Bachelor of Science (Engineering)

BSC103C
Engineering Dynamics and Mechanics
Topic 6
Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids

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 Bachelor of Science (Engineering)
BSC103C
Engineering Dynamics and Mechanics
Topic 6
Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
Topic 6.1 Introduction to Mechanics and
Strengths of Materials

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 Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids Topic 6
6.1 Introduction to Mechanics and Strengths of
Materials
1. Properties of materials
2. Rigid bodies and deformable • Rigid bodies and deformable solids
solids
• Properties of materials (including Hardness)
3. Tension, compression
4. Stress and strain 6.2 Tension and Compression
5. Hardness, Modulus of Elasticity • Stress and strain
and Failure
6. Deformation of simple and • Modulus of Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
compound bars
• Failure
7. Hooke’s law
8. Poisson’s ratio • Deformation of simple and compound bars
9. Thermal stresses, elastic 6.3 More
constants, volumetric strains
10. Stresses on inclined planes • Poisson’s ratio, volumetric stress and strain
11. Lab testing for tension, • Thermal stresses, elastic constants
compression and shear
• Stresses on inclined planes
6.4 Testing
• Lab testing for tension, compression and shear

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 Topic 6 Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
6.1 Introduction to Mechanics and Strengths of Materials
• Rigid bodies and deformable solids
• Properties of materials (including Hardness)
6.2 Tension and Compression
• Stress and strain
• Modulus of Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
• Failure
• Deformation of simple and compound bars
6.3 More
• Poisson’s ratio, volumetric stress and strain
• Thermal stresses
• Elastic constants
• Stresses on inclined planes
6.4 Testing
• Lab testing for tension, compression and shear

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 6.1 Introduction to Mechanics of Materials
• Mechanics of Materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the
behaviour of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading.
• Also called Strength of Materials and Mechanics of Deformable bodies.
• The principal objective of mechanics of materials is to determine the
stresses, strains, and displacements in structures and their components due
to the loads acting on them.
• If we can find these quantities for all values of the loads up to the loads that
cause failure, we will have a complete picture of the mechanical behaviour of
these structures.
• An understanding of mechanical behaviour is essential for the safe design of
structures. Airplanes, antennas, buildings, bridges, machines, motors, ships,
spacecraft.
• Statics and dynamics deal with forces and motion of particles and rigid
bodies.
• Mechanics of materials examines the stresses and strains in real bodies that
deform under load.
• Involves physical properties and laws and concepts.

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 Properties of material
The following are some of the important properties of materials related to the
behaviour of a material under load.

• ELASTIC. When a body is subjected to external forces, it undergoes

deformations, and develops internal resisting forces to balance the externally
applied forces. When the external forces are removed, it comes back to its
original shape and size. Materials which exhibit this property are known as
elastic materials, and the property itself is called elasticity. Many metals
exhibit this property up to a certain value of stress, known as the elastic limit
of the material, beyond which permanent deformations remain in the body. A
material is said to be homogeneous if it exhibits the same elastic properties
at all points. It is said to be isotropic if it exhibits the same elastic properties in
all directions at a point.

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 Properties of material
• Plasticity is the property because of which a material subjected to forces
undergoes deformations which do not disappear on the removal of external
forces. Plasticity is important when a substance has to be moulded into
components. Many materials become plastic at large values of stress or at
high temperatures.

• Ductility is the property because of which it is possible to draw thin wires

of a metal. Ductile materials can undergo large plastic deformations before
breaking. Copper and mild steel exhibit this property.

• Brittleness is the tendency of a material to shatter on receiving a shock.

This happens due to lack of ductility. The material does not have the capacity
to undergo large deformations before failure. Glass and certain high-strength
steels are brittle.

• Toughness is the property which enables a material to absorb large

amounts of energy by undergoing large plastic deformations, particularly due
to shock loading.

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 Properties of material
• Resilience is the ability of a material to recover its shape and size after
deformation.

• Hardness is the resistance of a material to indentation, scratching,

cutting or wear by abrasion.

• Fatigue is the phenomenon of a material failing under very little stress

due to repeated cycles of loading. A fatigue failure is generally similar to
brittle failure. This is important in case a component is likely to be
subjected to cyclic or reversal loading, as in machine foundations or
members subjected repeated dynamic loads.

• Creep is the property by which a material undergoes deformations at

constant stress over a period of time. A body undergoes elastic deformation
immediately on the application of a load. The stress remaining constant, it is
found that deformations increase over a period of time due to creep.

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 More about………… Hardness,
• Hardness is the resistance of a material to plastic indentation. This may
involve a simple scratch test or indentation by loading a ball, diamond, or
other penetrator with a weight and measuring the length, width, or depth of
the indentation.
• The harder the material, the smaller the indentation for a given load. The
higher the load, the larger the size of indentation for a given metal.
• The most common hardness tests are (1) Rockwell, using a diamond cone or
hardened steel sphere, (2) Brinell, using a 10-mm steel or tungsten carbide
sphere, (3) Vickers, using a square-based diamond pyramid, and (4) Knoop,
using an elongated diamond pyramid.
• Another useful concept is that, for a given metal, hardness is roughly
proportional to strength. Thus, if one steel is harder than a second alloy,
then the first one is also stronger.
• Hardness may therefore be used as a rapid comparative strength test,
and frequently specifications call for minimum hardness.

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 Topic 6 Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
6.1 Introduction to Mechanics and Strengths of Materials
• Rigid bodies and deformable solids
• Properties of materials (including Hardness)
6.2 Tension and Compression
• Stress and strain
• Modulus of Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
• Failure
• Deformation of simple and compound bars
6.3 More
• Poisson’s ratio, volumetric stress and strain
• Thermal stresses
• Elastic constants
• Stresses on inclined planes
6.4 Testing
• Lab testing for tension, compression and shear

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 Bachelor of Science (Engineering)

BSC103C
Engineering Dynamics and Mechanics
Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
Topic 6.2 Tension and Compression

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 Topic 6 Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
6.1 Introduction to Mechanics and Strengths of Materials
• Rigid bodies and deformable solids
• Properties of materials (including Hardness)
6.2 Tension and Compression
• Stress and strain
• Modulus of Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
• Failure
• Deformation of simple and compound bars
6.3 More
• Poisson’s ratio, volumetric stress and strain
• Thermal stresses
• Elastic constants
• Stresses on inclined planes
6.4 Testing
• Lab testing for tension, compression and shear

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6.2 Tension and Compression

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 Stress and strain
• The most fundamental concepts in mechanics of materials are stress and
strain.
• These concepts can be illustrated in their most elementary form by
considering a prismatic bar subjected to axial forces.
• A prismatic bar is a straight structural member having the same cross section
throughout its length, and an axial force is a load directed along the axis of
the member, resulting in either tension or compression in the bar.

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 Stress and strain
• The most fundamental concepts in mechanics of materials are stress and
strain.
• Examples are shown in the figure, where the tow bar is a prismatic member
in tension and the landing gear strut is a member in compression.

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 Stress and strain
• The most fundamental concepts in mechanics of materials are stress and strain.
• The internal actions in the bar are exposed if we make an imaginary cut through the
bar at section mn (Fig. c). Because this section is taken perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the bar, it is called a cross section.

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 Stress and strain

• We now isolate the part of the bar to the left of cross section mn as a free
body (Fig. d). At the right-hand end of this free body (section mn) show the
action of the removed part of the bar (that is, the part to the right of section
mn) upon the part that remains.
• This action consists of continuously distributed stresses acting over the entire
cross section, and the axial force P acting at the cross section is the resultant
of those stresses. (The resultant force is shown with a dashed line in Fig. d.)
• Stress has units of force per unit area and is denoted by the Greek letter σ
(sigma).
• In general, the stresses acting on a plane surface may be uniform throughout
the area or may vary in intensity from one point to another.

• This equation gives the intensity of uniform stress in an axially loaded,

prismatic bar of arbitrary cross-sectional shape.

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 Stress and strain
• As already observed, a straight bar will change in length when loaded axially,
becoming longer when in tension and shorter when in compression.
• For instance, consider again the prismatic bar of Figure.
• The elongation δ of this bar (Fig. c) is the cumulative result of the stretching of all
elements of the material throughout the volume of the bar.
• Let us assume that the material is the same everywhere in the bar. Then, if we
consider half of the bar (length L/2), it will have an elongation equal to δ/2, and if
we consider one-fourth of the bar, it will have an elongation equal to δ/4.
• In general, the elongation of a segment is equal to its length divided by the total
length L and multiplied by the total elongation δ.
• Therefore, a unit length of the bar will have an elongation equal to 1/L times δ.
This quantity is called the elongation per unit length, or strain, and is denoted by
the Greek letter ε (epsilon). We see that strain is given by the equation:

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 Stress and strain

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 See next few slides

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 modulus of elasticity
• When a metal wire is loaded with a weight, it is subjected to a tensile stress.
If the stress level is not excessive, the wire deforms elastically by stretching a
small amount.
• The stretching of the wire is proportional to the load provided that the load
does not exceed a certain value. When the load is removed, the wire
contracts to its original length: it has temporarily deformed elastically,
provided that the wire has undergone no permanent deformation.
• The increase in the length of the wire is proportional to the tensile stress

where E is the Young’s modulus of elasticity in pascals or usually megapascals

(1 MPa = 106 Pa), or psi; σ is the tensile stress in pascals (or psi), and ε is the
strain in m/m, or cm/cm, or in./in.

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 Hooke’s Law
• The linear relationship between stress and strain for a bar in simple tension
or compression is expressed by the following equation in which σ is the axial
stress, ε is the axial strain, and E is a constant of proportionality known as
the modulus of elasticity for the material.

• The modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain diagram in the

linearly elastic region.
• Since strain is dimensionless, the units of E are the same as the units of
stress.
• Typical units of E are psi or ksi in USCS units and pascals (or multiples
thereof) in SI units.

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 Hooke’s Law

• The above equation is commonly known as Hooke’s law, name for the famous
English scientist Robert Hooke (1635–1703).
• Hooke was the first person to investigate scientifically the elastic properties of
materials, and he tested such diverse materials as metal, wood, stone, bone, and
sinew.
• Hooke established the linear relationship between the applied loads and the
resulting elongations.
• The above equation is actually a very limited version of Hooke’s law because it
relates only to the longitudinal stresses and strains developed in simple tension or
compression of a bar (uniaxial stress).
• To deal withmore complicated states of stress, such as those found in most
structures and machines, we must use more extensive equations of Hooke’s law.

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 Topic 6 Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
6.1 Introduction to Mechanics and Strengths of Materials
• Rigid bodies and deformable solids
• Properties of materials (including Hardness)
6.2 Tension and Compression
• Stress and strain
• Modulus of Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
• Failure
• Deformation of simple and compound bars
6.3 More
• Poisson’s ratio, volumetric stress and strain
• Thermal stresses
• Elastic constants
• Stresses on inclined planes
6.4 Testing
• Lab testing for tension, compression and shear

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 Bachelor of Science (Engineering)

BSC103C
Engineering Dynamics and Mechanics
Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
Topic 6.3 More

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 Topic 6 Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
6.1 Introduction to Mechanics and Strengths of Materials
• Rigid bodies and deformable solids
• Properties of materials (including Hardness)
6.2 Tension and Compression
• Stress and strain
• Modulus of Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
• Failure
• Deformation of simple and compound bars
6.3 More
• Poisson’s ratio, volumetric stress and strain
• Thermal stresses
• Elastic constants
• Stresses on inclined planes
6.4 Testing
• Lab testing for tension, compression and shear

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 Poisson’s Ratio
• When a prismatic bar is loaded in tension, the axial elongation is accompanied by
lateral contraction (that is, contraction normal to the direction of the applied load).
This change in shape is pictured in the following Figure, where part (a) shows the
bar before loading and part (b) shows it after loading. In part (b), the dashed lines
represent the shape of the bar prior to loading.

• The lateral strain e at any point in a bar is proportional to the axial strain ε at that
same point if the material is linearly elastic. The ratio of these strains is a property
of the material known as Poisson’s ratio.

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 Poisson’s Ratio
• This dimensionless ratio, usually denoted by the Greek letter ν (nu), can be
expressed by the equation:

• The minus sign is inserted in the equation to compensate for the fact that the
lateral and axial strains normally have opposite signs.
• When Poisson’s ratio for a material is known, we can obtain the lateral strain from
the axial strain.

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 Elastic Constants
• For rigid solids initial deformation is elastic
• There are 3 common Elastic Constants
that operate in the elastic range.
• Elastic Modulus (E)
• Poisson’s ratio
• Shear Modulus (G, also called the modulus
of rigidity)

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 Elastic Constants
• Does not apply to rubbery materials
that have high elastic deformations
and stress strain is often not linear

• Does not apply to rolled steel as roll

direction gives a condition called
“preferred orientation”
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 Elastic Constants
• The equation relating these
three elastic constants for
isotropic materials is:

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 Stresses on inclined planes
brief introduction.

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 Topic 6 Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
6.1 Introduction to Mechanics and Strengths of Materials
• Rigid bodies and deformable solids
• Properties of materials (including Hardness)
6.2 Tension and Compression
• Stress and strain
• Modulus of Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
• Failure
• Deformation of simple and compound bars
6.3 More
• Poisson’s ratio, volumetric stress and strain
• Thermal stresses
• Elastic constants
• Stresses on inclined planes
6.4 Testing
• Lab testing for tension, compression and shear

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 Bachelor of Science (Engineering)

BSC103C
Engineering Dynamics and Mechanics
Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
Topic 6.4 Testing

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 Topic 6 Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
6.1 Introduction to Mechanics and Strengths of Materials
• Rigid bodies and deformable solids
• Properties of materials (including Hardness)
6.2 Tension and Compression
• Stress and strain
• Modulus of Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
• Failure
• Deformation of simple and compound bars
6.3 More
• Poisson’s ratio, volumetric stress and strain
• Thermal stresses
• Elastic constants
• Stresses on inclined planes
6.4 Testing
• Lab testing for tension, compression and shear

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 Topic 6 Stress, Strain, and Deformation of Solids
6.1 Introduction to Mechanics and Strengths of Materials
• Rigid bodies and deformable solids
• Properties of materials (including Hardness)
6.2 Tension and Compression
• Stress and strain
• Modulus of Elasticity and Hooke’s Law
• Failure
• Deformation of simple and compound bars
6.3 More
• Poisson’s ratio, volumetric stress and strain
• Thermal stresses

End of Topic 6
• Elastic constants
• Stresses on inclined planes
6.4 Testing
• Lab testing for tension, compression and shear

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