Prof. Dr.

Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

Techniques of Integrations

1. Trigonometric Substitutions

∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

If an integrator function 𝒇(𝒙) contains one of the following quantities (in

its numerator or denominator even without root squares):

√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 , √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 and √𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐

Then we can use the following trigonometric identities:

* 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 (or 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽)

* 𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 (or 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝜽)

* 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 (or 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝜽)

Case One

If the integrator function 𝒇(𝒙) contains in its numerator or denominator the

quantity √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 , then we use the following substitutions:
𝒂 𝟐
𝒙= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝟐
𝒃 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝒃𝟐
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝟐

𝒂
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝒃 = 𝒂𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽)

= 𝒂√𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
 Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

Case Two

If the integrator function 𝒇(𝒙) contains in its numerator or denominator the

quantity √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 , then we use the following substitutions:
𝒂
𝒙= 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒂𝟐
𝒃 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒃𝟐
√𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒂 = 𝒂𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽)
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝒃
= √𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽

Case Three

If the integrator function 𝒇(𝒙) contains in its numerator or denominator the

quantity √𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 , then we use the following substitutions:
𝒂 𝒂𝟐
𝒙= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 . 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 − 𝒂𝟐
𝒃 𝒃𝟐
= 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 − 𝒂𝟐
𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝒂 = 𝒂𝟐 (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏)
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝒃 = √𝒂𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒂 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽

Remark

Assumptions 𝒂 𝒂 𝒂
𝒙= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒙= 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒙= 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃
Results √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

Examples

Compute the following integrals.

𝒙𝟐
(1) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟗−𝟒𝒙𝟐

Sol. By comparing √𝟗 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 and √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 , we have

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟗 → 𝒂 = 𝟑 and 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟒 → 𝒃 = 𝟐.

𝟑
𝒙= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝟐

𝟗 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟐
𝟗 𝟑
𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽.𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝟗
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟒
= ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟗−𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟖

𝟗 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 𝟗
= ∫
𝟖 𝟐
𝒅𝜽 =
𝟏𝟔
∫(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽)𝒅𝜽
𝟗 𝟏
= (𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽) + 𝑪
𝟏𝟔 𝟐

𝟗
= (𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽) + 𝑪
𝟏𝟔

Now, since
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 → 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 → 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝒙) = 𝜽.
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑

𝟏
Also, as √𝟗 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 → 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = √𝟗 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐
𝟑

𝒙𝟐 𝟗
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = (𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽) + 𝑪
𝟗−𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝟏𝟔
Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

𝟗 𝟐 𝟐
= [𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝒙) − 𝒙√𝟗 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 ] + 𝑪
𝟏𝟔 𝟑 𝟗

𝒅𝒙
(2) ∫
𝟗+𝟒𝒙𝟐

Sol. By comparing √𝟗 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 and √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 , we have

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟗 → 𝒂 = 𝟑 and 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟒 → 𝒃 = 𝟐.
𝟑
𝒙= 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
𝟐

𝟗 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽

𝟑
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟐
𝟑
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
∫ =∫ = ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽𝒅𝜽 = ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 . 𝒅𝜽
𝟗+𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝟐 𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽

𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽+𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝟏

= ∫ 𝒅𝜽 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽| + 𝑪
𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
= 𝒍𝒏 | √𝟗 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙| + 𝑪.
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑

𝒙 𝒅𝒙
(3) ∫
𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙−𝟖

𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Sol. ∫ =∫ =∫
𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙−𝟖 (𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟏)−𝟏−𝟖 (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 −𝟗

By comparing (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟗 with √𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 , we have

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟗 → 𝒂 = 𝟑 and 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏 → 𝒃 = 𝟏.
Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽

(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟗 = 𝟑 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽

𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝒙 𝒙 (𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽+𝟏)
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ . 𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙−𝟖 𝟑 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽
(𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 −𝟗

= ∫(𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝜽 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽)𝒅𝜽 = 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽 + 𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽| + 𝑪

𝒙−𝟏 𝟏
= (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟗 + 𝒍𝒏 | + (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟗| + 𝑪.
𝟑 𝟑

Exercises

Evaluate the following integrals.

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
(1) ∫ (2) ∫ (3) ∫ √𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 (4) ∫ √𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟏+𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐

√𝒙 𝟐 √𝟏 𝒙𝟑
(5) ∫ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (6) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 (7) ∫ 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 (8) ∫ 𝒅𝒙.
𝟏−𝒙 𝟒𝒙𝟐 −𝟏

2. Integration by Parts
(1) ∫ 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (2) ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (3) ∫ 𝒍𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (4) ∫(𝒍𝒏𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙

(5) ∫ 𝒙 𝒍𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (6) ∫ 𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (7) ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (8) ∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙

(9) ∫ 𝒆√𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (10)∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (11) ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 (12) ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

(12) ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏√𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (13) ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (14) ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟐 𝒍𝒏𝒙
(15) ∫ 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (16) ∫ 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (17) ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 (18) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑
Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

Deriving the Formula

Let 𝒖(𝒙) and 𝒗(𝒙)be two functions with continuous derivatives .Then
𝒅 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
(𝒖(𝒙). 𝒗(𝒙)) = 𝒖(𝒙). + 𝒗(𝒙).
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒅 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
→ ∫ (𝒖(𝒙). 𝒗(𝒙))𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒖(𝒙). 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒗(𝒙). 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

→ ∫ 𝒅(𝒖(𝒙). 𝒗(𝒙)) = ∫ 𝒖(𝒙). 𝒅𝒗 + ∫ 𝒗(𝒙). 𝒅𝒖

→ 𝒖(𝒙). 𝒗(𝒙) = ∫ 𝒖(𝒙). 𝒅𝒗 + ∫ 𝒗(𝒙). 𝒅𝒖

→
∫ 𝒖. 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖. 𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗. 𝒅𝒖

‫نشتق‬ ‫نكامل‬
𝒖→ 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗 → 𝒗

Examples

Compute the following integrals.

(1) ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Sol. 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 → 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝟏
𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 → 𝒗 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙
𝟑
𝟏 𝟐
∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑 ∫ 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙

We use the method once again:

Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

𝒖=𝒙 → 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙
𝟏
𝒅𝒗 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 → 𝒗 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙
𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑 [𝟑 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙]

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
= − 𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 + [ 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙] + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟗

(2) ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒍𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟏
Sol. 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙 → 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙
𝒙

𝟏
𝒅𝒗 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 → 𝒗 = 𝒙𝟑
𝟑

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒍𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒙𝟑 𝒍𝒏𝒙 − 𝟑 ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒙𝟑 𝒍𝒏𝒙 − 𝟗 𝒙𝟑 + 𝑪

(3) ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 √𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Sol. Suppose √𝒙 = 𝒚 → 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚

∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟏
𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 → 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒚
𝟏−𝒚𝟐

𝒅𝒗 = 𝟐𝒚𝒅𝒚 → 𝒗 = 𝒚𝟐

−𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝒚𝟐
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚−∫ 𝒅𝒚 --------((#)
𝟏−𝒚𝟐

𝒚𝟐
We need to compute ∫ 𝒅𝒚 by using trigonometric substitutions.
𝟏−𝒚𝟐

Compare 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 with 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒚𝟐 , we have

Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

𝒂𝟐 = 𝟏 → 𝒂 = 𝟏

𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏 → 𝒃 = 𝟏

𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝒅𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒅𝜽

𝒚𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒚 = ∫ . 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = ∫(𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽)𝒅𝜽
𝟏−𝒚𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=
𝟐
(𝜽 − 𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽) + 𝑪 = 𝟐 (𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽) + 𝑪

𝟏
= (𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝑪
𝟐

𝒚𝟐 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒚 = (𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝑪--------------- (# #)
𝟏−𝒚𝟐 𝟐

Substitute (# #) in (#), we obtain

−𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝒚𝟐
∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 − ∫ 𝒅𝒚
𝟏−𝒚𝟐

𝟏
= 𝒚𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 − (𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 ) + 𝑪
𝟐

𝟏
= 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 √𝒙 − (𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 √𝒙 − √𝒙. √𝟏 − 𝒙) + 𝑪
𝟐

(4) ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

Sol.
𝟏
𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) → 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒍𝒏𝒙) . 𝒅𝒙
𝒙

𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙 → 𝒗=𝒙
Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒍𝒏𝒙) − ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

We repeat the process once again for ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙.
𝟏
𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒍𝒏𝒙) → 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) . 𝒅𝒙
𝒙

𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙 → 𝒗=𝒙

∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒍𝒏𝒙) − {𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒍𝒏𝒙) + ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙}

∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒍𝒏𝒙) − 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒍𝒏𝒙) − ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒍𝒏𝒙) − 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒍𝒏𝒙)

𝟐 ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒍𝒏𝒙) − 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒍𝒏𝒙)

𝟏
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 {𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒍𝒏𝒙) − 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒍𝒏𝒙)} + 𝑪.

(5) ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Sol. (1): Using integration by parts.

∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 . 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 → 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐱 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐱 𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 → 𝒗 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙

∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

𝟐 ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙| + 𝑪

𝟏
∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 {𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙|} + 𝑪

Sol.(2): Without using integration by parts.

Note that 𝒅(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙) = (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙)𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒅(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙) − ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙) − ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 − ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟐 ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙| + 𝑪.

𝟏
∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 {𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙. 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙|} + 𝑪
Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

3. Integrating Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

Definition

A rational function is a ratio of two polynomials.

Note

We will give a general method for integrating rational functions that is based on
the idea of decomposing a rational function into a sum of simple rational
functions that can be integrated easily by techniques studied in previous lectures.
There are two cases to be discussed, as follow.

Case one: Linear Factor Rule

If the denominator of a rational function is of the form (𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒏 , then

the rational function can be decomposed as the sum of 𝑛 partial fractions:
? 𝑨
𝟏 𝟐 𝑨 𝟑 𝑨 𝒏 𝑨
(𝒂𝒙+𝒃)𝒏
= (𝒂𝒙+𝒃) 𝟏 + (𝒂𝒙+𝒃)𝟐 + (𝒂𝒙+𝒃)𝟑 + ⋯ + (𝒂𝒙+𝒃)𝒏

where 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , 𝑨𝟑 , …, 𝑨𝒏 are constants (unknowns) to be determined.

Case Two: Quadratic Factor Rule

If the denominator of a rational function is of the form

(𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)𝒏 , then the rational function can be decomposed as the sum
of 𝑛 partial fractions:
? 𝑨𝟏 𝒙+𝑩𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝒙+𝑩𝟐 𝑨𝟑 𝒙+𝑩𝟑 𝑨𝒏 𝒙+𝑩𝒏
𝒏 = 𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑 +⋯+ 𝒏
(𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄) (𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄) (𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄) (𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄) (𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄)

where 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 , 𝑨𝟑 , …, 𝑨𝒏 , 𝑩𝟏 , 𝑩𝟐 , 𝑩𝟑 , …, 𝑩𝒏 are constants (unknowns) to be

determined.
Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

Note

(1) This method is completely depend on the denominator of the rational

function, and this denominator must be written as a product of brackets.

(2) The number of the partial fractions equals to the number of the brackets in
the denominator of the rational function.

(3) Sometimes, the denominator of a rational function combines the linear form
as well as the quadratic form. In this case, the rational function can be
decomposed as the sum of the following partial fractions:
? 𝟏 𝑨 𝟐 𝑨
𝟑 𝒏 𝑨 𝑨
𝒎 = (𝒂𝒙+𝒃) 𝟏 + (𝒂𝒙+𝒃)𝟐 + (𝒂𝒙+𝒃)𝟑 + ⋯ + (𝒂𝒙+𝒃)𝒏 +
(𝒂𝒙+𝒃)𝒏 . (𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄)
𝑩𝟏 𝒙+𝑪𝟏 𝑩𝟐 𝒙+𝑪𝟐 𝑩𝟑 𝒙+𝑪𝟑 𝑩𝒎 𝒙+𝑪𝒎
𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑 +⋯+ 𝒎 +
(𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄) (𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄) 𝒙(𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄) (𝒂𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝒙+𝒄)

𝒙+𝟏
For example, ∫ dx. In this case, we have:
(𝟐𝒙−𝟏)𝟑 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)𝟐

𝒙+𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 𝑫𝒙+𝑬 𝑭𝒙+𝑮

= + 𝟐 + 𝟑 + +
(𝟐𝒙−𝟏)𝟑 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)𝟐 𝟐𝒙−𝟏 (𝟐𝒙−𝟏) (𝟐𝒙−𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)𝟐

Where 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪, 𝑫, 𝑬, 𝑭 and 𝑮 are constants (unknowns) to be determined.

Example

𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
Compute ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑 −𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏

𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏

Sol. = =
𝒙𝟑 −𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏 (𝒙𝟑 −𝒙𝟐 )−(𝒙−𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 (𝒙−𝟏)−(𝒙−𝟏)

𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏

= (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 = (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟏) = (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏)
−𝟏)

𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝟐𝑨 𝑨𝟑
= (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐(𝒙+𝟏) = + (𝒙−𝟏) 𝟐 +
𝒙𝟑 −𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝑨 𝟑 𝑨 𝑨
∫ 𝒙𝟑 −𝒙𝟐−𝒙+𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ (𝒙−𝟏 + (𝒙−𝟏) 𝟐 + 𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙

𝟏
= 𝑨𝟏 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟏| − 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨𝟑 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝑪
𝒙−𝟏

Now, we need to find the constants 𝑨𝟏 , 𝑨𝟐 and 𝑨𝟑 .

𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟑 𝑨𝟏 (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟏)+𝑨𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏)+𝑨𝟑 (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐

(𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏)
= + (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐
+ = (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏)
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙+𝟏

𝑨𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝑨𝟏 +𝑨𝟐 𝒙+𝑨𝟐 +𝑨𝟑 𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙𝑨𝟑 +𝑨𝟑

= (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏)

𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 (𝑨𝟏 +𝑨𝟑 )𝒙𝟐 +(𝑨𝟐 −𝟐𝑨𝟑 )𝒙+(−𝑨𝟏 +𝑨𝟐 +𝑨𝟑 )

(𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏)
= (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏)

→ 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟑 = 𝟐 --------------- (1)

𝑨𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨𝟑 = 𝟎 ---------------(2)

−𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑨𝟑 = −𝟏 ------ (3)

(1) + (3): 𝑨𝟐 + 𝟐𝑨𝟑 = 𝟏 ---------(4)

𝟏 𝒊𝒏 (𝟐) 𝟏 𝒊𝒏 (𝟏) 𝟕
(2)+(4): 𝟐𝑨𝟐 = 𝟏 → 𝑨𝟐 = → 𝑨𝟑 = → 𝑨𝟏 =
𝟐 𝟒 𝟒

𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝟑 −𝒙𝟐−𝒙+𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑨𝟏 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟏| − 𝑨𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
+ 𝑨𝟑 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝑪
𝟕 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟏| − . + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝑪.
𝟒 𝟐 𝒙−𝟏 𝟒

Example

𝒅𝒙
Evaluate ∫
𝒙𝟒 +𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟒

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Sol. ∫ =∫
𝒙𝟒 +𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)
Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

𝒅𝒙 𝑨 𝒙+𝑩 𝑨𝟐 𝒙+𝑩𝟐 𝑨𝟏 𝒙+𝑩𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝒙+𝑩𝟐

∫ 𝒙𝟒 +𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 = ∫ [ (𝒙𝟏 𝟐+𝟏)𝟏 + (𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)
] 𝒅𝒙 = ∫
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ (𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)
𝒅𝒙

𝐴1 𝑥 𝐵1 𝐴2 𝑥 𝐵2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1 2
𝑥 +1 𝑥 2 +4 2
𝑥 +4

𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝟏 𝑩
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏| + 𝑩𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒| + ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 +𝟏
𝟒

𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝟏 𝑩𝟐
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏| + 𝑩𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒| + ∫ 𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 ( ) +𝟏
𝟐

𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝟏 𝒙
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏| + 𝑩𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒| + 𝑩𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 + 𝑪---(#)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝒙+𝑩𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝒙+𝑩𝟐 (𝑨𝟏 𝒙+𝑩𝟏 )(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)+(𝑨𝟐 𝒙+𝑩𝟐 )(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)

= + =
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒) (𝒙𝟐 +𝟏) (𝒙𝟐 +𝟒) (𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)

𝑨𝟏 𝒙𝟑 +𝟒𝑨𝟏 𝒙+𝑩𝟏 𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝑩𝟏 +𝑨𝟐 𝒙𝟑 +𝑨𝟐 𝒙+𝑩𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝑩𝟐

=
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)

(𝑨𝟏 +𝑨𝟐 )𝒙𝟑 +(𝑩𝟏 +𝑩𝟐 )𝒙𝟐 +(𝟒𝑨𝟏 +𝑨𝟐 )𝒙+(𝟒𝑩𝟏 +𝑩𝟐 )
= (𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)

→ 𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 = 𝟎-------------------(1)

𝑩𝟏 + 𝑩𝟐 = 𝟎-------------------(2)

𝟒𝑨𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐 = 𝟎------------------(3)

𝟒𝑩𝟏 + 𝑩𝟐 = 𝟏-------------------(4)

From (1) and (3) → 𝑨𝟏 = 𝟎 and 𝑨𝟐 = 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏
From (2) and (4) → 𝑩𝟏 = and 𝑩𝟐 = −
𝟑 𝟑
1 1
Substitute 𝐴1 = 0, 𝐴2 = 0, 𝐵1 = and 𝐵2 = − in (#) above, we have
3 3

𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙
∫ 𝒙𝟒 +𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 = 𝟑 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟔 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑪
Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

4. Integrating Rational Functions of sine and cosine (or 𝒁-Technique)

As it was shown previously by using the technique of trigonometric
substitutions, we convert the integrator function from a function of an algebraic
nature to a function of a trigonometric nature.

Conversely, in the present technique we convert the integrator function

from a function of a trigonometric nature to a function of an algebraic nature.

Finding the Formulae

The main purpose of using this technique is to compute the integral

∫ 𝒇(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙, 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙)𝒅𝒙, whose integrator function 𝒇(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙, 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) is a function of sine
and cosine. Suppose
𝒙 𝝅 𝒙 𝝅
𝒛 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( ), − < < .
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙
(i) Finding 𝒅𝒙: → 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒛 =
𝟐

→ 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒛
𝟐
→ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒛
𝟏+𝒛𝟐

𝒙 𝒛 𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
(ii) Finding 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙: Since 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( ) = 𝒛 = =
𝟐 𝟏 𝒂𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆

𝒕 = √𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒛
𝒙
𝟏
𝟐

Pythagorean theorem: 𝒕𝟐 = 𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 → 𝒕 = √𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 .
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒛 𝟏 𝟐𝒛
Now, 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 ( ) = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) = 𝟐 . → 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐
Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

(ii) Finding 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝟏 𝒛
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 ( ) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 ( ) − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 ( ) =( ) −( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐

𝟏 𝒛𝟐 𝟏−𝒛𝟐
= 𝟐
− = .
𝟏+𝒛 𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐

From above we have:

𝟐 𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒙 =
𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐
𝟐𝒛
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 =
𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐

𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 =
𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐

Examples

Compute the following integrals.

𝒅𝒙
(1) ∫
𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙−𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙

𝒙
Sol. Suppose 𝒛 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( ).
𝟐

𝟐 𝒅𝒛 𝟐 𝒅𝒛 𝟐 𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒛
∫ 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙−𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐𝒛 𝟏−𝒛𝟐
=∫ 𝟖𝒛 𝟑−𝟑𝒛𝟐
=∫ 𝟑𝒛𝟐+𝟖𝒛−𝟑
=∫
𝟑𝒛𝟐 +𝟖𝒛−𝟑
𝟒. 𝟐 −𝟑. −
𝟏+𝒛 𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟏+𝒛 𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐

𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒛 𝟐 𝒅𝒛
∫ 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙−𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = ∫ 𝟑𝒛𝟐+𝟖𝒛−𝟑 = ∫ (𝟑𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛+𝟑) ------------------(#)

𝟐 𝑨 𝑩
Note that = +
(𝟑𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛+𝟑) 𝟑𝒛−𝟏 𝒛+𝟑

𝟐 𝒅𝒛 𝑨 𝑩 𝑨 𝑩
∫ (𝟑𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛+𝟑) = ∫ (𝟑𝒛−𝟏 + 𝒛+𝟑) 𝒅𝒛 = ∫ 𝟑𝒛−𝟏 𝒅𝒛 + ∫ 𝒛+𝟑 𝒅𝒛
Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

𝑨
= 𝒍𝒏|𝟑𝒛 − 𝟏| + 𝑩 𝒍𝒏|𝒛 + 𝟑| + 𝑪
𝟑

Now, we find the constants 𝑨 and 𝑩.

𝟐 𝑨 𝑩 𝑨(𝒛+𝟑)+𝑩(𝟑𝒛−𝟏) (𝑨+𝟑𝑩)𝒛+𝟑𝑨−𝑩
= + = (𝟑𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛+𝟑)
= (𝟑𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛+𝟑)
(𝟑𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛+𝟑) 𝟑𝒛−𝟏 𝒛+𝟑

→ 𝑨 + 𝟑𝑩 = 𝟎 --------(1)

𝟑𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝟐 ---------(2)
𝟏 𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝟑
3*(1)-(2): 𝟏𝟎 𝑩 = −𝟐 → 𝑩 = − → 𝑨=
𝟓 𝟓

𝟐 𝒅𝒛 𝟏 𝟏
∫ (𝟑𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛+𝟑) = 𝟓 𝒍𝒏|𝟑𝒛 − 𝟏| − 𝟓 𝒍𝒏|𝒛 + 𝟑| + 𝑪 ---------------- (# #)

Substitute (#) in (# #), we obtain

𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
∫ 𝟒𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙−𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝟓 𝒍𝒏|𝟑𝒛 − 𝟏| − 𝟓 𝒍𝒏|𝒛 + 𝟑| + 𝑪

𝟏 𝒙 𝟏 𝒙
= 𝒍𝒏 |𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( ) − 𝟏| − 𝒍𝒏 |𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( ) + 𝟑| + 𝑪.
𝟓 𝟐 𝟓 𝟐

𝒅𝒙
(2) ∫
𝟒+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

𝒙
Sol. Suppose 𝒛 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( ).
𝟐

𝟐 𝒅𝒛 𝟐 𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛
∫ 𝟒+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐𝒛 =∫ 𝟒𝒛𝟐 +𝟐𝒛+𝟒
=∫
𝟒𝒛𝟐 +𝟐𝒛+𝟒
=∫
𝟐𝒛𝟐 +𝒛+𝟐
𝟒+
𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐

𝟏 𝒅𝒛 𝟏 𝒅𝒛 𝟏 𝒅𝒛
= ∫ 𝟏 = ∫ 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 = ∫ 𝟏 𝟏𝟓
𝟐 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛+𝟏 𝟐 (𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛+ )− +𝟏 𝟐 (𝒛+ )𝟐 +
𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟏𝟔

𝟒
𝟏 𝟏𝟔 𝒅𝒛 𝟖 𝒅𝒛 𝟖 √𝟏𝟓 𝒅𝒛
√𝟏𝟓
= . ∫ 𝟏𝟔 𝟏 = ∫ 𝟏 𝟐
= . ∫ 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏𝟓 (𝒛+ )𝟐 +𝟏 𝟏𝟓 [
𝟒
(𝒛+ )] +𝟏 𝟏𝟓 𝟒 [
𝟒
(𝒛+ )] +𝟏
𝟏𝟓 𝟒 𝟒 𝟒
√𝟏𝟓 √𝟏𝟓

𝟒
𝟐 𝒅𝒛 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏
= ∫ √𝟏𝟓
𝟏 𝟐
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 [ (𝒛 + )] + 𝑪
√𝟏𝟓 𝟒
[ (𝒛+ )] +𝟏 √𝟏𝟓 √𝟏𝟓 𝟒
√𝟏𝟓 𝟒
Prof. Dr. Raad Salih Mahdi College of Oil and Gas Engineering

𝟐 𝟒 𝒙 𝟏
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 [ (𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( ) + )] + 𝑪.
√𝟏𝟓 √𝟏𝟓 𝟐 𝟒

Exercises

Compute the following integrals.

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
(1) ∫ (2) ∫ (3) ∫ 𝒙 (4) ∫ (5) ∫
𝟐+𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝟐+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝒙+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒 𝒙 𝟏+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝟐