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Elements of Power System - v2

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8 views25 pages

Elements of Power System - v2

Uploaded by

haiqalmuhaimin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Elements of Power
System
EPE 491
Electrical power system 2

A network of components designed


to transmit and distribute the energy
produced by generators to locations
where it is used.
Required to generate and supply
electrical energy to consumers.
Electrical power system 3

The three main characteristics of electricity supply are as


follows:
Electricity cannot be stored in bulk form.
Thus, power must be generated continuously so that it
meets the demand at a specific voltage and
frequency.
Increases in population, industrial expansion, housing
areas and etc lead to the continuous increase in
demand for power.
Power station is located near to the resources
location.
4
National Grid 5
Energy Resources 6
Energy Resources - Coal 7

Most common source


Relatively cheap fuel
Unfortunately, the most polluting
Antipollution features have to be included
Non-renewable
Energy Resources - Water 8

The best source


Non-polluting
No cost for the ‘fuel’
Energy Resources - Natural gas 9

Better and cleaner energy source than coal


Principal disadvantage is hard to transport over long distance
Non-renewable
Energy Resources - Oil 10

A bit more polluting than natural gas but easy to transport over long
distance
However, much more expensive
Non-renewable
Energy Resources – Nuclear Energy 11

Non-polluting
Extremely expensive to build
Require elaborate safety system and expensive training
Once built, the cost of the ‘fuel’ is low
Energy Resources – Renewable 12

Energy
Geo-Thermal
Wind
Wave
Solar
Bio-mass
etc
Energy Resources – Renewable 13

Energy
Power System – 3 Component 14

Generation Transmission Distribution


Generation System 15

Powers supplied by all power stations are based on power demand.


They are usually generated at a voltage between 11kV and 25kV
Total power depends on the time of the day and the daily activities
demand
of the consumerssings
station
3-Types Power Stations 16

Base-power station
Intermediate-power station
Peak-power station
Base-power station 17

Base load is the minimum amount of power that a utility company


must make available to its customers.
Deliver full power continuously i.e. 24 hours a day and 365 days a
year
Most economical in terms of operating costs i.e. high efficiency
output & most reliable
Nuclear & coal-fired stations are suitable for this purpose
Intermediate-power station 19

Can respond to changes in demand relatively quickly, usually by


adding or removing one or more generating units
Operate mainly during day time to complement the base stations
The most economical in terms of production costs, although
unreliable in terms of actual energy output
Hydropower stations are suitable for this purpose
Peak-power station 21

Generally run only when there is a high demand, known as peak


demand
Deliver power for short intervals during the day
Able to respond very quickly because they can be started up in a
few minutes
Have high operating cost due to their idling-time and unutilized
capital costs but necessary for optimal operation of power system
Usually gas turbines are used for this purpose
Transmission System 23

Transmission system consists :


transmission line
substations
Transmission System - transmission 24

line
Overhead lines
Buried Cable
Transmission System - Overhead 25

lines
1. Consist of three conductors suspended by towers or poles.
2. Generally the lowest-cost method (since most of the insulation is
provided by air)
3. Classified according to the range of voltages:
Low voltage: less than 1 kV (connection between residential or small
commercial customer & the utility)
Medium voltage: between 1 kV to ~ 33 kV (distribution in urban & rural
areas)
High voltage: between 33 kV to ~230 kV (for long distance transmission)
Extra high voltage: over 230 kV up to ~ 800 kV (for long distance
transmission)
Ultra high voltage: higher than 800 kV
Transmission System - Underground 26

lines
1. These lines are designed to be buried underground or under water
2. Compared to overhead lines, buried cables are:
More expensive (cost of burying cables is higher)
Harder to maintain and repair
Cannot be used for very long distances due to capacitance problems
Transmission System - Substation 27

Substation is a subsidiary station of power system where voltage is transformed from


high to low or low to high using transformers.
There are three types of substation normally used:
1. Transmission substation
Convert voltages to extremely high voltages for long distance transmission.
Use high voltages in order to minimize losses and reduce cost

2. Distribution substation - Step down the voltages to distribution level

3. Interconnecting substation
Used to connect different power systems (e.g. between Malaysia and Thailand)
Enable power exchange and increase in stability of the overall network
Distribution System 28

Distribute power to consumers by means of lower voltage networks


The medium voltage distribution is at 33kV and below i.e. 11kV,
6.6kV or 3.3kV
The final consumer utilizes 415V three phase and 240V single phase

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