Cheatsheets / Learn Java

Object-Oriented Java
Java objects’ state and behavior
In Java, instances of a class are known as objects. Every
object has state and behavior in the form of instance public class Person {
fields and methods respectively. // state of an object
int age;
String name;

// behavior of an object
public void set_value() {
age = 20;
name = "Robin";
}
public void get_value() {
System.out.println("Age is " + age);
System.out.println("Name is "
+ name);
}

// main method
public static void main(String [] args)
{
// creates a new Person object
Person p = new Person();

// changes state through behavior

p.set_value();
}
}
Java instance
Java instances are objects that are based on classes.
For example, Bob may be an instance of the class public class Person {
Person . int age;
Every instance has access to its own set of variables String name;
which are known as instance fields, which are variables
declared within the scope of the instance. Values for
// Constructor method
instance fields are assigned within the constructor
public Person(int age, String name) {
method.
this.age = age;
this.name = name;
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
Person Bob = new Person(31, "Bob");
Person Alice = new Person(27,
"Alice");
}
}

Java dot notation

In Java programming language, we use . to access the
variables and methods of an object or a Class. public class Person {
This is known as dot notation and the structure looks int age;
like this-
instanceOrClassName.fieldOrMethodName
public static void main(String [] args)
{
Person p = new Person();

// here we use dot notation to set

age
p.age = 20;

// here we use dot notation to access

age and print
System.out.println("Age is "
+ p.age);
// Output: Age is 20
}
}
Constructor Method in Java
Java classes contain a constructor method which is
used to create instances of the class. public class Maths {
The constructor is named after the class. If no public Maths() {
constructor is defined, a default empty constructor is System.out.println("I am
used. constructor");
}
public static void main(String [] args)
{
System.out.println("I am main");
Maths obj1 = new Maths();
}
}

Creating a new Class instance in Java

In Java, we use the new keyword followed by a call to
the class constructor in order to create a new instance public class Person {
of a class. int age;
The constructor can be used to provide initial values to // Constructor:
instance fields. public Person(int a) {
age = a;
}

public static void main(String [] args)

{
// Here, we create a new instance of
the Person class:
Person p = new Person(20);
System.out.println("Age is "
+ p.age); // Prints: Age is 20
}
}
Reference Data Types
A variable with a reference data type has a value that
references the memory address of an instance. During public class Cat {
variable declaration, the class name is used as the public Cat() {
variable’s type. // instructions for creating a Cat
instance
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
// garfield is declared with
reference data type `Cat`
Cat garfield = new Cat();
System.out.println(garfield); //
Prints: Cat@76ed5528
}
}

Constructor Signatures
A class can contain multiple constructors as long as
they have different parameter values. A signature helps // The signature is `Cat(String
the compiler differentiate between the different furLength, boolean hasClaws)`.
constructors. public class Cat {
A signature is made up of the constructor’s name and a String furType;
list of its parameters.
boolean containsClaws;

public Cat(String furLength, boolean

hasClaws) {
furType = furLength;
containsClaws = hasClaws;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Cat garfield = new Cat("Long-hair",
true);
}
}
null Values
null is a special value that denotes that an object has
a void reference. public class Bear {
String species;
public Bear(String speciesOfBear;) {
species = speciesOfBear;
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
Bear baloo = new Bear("Sloth bear");
System.out.println(baloo); // Prints:
Bear@4517d9a3
// set object to null
baloo = null;
System.out.println(baloo); // Prints:
null
}
}

The body of a Java method

In Java, we use curly brackets {} to enclose the body
of a method. public class Maths {
The statements written inside the {} are executed public static void sum(int a, int b)
when a method is called. { // Start of sum
int result = a + b;
System.out.println("Sum is "
+ result);
} // End of sum

public static void main(String [] args)

{
// Here, we call the sum method
sum(10, 20);
// Output: Sum is 30
}
}
Method parameters in Java
In java, parameters are declared in a method definition.
The parameters act as variables inside the method and public class Maths {
hold the value that was passed in. They can be used public int sum(int a, int b) {
inside a method for printing or calculation purposes. int k = a + b;
In the example, a and b are two parameters which, return k;
when the method is called, hold the value 10 and 20
}
respectively.

public static void main(String [] args)

{
Maths m = new Maths();
int result = m.sum(10, 20);
System.out.println("sum is "
+ result);
// prints - sum is 30
}
}

Java Variables Inside a Method

Java variables defined inside a method cannot be used
outside the scope of that method. //For example, `i` and `j` variables are
available in the `main` method only:

public class Maths {

public static void main(String [] args)
{
int i, j;
System.out.println("These two
variables are available in main method
only");
}
}
Returning info from a Java method
A Java method can return any value that can be saved
in a variable. The value returned must match with the public class Maths {
return type specified in the method signature.
The value is returned using the return keyword. // return type is int
public int sum(int a, int b) {
int k;
k = a + b;

// sum is returned using the return

keyword
return k;
}

public static void main(String [] args)

{
Maths m = new Maths();
int result;
result = m.sum(10, 20);
System.out.println("Sum is "
+ result);
// Output: Sum is 30
}
}

Declaring a Method
Method declarations should define the following
method information: scope (private or public), return // Here is a public method named sum
type, method name, and any parameters it receives. whose return type is int and has two int
parameters a and b
public int sum(int a, int b) {
return(a + b);
}