be as impressive if you removed all the 3D elements, which often include entire
characters and settings. 3D has also become the standard visual style for video games
because it lets players do much more than a 2D game.
But like other forms of animation, 3D has its own learning curve that involves gaining a
firm understanding of 3D software programs.These programs also tend to be pretty
expensive, which means they can be hard to learn as a student who doesn‘t have a few
hundred bucks to spend on one.
Notable 3D Animation Program
 Autodesk Maya
 Autodesk 3ds Max

 Unity
 CINEMA 4D
 Houdini
 Autodesk Softimage
 LightWave
 Modo
 TurboCAD Deluxe
 SketchUp Pro
Where is 3D animation used?
Today, 3D animation is used in more industries than ever before.Common examples

include:
 games
 movies
 television shows
 interior designing
 business
 architecture
 medicine
 many other multimedia fields
Without 3D animation, beloved movies like Toy Story, Frozen, How To Train Your
Dragon, and Big Hero 6 would not have been possible. When it comes to games, 3D
animation is everywhere. Some of today‘s most successful titles are in 3D, including Super
Mario 3D World, Bloodborne, Halo, Call of Duty, and many more. Television has also
finally started seeing a number of well-received 3D shows such as Star Wars Rebels, Kung
Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness, and the latest Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series.
Computer animation
Morphing –
Morphing is a familiar technology to produce special effects in image or videos. Morphing

is common in entertainment industry. Morphing is widely used in movies, animation games
etc. In addition to the usage of entertainment industry, morphing can be used in computer

based trainings, electronic book illustrations, presentations, education purposes etc.
morphing software is widely available in internet.
Animation industry looking for advanced technology to produce special effects on their
movies. Increasing customers of animation industry does not satisfy with the movies with
simple animation. Here comes the significance of morphing.
The Word "Morphing" comes from the word "metamorphosis" which means change shape,
appearance or form. Morphing is done by coupling image warping with color interpolation.
Morphing is the process in which the source image is gradually distorted and vanished
while producing the target image. So earlier images in the sequence are similar to source
image and last images are similar to target image. Middle image of the sequence is the
average of the source image and the target image.
Morphing Techniques -
Morphing techniques may be classified into two based on the ways to specify their features.
They are mesh based methods and feature based methods. In mesh based methods, features
of the image specified by a non uniform mesh. Feature based methods, features of the
image specifies as line segment or a set of points. Feature based methods are popular.
Tips to remember for Morphing process -
1. Choose pictures or images to morph carefully. For example, if you wish to morph
two animals, it should have same size and outline.
2. Selection of Background. For best results you should use same background for both
pictures.
Types of Morphing –
1- Two dimensional morphing -
Morphing techniques that have been developed to progressively transform one two-
dimensional image to another are usually pixel based and morph a source to a target by
interpolating pixel values based on constraints specified by the user.
2- Three dimensional morphing
Three dimensional morphing has been done using more or less the same technique. Instead
of dealing with pixels in a two-dimensional image though, the people who did this used
pixels in a three dimensional structure.
Morphing

Software for Creating animations –
1. Autodesk motion builder-
Motion Builder 3D character animation software for virtual production helps you to more
efficiently manipulate and refine data with greater reliability. Capture, edit, and play back
complex character animation in a highly responsive, interactive environment, and work
with a display optimized for both animators and directors.
MotionBuilder is a 3D character animation software produced by Autodesk. It is used for
virtual cinematography, motion capture, and traditional keyframe animation. It was
originally named Filmbox when it was first created by Canadian company Kaydara, later
acquired by Alias and renamed to MotionBuilder. Alias in turn was acquired by Autodesk.
It is primarily used in film, games, television production, as well as other multimedia
projects.
2. Blender
Blender is a powerful 3D computer graphics suite that's totally free for all users. In Blender
you can model objects, create textures, and animate models all under one roof. Because it's
open source Blender leans towards flexibility and customization more than many other 3D
programs. It supports the entirety of the 3D pipeline—modeling, rigging, animation,
simulation, rendering, compositing and motion tracking, video editing and 2D animation
pipeline.
3. Go animate -
Go Animate is a cloud-based animation platform that is easy to use. Users do not need to
have any prior design or animation skills to make use of this software product and, as it is a
web-based platform, people are able to make use of GoAnimate on their computer
anywhere as long as there is an internet connection.
Go Animate provides a range of cloud-based drag-and-drop tools to make HQ animated
video creation easy for everyone."
Go Animate understands the value of video, but the time-consuming and costly nature of
high-quality content creation was enough to put most people off. GoAnimate was inspired
to come up with a quick, simple and cost-effective tool for producing creative, high quality
and professional videos.
4. Adobe after effects –
Adobe after Effects is a video and animation-based tool that‘s used to add elements to
moving pictures and animations. Most designers use it to create titles, intros, and transition
between clips for more seamless video production.

 After Effects is a digital motion graphics, visual effects and compositing software.
 For titles, shapes, 2D animations, adding special effects, After Effects is your tool.
 While you can create motion in text, images, and any other layer in Adobe Premiere
Pro – it is a lot easier to do in After Effects.
What can Adobe after Effects do?
By moving and transforming layers, you are able to bring artwork to life. After Effects
offers digital tools that help you manipulate and edit various properties. There are a lot of
ways to create animations inside of After Effects!
Different types of animations you can create in After Effects:
 2D Vector Animation
 Basic 3D Animation
 Character Animation
 Kinetic Typography
 UI/UX mock-up animations
 Visual Effects

Unit V
Multimedia Applications-
A Multimedia Application is an application which uses a multiple media sources e.g. text,
graphics, images, sound/audio, animation and/or video. Multimedia conference covers the
selected tools applied in multimedia systems and key multimedia applications. It comprises
of Audio, video processing, Virtual reality and 3-D imaging, Virtual reality and 3-D
imaging, Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence. Multimedia Applications is the creation of
exciting and innovative multimedia systems that communicate information customized to
the user in a non-linear interactive format. Multimedia conference discusses the basic and
novel characteristics of multimedia document handling, programming, security, human
computer interfaces, and multimedia application services.
Application of multimedia in different Industries-
 In Education
 In entertainment
 In journalism
 In business
 In Marketing and Advertising
 in Bank
 in Hospital
 In Communication Technology and Multimedia Services
Multimedia in Education –
In education, multimedia is used to produce Computer Based Training and providing

reference books like Encyclopedia and Alma‘s. Computer based training leads the users go
through the CD of the presentation text about particular and associated information in
various formats. The combination of education and entertainment gives us edutainment.
Many computer games with focus on education are now available. Consider an example of
an educational game which plays various rhymes for kids. The child can paint the pictures,
increase reduce size of various objects etc apart from just playing the rhymes. Several other
multimedia packages are available in the market which provides a lot of detailed
information and playing capabilities to kids.
Multimedia Elements in Education -
Multimedia elements can be use for many things. With the help of computer software such
as Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator and Adobe Flash you can create and combine
various multimedia elements to create a great project. But, you must know each and every
function of those multimedia elements so that you can applied it in your learning.

Text -
Texts are the most basic element in multimedia and it is very easy to use. But, you must
not underestimate it because text can give the most impact on the quality of the
multimedia interaction compared to the other elements. This is because texts contain a
lot of font. A font is a collection of characters of a single size and style belonging to a
particular typeface family as shown in Figure 1.In general, text is used in order to
provide important information. This is because text are more direct and easy to
understand rather than the other multimedia elements. In learning, text are the most
commonly used element. But, by using multimedia text, the word can be much more
interesting rather that plain text thus increasing the learning effectiveness.
Graphic –
Graphic are two-dimensional figure or illustration. It is the most creative ways of

learning approach. It can be either a photograph, drawing or picture. There are many
types of picture format such as GIF, JPEG and PNG. Using graphic in education will
increase the students understanding. It will also enhance their memory skill because
picture are easy to remember. This is because image use a massive amount of cortical
skills such as color, form, line, dimension and imagination. This will help the students
to get a clear picture of what they are learning.
Audio-
Audio has been use in education for many decade. Because everything that we learn can
be recorded, it is an effective tool for the students because they use it to interact with
the course content provided by their teacher at any times and any location that they
want. Audio also ease the students by conducting live online discussion via audio tools
and platform. There are a few widely use software that can be use for this such as
Wechat, Whatapps, Line and Skype. This will not only save some time rather than
meeting face-to-face it also frequently used for long distance learning. Sound can also
be use by teacher to present a lot of information at once. This will help teacher to
explain the content of the topic in a much interesting ways which will help the students
to understand the topic. Learning by using audio also can help disable people such as
blind people to learn. This is one of the few ways for them to learn because they cannot
see and read. This shows that the use of sound in education can benefit a lot of people if
used in the correct way.
Video-
Video is widely used multimedia element. It also has the highest performance on your
computer or device among the five elements. There are a few standard video format for
educational use such as MPEG2 that is used for Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) playback
or MPEG4 for home video. Sometimes, using text or other multimedia elements to
convey information are hard and complex This type of multimedia element are used
because it can provide visual stimulation for students so that they can have a better

understanding in learning. This prove to be helpful in surgical training where students
cannot just understand the producer for surgery just by reading. So, a video of a surgery
in action is needed so that the students can understand. Teacher can also ask their
students to make a video project. This is because it can help them getting in touch with
the real element of what they are learning and show it to their other classmate. It also
can help to enhance their practical skill. This is because, by doing a video they are
expose to the outside element rather than just sitting in the classroom. So, they can gain
more experience and improve their skills. This shows that video can help to improve
our educational system.
Animation -
Animation are created using continuous motion and shape change combined together to
produce an animation. This happened because of a biological phenomenon called
persistent of vision and psychological phenomenon called phi. This enables us to see
animation the way it is. Animation are different than video. This is because video is
taken from real life event while animation are usually taken from drawing. There are a
few animation software that are used in educational field such as Adobe Flash,
Authoware and Director. By using this software, students can use their own creativity
and idea to present a project that they like. this help to improve their creativity while
bringing fun in learning. Animation also can help students to learn faster and easier.
This is because they can help teacher to explain a difficult topic. For example, the flow
of blood throughout the body cannot be seen. The flow of blood in and out of the heart
are difficult for students to understand in the beginning. By providing a structural
animation of our blood circulatory system and the heart, students can see clearly how it
works. This can help provide a better understanding about the topic to students. With
the help of computer animation, learning and teaching can be much more easier faster
and amusing.
Multimedia in Entertainment-

advertisement to appeal to the consumer in a way never used before and promote the sale of
the products. Multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, especially to
develop special effects in movies and animations (VFX, 3D animation, etc.). Multimedia
games are a popular pastime and are software programs available either as CD-ROMs or
online. Some video games also use multimedia features.
Multimedia in Journalism-
Multimedia journalists often work for newspapers, radio or television stations or use
computers in social media areas. They sample animations, data, video, graphics and audio
in multimedia. Sometimes multimedia journalists specialize in one area, for example local
news, world news, sports or weather.

Multimedia journalists are storytellers who work across many dimensions. They embrace
the traditional tenets of journalism: objectivity, accuracy, credible sourcing and strong
writing. But they tell their stories through some combination of text, images, sound, video
and graphics.Multimedia journalism provides almost infinite ways to tell a story. On the
other hand, journalists also have so many more choices to make about how, when and
where to tell that story.
You could use animation, embed tweets, add music or create an interactive graphic. Even
deciding on a platform can complicate things—the options range from websites to podcasts,
TV, social networks, radio, newspapers and magazines. More than likely you‘ll need to
adapt the content to a combination of those.
Multimedia in Business-
Multimedia can be used in many applications in a business. The multimedia technology

along with communication technology has opened the door for information of global wok
groups. Today the team members may be working anywhere and can work for various
companies. Thus the work place will become global. The multimedia network should
support the following facilities:
 Voice Mail
 Electronic Mail
 Multimedia based FAX
 Office Needs
 Employee Training
 Sales and Other types of Group Presentation
 Records Management
Multimedia in Marketing and Advertising-

advertisement to appeal to the consumer in a way never used before and promote the sale
of the products.
Multimedia in Bank-
Bank is another public place where multimedia is finding more and more application in
recent times. People go to bank to open saving/current accounts, deposit funds, withdraw
money, know various financial schemes of the bank, obtain loans etc. Every bank has a lot
of information which it wants to impart to in customers. For this purpose, it can use
multimedia in many ways. Bank also displays information about its various schemes on a
PC monitor placed in the rest area for customers. Today on-line and internet banking have
become very popular. These use multimedia extensively. Multimedia is thus helping banks
give service to their customers and also in educating them about banks attractive finance
schemes.

Multimedia in Hospital-
Multimedia best use in hospitals is for real time monitoring of conditions of patients in
critical illness or accident. The conditions are displayed continuously on a computer screen
and can alert the doctor/nurse on duty if any changes are observed on the screen.
Multimedia makes it possible to consult a surgeon or an expert who can watch an ongoing
surgery line on his PC monitor and give online advice at any crucial juncture.
In hospitals multimedia can also be used to diagnose an illness with CD-ROMs/ Cassettes/
DVDs full of multimedia based information about various diseases and their treatment.
Some hospitals extensively use multimedia presentations in training their junior staff of
doctors and nurses. Multimedia displays are now extensively used during critical surgeries.
Communication Technology and Multimedia Services-
The advancement of high computing abilities, communication ways and relevant standards
has started the beginning of an era where you will be provided with multimedia facilities at
home. These services may include:
 Basic Television Services
 Interactive entertainment
 Digital Audio
 Video on demand
 Home shopping
 Financial Transactions
 Interactive multiplayer or single player games
 Digital multimedia libraries
 E-Newspapers, e-magazines
Future of Multimedia –
‗Multimedia‘ is a media which combine the text, audio, images, animation, video, and
interactivity content forms. First of all, the multimedia tools are evolved gradually which
start from text, audio, telecommunication devices, video, animation, etc. Due to innovation
and creativity of scientists and the development of software, with the computer support,
more hi-tech devices and tools of multimedia is created and delivered to users
Talking about the future of multimedia, it is very important to the many fields especially
marketing, education, communication, business, entertainment, medicine, etc. Nowadays,
many multimedia tools and application are involved when organizing the events or
activities such as workshop, talk, open ceremony, functions, etc. Flash animation
presentation is used to smooth the talk; multimedia light is used to make people in concert
have high spirit, graphic illustration is used to help students more understanding about one
particular subject, etc. Therefore, multimedia definitely has significant impact in the future.
Multimedia can improve the lives of users in its applications. The most significant one is
improving the lifestyle today. Users can know the latest news that happening around the
world without travelling. Moreover, it brings more entertainment to the user. Let take an
example of mobile phone. In the past, users only use it to call other people. Currently,
mobile phone is like ‗PAT‘, Personal Assistant Tool. Many multimedia applications are

invented as part of functions of mobile phone. Users can play online games, listening songs
or RTM, watching movie or MTV, surfing internet, 3G call, capture photos, read image
catalogues, record something, etc. Besides that, some hi-tech mobile phones even provide
GPRS MAP (GM) that help users not get lost when travelling or driving at new places.
Users can know the location through the graphic simulation on the GM.
Nevertheless, multimedia might influence users in negative ways. Since it is very
convenient and easy to use, people may use the multimedia invention and technology in
the wrong ways. The most significant is the privacy of the user may be violated. Some
users like to use mobile phone or digital camera to record the incident and publish it to
‗you tube‘ which actually is violating human being right. In addition, some users may use
the advanced multimedia software to edit the picture in order to create the story which can
push the sale of magazine especially paparazzi.
Moreover, talking about its shortcomings, multimedia invention might always be misuse
by some unmoral organizations when competes to get something. False news was made
and spread by someone based on ‗edited picture‘ through Multimedia Messaging Service
(MMS) or other web resources.
In a nutshell, multimedia has contributed a lot to people life today. Thus, users should not
misuse it and should appreciate the multimedia application by being a morally good user.
Career in Multimedia Production –
Degree in multimedia will offer you ocean of job opportunities in web designing, computer
games designing, advertising graphics, animation and new media
 Multimedia professionals are also recruited in schools, publishing houses, films and
video conferencing.
 Multimedia developers can also work as flash developers, network engineers,
publishers, graphic artists, sound experts, animators, authors/content providers,
project managers and picture researchers.
 One can work as freelancer.
What do Multimedia Specialists Work On?
 Creating digital images for the purpose of animation

 Transferring audio/video files to be edited and manipulated digitally
 Creating artwork to be used in video games
 Creating animated sequences using computer software
 Designing and developing digital animations, imaging, presentations, games, audio
and video clips, and Internet applications using multimedia software, tools and
utilities, interactive graphics and programming languages
Common Job Areas (Designations):-
1. Web Designer/Developer Multimedia

2. Multimedia Designer

3. Software Developer/Programmer
4. IT Support/Helpdesk
5. On-line publishing (editorial/design)
Multimedia Marketing
1. Advertising manager
2. Creative director
3. Media director
4. Marketing or promotions manager
5. Product development manager
6. Market research manager
7. Public relations manager
8. Media analyst or strategist
9. Multimedia Careers in the Entertainment Industry
Digital Camera Operator
 Sound engineering technician

 Multimedia artist
 Film and video editor
 Sound effects editor
 Audio recording engineer
 Game designer
 Animator
 Game Programmer
 Game Tester
 Multimedia Fine Arts Careers
 Photographer
 Graphic designer
 Multimedia Designer
Virtual Reality –
Virtual means ‗Near or Implied‘ & Reality means the state of things as they actually exist,
thus virtual reality is nothing but ‗Near Reality‘. Virtual Reality is a simulation of a
physical entity into a virtual or imaginary environment that is created using software‘s or
programs that defy beliefs of a user compelling him/her to accept it as actual reality.
―In simple terms, Virtual Reality is a fully immersive computer simulated environment that
gives the users the feeling of being in that environment instead of the one they are actually
in‖
Virtual reality simulation requires two main components: a source of content and a user
device. Software and hardware, in other words. Currently, such systems include headsets,
all-directions treadmills, special gloves, goggles. VR tools should be providing realistic,

natural, high-quality images and interaction possibilities. For this, devices rely on
measurements like:
 Image resolution,
 field of view,
 refresh rate,
 motion delay,
 pixel persistence,
 Audio/video synchronization.
A believable, interactive 3D computer-created world that you can explore so you
feel you really are there, both mentally and physically.
Types of virtual reality –
Fully-immersive simulations
Chances are when you think of VR, you‘re picturing a fully-immersive experience –
complete with head-mounted displays, headphones, gloves, and maybe a treadmill
or some kind of suspension apparatus.
This type of VR is commonly used for gaming and other entertainment purposes in
VR arcades or even in your home (empty, non-fragile room advised.)
Fully-immersive simulations give users the most realistic experience possible,
complete with sight and sound. The VR headsets provide high-resolution content
with a wide field of view. Whether you‘re flying or fighting the bad you‘ll feel like
you‘re really there.
Semi-immersive simulations
Semi-immersive experiences provide users with a partially virtual environment to

interact with. This type of VR is mainly used for educational and training purposes
and the experience is made possible with graphical computing and large projector
systems
It‘s important to keep in mind that semi-immersive VR simulations still give users
the perception of being in a different reality. This type of virtual reality is not
always possible to experience wherever. Instead, physical environments are created
to supplement the virtual reality.
Non-immersive simulations
Non-immersive simulations are often forgotten as an actual type of VR, honestly

because it‘s very common in our everyday lives. The average video game is
technically considered a non-immersive virtual reality experience.

Applications of Virtual Reality (VR) –
With the advancement in display, sensing and computer technology, it gives the user
a new VR experiences which are more realistic and immersive for different VR
applications. VR can lead to new and exciting discoveries in different fields. There
are wide range of applications for VR which includes:
Virtual Reality in education –
Education is another area which has adopted virtual reality for teaching and learning
situations. The advantage of this is that it enables large groups of students to interact with
each other as well as within a three dimensional environment. It is able to present complex
data in an accessible way to students which is both fun and easy to learn. Plus these
students can interact with the objects in that environment in order to discover more about
them.
Virtual Reality in Military –
Virtual reality has been adopted by the military – this includes all three services (army,
navy and air force) – where it is used for training purposes. This is particularly useful for
training soldiers for combat situations or other dangerous settings where they have to learn
how to react in an appropriate manner.A virtual reality simulation enables them to do so but
without the risk of death or a serious injury. They can re-enact a particular scenario, for
example engagement with an enemy in an environment in which they experience this but
without the real world risks. This has proven to be safer and less costly than traditional
training methods.
Military uses of virtual reality
 Flight simulation
 Battlefield simulation
 Medic training (battlefield)
 Vehicle simulation
 Virtual boot camp
Virtual Reality in Healthcare –
Healthcare is one of the biggest adopters of virtual reality which encompasses surgery
simulation, phobia treatment, robotic surgery and skills training.
Virtual Reality in entertainment –
The entertainment industry is one of the most enthusiastic advocates of virtual reality, most
noticeably in games and virtual worlds. But other equally popular areas include:
 Virtual Museums, e.g. interactive exhibitions
 Galleries
 Theatre, e.g. interactive performances

 Virtual theme parks
 Discovery centers
Many of these areas fall into the category ‗edutainment‘ in which the aim is to educate as
well as entertain.
Virtual Reality in Fashion –
Fashion is not something that immediately springs to mind when thinking about virtual
reality but nevertheless, it is used by the fashion industry in a variety of ways.
These include:
 VR software for building virtual fashion stores
 3D avatars (virtual humans) to help with clothes design
 Fashion show in Second Life
 3D fashion portfolio
Virtual Reality in Business –
Virtual reality is being used in a number of ways by the business community which
includes:
 Virtual tours of a business environment
 Training of new employees
 A 360 view of a product
Many businesses have embraced virtual reality as a cost effective way of developing a
product or service. For example it enables them to test a prototype without having to
develop several versions of this which can be time consuming and expensive. It is a good
way of detecting design problems at an early stage which can then be dealt with sooner
rather than later.
Virtual Reality in Sports –

Virtual reality is used as a training aid in many sports such as golf, athletics, skiing, cycling
etc. It is used as an aid to measuring athletic performance as well as analysing technique
and is designed to help with both of these. It also used in clothing/equipment design and as
part of the drive to improve the audience‘s experience. Another popular use is sports
manufacture: virtual reality is used in the design of sporting clothes and equipment, e.g.
running shoe design. Innovation is a key factor in this industry as the bar is raised higher
and higher in terms of sporting achievement.
Virtual Reality in Engineering –
Virtual reality engineering includes the use of 3D modelling tools and visualisation
techniques as part of the design process. This technology enables engineers to view their
project in 3D and gain a greater understanding of how it works. Plus they can spot any
flaws or potential risks before implementation.
This also allows the design team to observe their project within a safe environment and
make changes as and where necessary.

Virtual Reality in Cinema–
A lot of cinemas have adopted VR technology now. They distribute head mounted display
units to all viewers for each movie. When the effect of this unit is combined with powerful
speakers that have been scattered all over the hall or theatre, it gives serious immersion.
You will be engaged and fully immersed in the movie. In fact, you will feel like you are a
part of the movie.
Virtual Reality in Real Estate –
VR is used to view the plan of a building. This gives a 3 dimensional image. What
architects and developers do is to upload all the virtual versions of the proposed buildings
on their virtual reality database and their prospective clients can view the structures from
there. It is just like viewing structures that are yet to be built. This is why there are two
main categories of architects now – the ones that have adopted virtual reality and the ones
that being run out of business.
Virtual Reality in Scientific Visualization –
Virtual reality is being increasingly used in the field of scientific visualization. This field is
based upon using computer graphics to express complex ideas and scientific concepts, for
example molecular models or statistical results.
Introduction to HMD (Head-Mounted Display) –
A head-mounted display (HMD) is a type of computer display device or monitor that, as

the name implies, is worn on the head or is built in as part of a helmet. This type of display
is meant for a total immersion of the user in whatever experience the display is meant for,
as it ensures that no matter where the user‘s head may turn, the display is positioned right
in front of the user's eyes.
In most cases, this is a virtual reality or multimedia device meant for entertainment.
However, some models have real-world applications such as part of the heads-up display
used in special weapon systems such as in airplanes and helicopters.
The monitors in an HMD are most often Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD), though you might
come across older models that use Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) displays. LCD monitors are
more compact, lightweight, efficient and inexpensive than CRT displays. The two major
advantages CRT displays have over LCDs are screen resolution and brightness.
Unfortunately, CRT displays are usually bulky and heavy. Almost every HMD using them
is either uncomfortable to wear or requires a suspension mechanism to help offset the
weight. Suspension mechanisms limit a user's movement, which in turn can impact his
sense of immersion.

A few HMD models use other display technologies, though they are very rare. Other
display technologies include:
 Fiber-Optics Displays
 Field Emission Displays (FED)
 Light Emitting Diode (LED) Displays
 Plasma Displays
 Vacuum Fluorescent Displays (VFD)
 Virtual Retinal Displays (VRD)
There are many reasons engineers rarely use these display technologies in HMDs. Most of
these technologies have limited resolution and brightness. Several are unable to produce
anything other than a monochromatic image. Some, like the VRD and plasma display
technologies, might work very well in an HMD but are prohibitively expensive.
Many head-mounted displays include speakers or headphones so that it can provide both
video and audio output. Almost all sophisticated HMDs are tethered to the VR system's
CPU by one or more cables -- wireless systems lack the response time necessary to avoid
lag or latency issues. HMDs almost always include a tracking device so that the point of
view displayed in the monitors changes as the user moves his head.
Head mounted Display
Boom cave –
The BOOM (Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor) from Fake space is a head-coupled

stereoscopic display device. Screens and optical system are housed in a box that is attached
to a multi-link arm over. A head-coupled stereoscopic display device. Screens and optical
system are housed in a box that is attached to a multi-link arm. The user looks into the box
through two holes, sees the virtual world, and can guide the box to any position within the
operational volume of the device. Head tracking is accomplished via sensors in the links of
the arm that holds the box. BOOM was created by Fakespace Systems Inc.

History of cave –
The first CAVE was developed at the University of Illinois at Chicago where Thomas A.
DeFanti, Carolina Cruz-Neira and Daniel J. Sandin demonstrated the first CAVE during the
SIGGRAPH conference in 1992. CAVE today finds applications in an array of industries
including geology, engineering, biology, art, architecture, physics and others.
CAVE is a recursive acronym for cave automatic virtual environment. It is an environment
created virtually and consists of a cube-shaped room. The walls of this cube-shaped room
behave as rear-projection screens.
A CAVE is a virtual reality environment with projectors directed at three to six walls of the
cube-shaped room. This is basically a video theater, and the walls are made up of rear-
projection screens. In order to see the 3-D graphics thus generated by the CAVE, users
need to wear 3-D glasses. Users in the CAVE can see objects floating in the air, walk
around them and can get a full, 360° view. Projectors inside the CAVE are used to display
lifelike visuals. An array of software is designed specifically for the CAVE. These include
OpenGL Performer, OpenSG and OpenSceneGraph.
Multimedia authoring Tools-
Multimedia authoring is a process of assembling different types of media contents like text,
audio, image, animations and video as a single stream of information with the help of
various software tools available in the market. Multimedia authoring tools give an
integrated environment for joining together the different elements of a multimedia
production. It gives the framework for organizing and editing the components of a
multimedia project. It enables the developer to create interactive presentation by combining
text, audio, video, graphics and animation.
1. A program that helps you write hypertext or multimedia applications.
2. Authoring tools usually enable you to create a final application merely by linking
together objects, such as a paragraph of text, an illustration, or a song.
3. Authoring tools require less technical knowledge to master and are used exclusively for
applications that present a mixture of textual, graphical, and audio data.
Two basic features: –
 Ability to create and edit a product

 Presentation scheme for delivering product

Four main perspectives in multimedia authoring tools : –
 Tool (any software package that could authors multimedia product)

 Product (the result of combining all multimedia components)
 Developer (designers, programmers, and multimedia authors)
 End user (customer or viewer)
There are three types of authoring tools, which are divided by the style in which the
multimedia presentation is created –
 Card-based
 Time-based
 Icon-based
Card-based –
 Card‐ and page‐based authoring systems provide a simple and easily understood
metaphor for organizing multimedia elements.
 It contains media objects such as buttons, text fields, and graphic objects.
 It provides a facility for linking objects to pages or cards.
Example of Authoring Tools
• HyperCard (Mac)
• Tool Book (Mac / Windows)
Icon Based –
Icon‐based, event‐driven tools provide a visual programming approach to organize and

present multimedia.
Examples of authoring tools
• Author ware(Mac/Windows)
• Icon Author (Windows)
Time Based authoring Tool –
• Time‐based tools are best suited for messages with a beginning and an end.
• Some time‐based tools facilitate navigation and interactive control
Example: -
• Macromedia Director
• Flash (Mac/Windows)
Professional Development Tools:
In addition to all hardware equipments described earlier, developers also need software
tools for building multimedia applications.

Text Editing Tools:
These tools are used to write a letter, invoice, user manual for a project and other
documents. These tools are most often tools for any multimedia project.
Ex - Word pad, MS Word, Open Office Word.
Common features: –
• Cut, copy and paste

• Text formatting
• Undo and redo
• Data transformation
Examples: –
• Windows Notepad
• Emacs
Image Editor –
A graphics program that provides a variety of special features for editing bitmap images.
Common features:
• Selection
• Layers
• Image size alteration
• Crop
• Enhancing images
• Change color depth
Examples of Image Editor:
• Adobe Photoshop
• GIMP (freeware)
• Microsoft Office Picture
• Fotografix (freeware)
Drawing Program: -
Drawing program is a computer program that allows users to compose and edit vector
graphics images interactively on the computer screen.
Drawing programs are better for –
• Graphic design
• Page layout
• typography
• Logos

• sharp-edged artistic illustrations (e.g. cartoons, clip art, complex geometric patterns)
• technical illustrations, etc
Drawing Program Examples –
• Inkscape (freeware)
• Adobe Illustrator
• CorelDraw
Computer Animation -
• Computer animation can be created with animation software.

• Some impressive animation can be achieved even with basic programs; however,
the rendering can take a lot of time on an ordinary home computer
Computer Animation Software-
• Adobe Flash
• Adobe Image Ready
• XARA 3D
• Ulead GIF Animator
Video Editing Program –
Video editing program is application software which handles the editing of video sequences
on a computer.
Common features:
• Splitting
• Add background sound
• Transition
• Crop
• Add title
• Add special effect
Examples of Video Editing Program
• Adobe Premiere
• Pinnacle Studio
• Video Studio
• Windows Movie Maker

Multimedia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Multimedia

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Multimedia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aishwarya College Of Education Pali

By definition Multimedia is a representation of information in an attractive and interactive

Multimedia can be used in many applications in a business. The multimedia technology

4. Multimedia in Marketing and Advertising-

By using multimedia marketing of new products can be greatly enhanced. Multimedia

Multimedia and its elements Page | 1

7. Communication Technology and Multimedia Services-

Multimedia and its elements Page | 2

10. Science and Technology –

Development Platforms for Multimedia –

Multimedia and its elements Page | 3

Multimedia and its elements Page | 4

Identifying Multimedia Elements –

Multimedia and its elements Page | 5

Multimedia Hardware and Software requirement -

MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Video Grabbing Card

Multimedia and its elements Page | 6

MULTIMEDIA SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS –

Multimedia and its elements Page | 7

8. Adobe Flash Player

10. Apple QuickTime

Making simple presentation with PowerPoint –

A PowerPoint presentation is a presentation created using Microsoft PowerPoint software.

Multimedia and its elements Page | 8

Step 2: Choosing a Design

Multimedia and its elements Page | 9

Step 4: Add More Slides

Multimedia and its elements Page | 10

Step 6: Add Transitions

Multimedia and its elements Page | 11

Step 8: Play the Presentation

Multimedia and its elements Page | 12

1. Based on creating letters, numbers and special characters.

Text elements can be categories into:

1. Alphabet characters: A-Z

Text can be captured in following ways

1. A ‗font‘ is a collection of characters of a particular size and style belonging to a

Multimedia and its elements Page | 13

The technology of font effects in bringing viewer‘s attention to content

How is the font size measured? –

Multimedia and its elements Page | 14

Fonts are divided in proportional and monospaced

1. Mono Spaced Font –

A mono spaced font, also called a fixed-pitch, fixed-width, or non-proportional font, is

Benefits of Monospace Fonts

Setting text in a monospace font makes it easier to identify characters by themselves.

Disadvantages of Monospace Fonts-

2. Prorpotionally Spaced fonts –

A font in which different characters have different pitches

Multimedia and its elements Page | 15

Disadvantages of Proportional Fonts

Proportional fonts present a disadvantage in some situations. If you want to be able to

Other type of font

Multimedia and its elements Page | 16

Font Scalling means to Change the size of font Horizontally or Vertically

Tracking refers to uniformly increasing or decreasing the

Multimedia and its elements Page | 17

kerning is the process of adjusting the spacing

Concept of plaintext and Formatted text –