Scribd
Upload
29 views

Lesson 2 Functions

Uploaded by

agarao.kieshelyn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
29 views

Lesson 2 Functions

Uploaded by

agarao.kieshelyn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

Functions

Everything you do in calculus concerns functions and their graphs in one way
or another. Differential calculus involves finding the slope or steepness of various
functions.

FUNCTION - a relationship between two things in which the numerical value of


one thing in some way depends on the value of the other.
A function has only one output for each input.
A function has only one output for each input.
Domain and Range; Dependent & Independent Variable

Definitions of domain and range: The set of all inputs of a function is called
the domain of the function; the set of all outputs is the range of the function.

Definitions of dependent variable and independent variable: In a function,


because you plug numbers into the independent variable, it’s also called the
input variable. After plugging in a number, you then calculate the output or
answer for the dependent variable, so the dependent variable is also called the
output variable. When you graph a function, the independent variable goes on the
x-axis, and the dependent variable goes on the y-axis.
E.g. In the winter, more electricity is used when the temperature goes down, and
less is used when the temperature rises. Which is the dependent variable and
independent variable?
E.g. In the winter, more electricity is used when the temperature goes down,
and less is used when the temperature rises. Which is the dependent variable
and independent variable?

D: amount of electricity
I: temperature
Table of contents

01 03
Function Notation Common Functions

02 04
Vertical Line Test Composite Functions
01
Function Notation
y is usually replaced with f(x), which is read as ‘f of x’ or
‘function of x’. Just think of f(x) as a single symbol for y.
Other letters can be used instead of f just to indicate a
different function. E.g. g(x), A(s), p(x)
E.g. Evaluate the function for the given input values. For f(x) = 5x, find f(x)
when x=6 and when x=7.5
E.g. Evaluate the function for the given input values. For f(x) = 5x, find f(x)
when x=6 and when x=7.5

30 and 37.5
02
Vertical Line Test
How to use the Vertical Line Test

A curve is a function if a vertical line drawn through the


curve — regardless of where it’s drawn — touches the curve only once.
This guarantees that each input within the function’s domain has exactly
one output.

Note: Equations representing graphs that do not satisfy the vertical line
test can still be called relations. Those that satisfy the test are also
relations. A relation represents any collection of points in the x-y
coordinates system.
Relation: In a relation, there is no requirement for uniqueness. An element from
the domain can be related to multiple elements in the range. This means that the
same x can be associated with different y values in a relation.
03
REPRESENTATIONS OF
FUNCTIONS
• LINE – simplest function representation
• LINE – simplest function representation
Geometry Review:

• Horizontal line has a slope of zero.


• Vertical line has no slope. Or undefined slope.
• Parallel lines have the same slope.
• Perpendicular line have opposite reciprocal slopes.
• Vertical lines has no slope-intercept form, y=mx +b. They are written as
x=certain value.
• Identity Function –
because inputs
produce the same
outputs

y=x
m=1, b=0

goes through origin and


makes a 45 degree with
both the axes
Constant Function – for a horizontal line, y=c (c representing any constant),
m=0
•Parabolic Function and
Absolute Value Function –
together because both can appear
symmetric with respect to the
y-axis.

Note: When the graphs of the


functions are symmetrical with
respect to the y-axis, they are
even functions.

Parabolic Function
Absolute Value Function
Odd Functions – if you rotate the graph 180 degrees. It will land on itself.

E.g.
• Exponential Functions –
mathematical relationship
in which a quantity grows
or decays at a constant rate
relative to its current value
The functions in the example are of the form f(x)=b^x.

Note:

if b is greater than 1, you have exponential growth. All such functions get
higher and higher without limit as they go to the right toward positive infinity. As
they go to the left toward negative infinity, they crawl along the x-axis, always
getting closer to the axis, but never touching it.

If b is between 0 and 1, you have an exponential decay function. The graphs


of such functions are like exponential growth functions in reverse. Exponential
decay functions will cross the y-axis at 0,1 then go up to the left forever while
crawling along the x-axis to the right.
•Logarithmic Functions -
exponential function with
the x- and y-axes switched.

• logarithmic function is like


a reverse exponent. It
helps you find the 'power'
or exponent you need to
raise a specific number
(the base) to in order to
get a certain result. In
other words, it tells you
the 'hidden' exponent.
•Inverse Functions – Inverse functions 'undo' the
actions of the original function, allowing you to
start with the output of the original function
and get back to the original input.

E.g. The inverse of f(x) = x^3 is f^-1(x) = cube


root of x

Note: Read f^-1(x) as f inverse of x. The


exponent -1 is not the same as -1 used to represent
reciprocal.

Also to know if functions are really inverse of each


other, their graphs will mirror each other just like
the one above.
04
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Composite Function
A composite function is the combination of two functions.

For example, the cost of the electrical energy needed to air condition your
place depends on how much electricity you use, and usage depends on the
outdoor temperature. Because cost depends on usage and usage depends
on temperature, cost will depend on temperature. In function language, cost
is a function of usage, usage is a function of temperature, and thus cost is a
function of temperature. This last function, a combination of the first two, is a
composite function.

Note: Always calculate the inside function first. Also order matters f(g(x)) is
not equal to g(f(x)).
E.g.
E.g.
E.g.
E.g.
E.g.
E.g.
Do you have any questions?

You might also like