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 UNIT-II
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Subject Code/Title: PH 3151-Engg.phy Unit:Oscl llatons, opt cs Laser
www.LearnEngineering.in
PT Case )
Tota nherna Reflechon hon b> pethE yay toll
lhen a ght wave S
donsoY MOd IUm
while it tva vels efochecd to

ompletaly Ye flected
to amo they itself as Shown m
f 3)
To one me dium

Is
from Snel's o
hS phonomonon
|mediAm, Ran
inte Yna I Yef loc ho 2 Sin 0
Cailed, total
Sine

.in
CYihca ange be: Sin

ng
n Total Jaternal efachon
Condihons fer

ri
Condihon 1:
ee rom denser
Fg Lght Should
+avel

tD YaYeY mad1um.

mediAm
gin
(en>2
Ei Condi hon 2
En

avelsS at he
The anfe of tn cidenco
sseas
Let he ligr wave

Ye atey
medium
itey face Should be
arn

toYaYeY
den seY medium
HRe CYiHcal Ongle
Ca se)
Le

dhen ho angle of incidene

o s s than Re cYitical oang e oterferen
A
ce:
w.

(a) <c,e ray 1S hen hwo isht waVes

YefTacted inoyaYer medium FFgl1||

Super impose, h e n ha Yesultant
ww

be
Caseii) ampl hudde OT in fensi hy 1

hen e fhe Yay Passes Ye gion of supey pos ihon is dSferan

|along fRe medium of Sepavaton aS
han th amplihude of indiidual
Shown in fia ) ohat Fo age a ves

of YefactionS 0 .This agle Constchve nferferene:-

Condiion fer
CYIhca agle and have
c I s called ag
es ave in phase
Wav
phase dHevences of 0, 24k
(i Pan diteYe na = ( , when n=o,2
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SHENA DEPARTMENT OF
ScIENCEAND HUMANITIESs
Subject Code/Title: PH3IS-Engg.phy Unit:Oscillatons, OPHics b Lasey
www.LearnEngineering.in
mIYYOY S
CAt Can of s.
Thus ka path d1fevenca
SIdo o f a s dote Ga.
beween ha tu waves. 1S eR ua The eay

S IVeyod
mulh plo Of S Sem
h integral
-

a s s plcte
ConSkuchve poshally e focive
ave
e ng I6 (A), +Ro n, eu YS nd

Such 1hat eptin

ntev fevYena OCCuYS

he ight
eRuall ofloched
and fran smiHd
|Condition foY destmchve in tevferen o
unsion
Io tRis woy ca
by
in out of phase
ta lcos plo
Waves o
1 ave
ampli u d o
dfeeen Ces of

n
Cnd nave phase2

g.i
T 30 S
C20t
PatA dijfevente

rin
Cwheye n-o1,2,3

Thus, a palG diffevenu SouYCO

ee
between tho u d
w a y es g equal

f
gin
o e dd integsal mulbple
h e n ostmchve iotesference occuYS
En

Michelson Joterferome re SCREEN

arn

Pineipla
rodu cing interferenco pattem

bsplithn8 a
Rht beam into fuo *Monochromahc liGht rom Sourc2
Le

Pots and Thon Ye Combíning he beam splittey lass

flls oo
travelled
tiem ajey Roy a e plo 6,
w.

offerent ophical paths Sine G, is poahally polished

ww

part of
he ugkt sets
Constmcbn Lome
It Consists oamovalole esleeted and Some. Part of
transmi Hed
miYroY Mand
a jied miyY6Y M, HRa ughE get
producing two per pendi Culaay
boh ave higly palis had,
beams of equal otengt
*Tuo aass lates G Cbeam
xTha Pflectedight move teuads
spliter) and G2 CCompenSato
M, and tranSmiHed t mcye
asS P (ate) ave placed parallel
wards M2 Ehough tRe gass
to each otfer betweon TRa
plate G2 www.LearnEngineering.in

NNA
LCHO1oY
DEPARTMENTOF
SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
Subject Code/Title: PH3IS-Engg.phy Unit:TO sei flahons, ophcs Laser
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he bams Ven eparahon

x M, and M2 Yeflect
beam Splite ' ho mYYOYS M, and
back tounyes betuon
ual TnioY M, ne pal
G
he
Tho a
focod Dm M, t erono (A 1S on S

YansmiHod fhwugh fho boPa 2 n

a n d fhe Y a n 1noGeY,
Spley to Ro SCYecn
whore
dfferonce betuoeen
fom M
Yay YefCoched
Re beam Can be ned movin
Yefteckecd aon

.in
nheyate

Tho twO laves

he ScY e2n
Sph Hey fo ve'y a s
dostruci

Ch vely
OY

ng
Constu

Be cauSe bo lh beams Oiginda cndihonS of

per he tollowing
pOint on tho diteren ce A
rom He palh

eri
Same
amd
Co hor ent he n
d i f j e r e n ce,
palh
) A =o n o
wilh each ole
e n o i o h e y f e reno patern)
ReYe fYa 1nteY fae
gin
An inteyferena poten of
Construchve intey
(ii) A 202 -Ox
2 -fore nu3nsht PnnsA
dark and briaht Yi ngs or
En

fe (Destruciue intafeven
(1i A-0+)
obserVed on
Y eS aYe
-Do Fringes)
ot S
arn

Thepr Types of tnes

foYmed by (ke oYmed b ha
Theis
Le

FringcS ao

CuYved
ma be cYCulay,
ghYefucted laY (m
w.

ond M2 huch S equivalont OY Stmight

Yeflected rom uppey

CculaY Éinac
ww

of ha aiy film and M2 ae paYal'el

Ond cwey &uvface When M,
M,
Ad M ciclay
HoYmed bewen
TiYTOY
fo each otleY Tie m

M2
obSeyved
miyYoY
maGe of be
he Ytuol
YingeS can

1two intefeing

beams oGGht eYe spt

ron he same inhat beam

1hay weYe Inihally tm phK se

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CHNNAI DEPARTMENT
SCIENCE
OF
AND HUMANITIES
Subject Code/Title: PH 3151- Engg.phy Unit: Oscillaions, OphcS 6.LaseY
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diffeence oteY
TRe pal
Cuyved Finges g
S mven
When M, and M Ore Inci nedooving lh miryOY
to each otheY, h e I m enclosed 2Cd+x)(mtn)

2d+2x =m A 4 + n ) - { 3
is wedge Shaped Then Cuwed

be chserved ean
ingcs Can
Subsh huting
eqnOin

-M nt2x =mA+ nA
2c mnX

.in
A = 2x
m

ng
StraigtEyinges Appli cations
A
N, h M and M inteysect easten a o
Straught lina fringes
are eri It

waveS
daheched R

a n d Confiymed
tRe
ine
distoy tion
obtamed Space - imo
Inopicaaf
M I+ is used
ng

Cohevenco t o m o a p

* Jt is ed in fbeY opthcS
rnE

hee of Air lwedae y Experimant

a

Determinaion of ave ang h A Rin Im Kaving lero

Le

CiYulaY TgS-), Ond

at Ono end
jhicknas
Separahon of
w.

ven tRicknoss
and M12
Pore&8i vely neeaSIng
between M at the other end is called
ww

ven by
ph difevenco a wedge
2d n can be Uged
Ths aiY edgo

When M IS moved adisfance

toind t h aveleng'
impoYhan tu
moves to he inciden Gght. More
xeach faina can be uged
o m a g uYe

PoSition previously oCCpled

Lot Sz2 o veyy mall oHechs
byon adjacent fringe
m be u m number 0 finges

pE SSins v e n pont as M mowad

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SFNGAN DEPARTMENT OF
SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
EHNOLOG
Subject Code/Title: PH3IS -Engg-phy Unit: T Osci lahions, opH cS a s e y
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boh
ho aYYange mont Y ObseYUIng At point Gn,Reve
aertge aAEmisSlon and Yefoctien
|tey feYen Le of ght
(n
top
The Yejo cted yay fTom top
haped aiy fen GShown
m

a i fm (Yoy 1 and he
ohe
bo tom
TGuve
doy
hday
ho Ta Yefocto d m
Fvin
ouY fitn have vaying
Roy' ofIte
( ) Reu 2tavel
path difevenca
more diglamo han Ya

.in
unos up
By the tima Tay 2
two
Ras t ravelled

ing
d
wi h Yay 1,
wavelenglh
widhs B or ona

eer difeena behuetn

Thug ho.pah
S One avelong
On wed
ge a and Ya2
Hhon At falls neYfere
yay 2
gin
and

im, gets
tAin
t |and Ycy
18o
|S hoped of |do9tuchuey, Since Aey are

poutYeflected om top
ut of phase
En

ansimiHed phenoMAMon OCCUTS

aiy 5lm, fRon Simila
he Thege
jlm. TRe trans
Hough at point° F
ouY
ha
arn

agin Yefa cted

mited beam Congider the 17iangkog
lm Let us
at bottom oj fhe aiy fi AADE
ABG and
,
Le

A
ve of Similar triang
Similar rian
Tho wedge ange n
property
haPropeyty of
By Ihe
he t t i o
Yefocked
for he irst dayk frinsd
w.

an d have
mall, we

inteyfeve
Constm chue y or

Yys
pvdu cin g altevnate
ww

dastnucively
ond
dak fringes.
bnght 2t
Se Concd dark
Consicoa poins G andE S for lhe
Re magles
tohere ho glass-to- glass fYinge, o t us onsSieley
Ro aiY wedg
distamcag aCYoSS
AAcF and AADE,
ae and Nepechuel

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SHENNAI DEPARTMENTHUMANITIES
OF
e GEYSCIENCE AND
Subject Code/Title: PH 3151- Engg.phy Unit: Oscilahions, Optics u Laser
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Shaped uy
twid B IS NouD CAWedge
Theinge f is fo med befween the
he dig a n a
define d as two laGS platos.
two Conge Cuhve
botweeen Thoght fran Sodium

bright oY dak Svinges, S ma do o

VapouAY amp
The n e thave InCdont on a plano aass
wed Go at
yinge widh X2-X Shaot hodd ovey ho
an anRle o 45 o
VeYh ca

.in
2t

When he lig Jalls nclly

g
on aiY edge a anae mont,

rin
betwe0n
due to inteyfeYen@

from h
ware Tetocked
xperiment an d botfom Susfaco o
The
experimental
aYYange Ment ee op
fhe i m ,a r a e number o
gin
Sshoum vm
Tha Jiue
nteteYen co inges ave oimal
Ka
MicxOSCope
No by jocussing
fringes are
En

he
microscope
Observed and Yeadinhs
Giass plare. are tbulatad
rn

horizon al pogi ion of

ea

XTha
ouYce
the dore inges In the ordey
ntIS -.
Cse
L

n, ots, O t o ,
Convex ons
measuye d
w.

From thus d of s

fringes is calculated (ac>5 B)

H
ww

Speci m e n t

Then,Re Yinges width B

s Caculated a

Tuo opheally plano atass

plates a Ye aced One ovey
B A
otfeY ond tied toac1foy by
udbey band a t AL
MeDns oj t
2
A thi uive S
One end me aguye Re
betuen the plaes at hus CWe Can
lnSeyted fha oive usn aYweds
tictnesS o
ha oRey end www.LearnEngineering.in
CHENNAI P DEPARTMENT OF
SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
CHNOLOY
 Subject Code/Title: PH3I5 Enga Physics Unit. i.OscilleHons ophcs a s e r
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EiNSTEtN'S CoEFFICIENTS N Na
h
when a üsht raoduation E-E9E -h?
inidenat on the assemblyob aoms
N,
|STIMULATCO AsoR pitoN SPONTANtoUs CMicioN.
we Cam obseve hrethangs
STiMUA TED EMISSION
Stimula teed absorption
exited Photons tYjagers meajom
2 5Pontaneous mission level to make
|at higher Cneraq
3 Stimulated Cmisgion |tramci ion to lower Cnerqy level(E,)

n
cluins this 1amSition photon d

g. i
TIMUATED A8soR pTioN mitted. Thi kind
ergynY u
The Atbms in the Low er negu Stimudateo
65 Emisgion is Knouon as

rin
State (EN abtorbs raiation Cmd
Emnssion
isexited to the higher nergy E2
ee N
evel (E Thic ProLess is known
E h
gin
as Stimulated absorption.
E = h

E, N
The rate of stimulated abgoption The rate o Stimulateel Cmission
En

Nab is iven by
Nst iveM by Ngt d N2 Q
Na d Ni
NANo atoms inthe lower nery
NSt baiNa
arn

level B Ropo tionaGtj onstant

Enegy clensiby Incidert radiaio)||These Conctants A2, Bi2 B
Le

Nab Bi2N 0 axe Calleel insteins A gB

Bi27 hoPortionali y
onstant Coegicients.
w.

A+ euillibnum Condikion
SPaNTANeoUs EMISSION UPwand
No.o douwnward SNo.o
ww

The exited atoms Inthe Higher TremsiHons Transitions

nergyleyel E2 Retum to the
lower inergy level Ei by imitting NsPt Nst = Nab
we have
without any Sub ein O s i n
Photen of energy hY
external factOY This Protecs is
AaN2+Ba Na = Biz NiQ
nown as spom taneos tmission.
Rake micsionNsp N Bi2N Bai Na AvIN
NsP Ai N G12N BaNa)R= AzjN2
|Na9atomg inthe Lites snte
Az-nytant|
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CHENNAL DEPARTMENT OF
OY SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
 Unit: O<Cil1ahonS, Opics Lasey
Code/Title: pH3IS1-Engg. Physies
Subject www.LearnEngineering.in
SouDSTATE
A Na
Nd-VAG LASER LASERR

B12 N-B2 Nz Nd-yA tand tor Podyrum

Numartpr ml cenom1nato Hlum1mum na net
ittrium
by BN
A N/,2IN2 CHARE(TRISTIC:
laer
folid state
2 N 52NE
brNL e
Four leve
B Nz Pod
lol yA
ACtive moclum:

.in
A OPtical pumPin
(B12) -1 Pompine methcd Cxenon Lamp)
B21/ N

g
ully Pouched em

rin
fom olt2man's equation Resonator
NI Pon hally Polucheci Enols
ot Nd-YA Roc
N
ee
PwloutPut 70 W
gin

-
e 1 Pul ecle) orhini
2) Notuue wowe torm
to Pance
that aluordli ne
En

w.k
Wwe ensth: 1. ob Mm R-Yfior)
ner uation
arn

RINIPLE
ek- vm atOms trom
The neocu mi
ghon h D
oPtically Pum pool
Le

Comprin Nd-yA rod

by Xenon (Yy P bn 4lash lamP
w.

u r i ng he tangition trom

1A2 SThor) meta Stable State to grounclStete

ww

Loser beam c waneleng n :Cla

4uaion v
Cbnclusio)aives ui
the velatlon
m EmnHeol
SPontaneos f stimulated
(ONCTRVLTION
Petwen
md i t a Nc YAT Cgpial
Cut Th the
to-eiueuts *The
Emiscion
froportional toY>° mol tme trdls
Homof cylënclev
mnssion is to be
Here, the Spontaneous
aNe hghyPouched So a
than
PrDdommnamt
thne
more OPtically flat Polished.
Stimulated migion.
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CHENNAI DEPARTMENT OF
SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
INSTTU
Subject Code/Title:PH3I51 -Engg.Physics Unit: .Oscillahons, opHcs aser
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Gii Bysti mulated nssior

Cynclevical rod omda
tlash lamp ( Pumpin Soure)
TYomei4ion Arom E2 -

-E intiatod
Leads to LasAN achion, awelengtm
Kept PoYallel Omol placed (1oboo X) Laser igRt
Yhside cA Yeflector Cauity
of 1 ob am

umiHed,
Encds ofthe Caviy Colred
G) These Photons Yeblecied.
by loo . amel ertially poluche| bacte omed or tn bet weun me
miYroYS whichats a
mirror bnoerqo AmifiCatjon
Resonator PARrAL KefuetiH henu high in tene laser liqht

.in
MRRor,
INdYAU Kod.
mi He throush Poatially

ng
FLAHLAMP
LACEN Poicheol mirobrs .
RerreuIH liPtica Cowity RADIATIoN
(Advamdage
MIRRo

w.l

WORKINu){ENeRUY LEVE DiACRAM

eri H1gh nmergy O/P
Repetition raie as Vey hugh
ine
Popuati on inver ion Cchieved
2aily
ng

Ey
Metastde tete PPhtetions
rnE

* Used as a ramge fincden în

E
Radiai ve Themcithon, A-10 millitary
Used for Cutinq,dilling,
a

E Tramci tion
Le

Non-radiaive
weldi nq omd 5ur fau handening
Fo Ea
nnduhias.
( Due to abcorpHon ot ight
w.

Used for Cetavact Suvgery

radiati on of awelength O72Am
Galbladder Swge e tc
amd 0.8o Hm Nds Neodimium
ww

ln Meodi tas fie4d,

atoms owe exited fram USeel in Loy haul
me E 4, evels Commum Cotion.
Eo E
B y SPonHameous macsion AReoN D1oxIDE (c O2)LAsER
moves to
atom from E3 & Eu Lts a4our ewel Molelar
EE2 the meta steable State far
a LaseY Operates n
at ohich Populaton inverio
|Tnfrared region
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CHENNA DEPARTMENT OF
NLY SCIENCE AND HUMANITIESs
 Subject Code/Title: pH3IS- Enga Physics Unit: Oscilla ions, optics &caset
www.LearnEngineering.in

CHARECTERI`TICS BRATiONAL iODES

molecle
CO2 Moleuule i a u
necr
mole ular Gas lazer
TyPe Four level
CeniYcA atom w i t n bwo
Consis4 ing o
Mixev ob Co,N ,He
Active Meelium: etthev Gides. ît
07ygenatoms
on

C onsist oj 3incle pendlatt Vibrationa

ompinq MethodIn elastie atom o
atom Collicion. mode'
Resoncetor fully Polisheel ymmetric styeichng moce
Par haluy Polishe o O
Concer V Yiror

P/OP 40 w/m bokw/m

.in
atom iS
n thig mode Car bon
Nature Pul2ed o Confinious
where tne two 0y5
Stationemy

g
Wave length -6m o m atom Vibrate alon6 the axic

rin
DnuRAM Creates Stretching,
CoN He (Assymeiie t reichin
ee mode
VacutmPomP
Nacl C
Brewsteer
gin
windo»

CO N He 1 2 3
Active. mekium /E n this mocde all the Threa Octoms
En

fhe
L Aectrode OScil\ate. alonq the axis.but
KesonatoR Vibration divection o-f Carbon is
of n e 6xyaen
arn

totmat
OPposite
Dc- ex itAtion

CoNSTRUTO 0 ending mocej

Le

tube ot
LE toncists a discharge
O
Diameter 2Scm and Leng m Gm.
w.

ingide
Ci) Co, Na ,He fHeol
threeaatoms
the t b e in the raio
l: 2 3 nthis mode all the
ww

Yat i o. Yespeciveu1 ander5o Vibratim perpendicular

Ciii) Ditcharge ic Procluo d by Ho the bonol oxiS omal tne
Dc- exi tation. C-O)
movement of them are oppoSi te
Nacl - Windows ame Places
Iiv).Tncuned a t P.reuos ter om1e to eacn othev
r e s o n a t o r axiS.
t o the (ENERUy UEVEL DInaRAM
) n di of the tube Covere d COa Leajer Rxiteel bya
with rhaly fully Poushe
exitation
mi roYS,will act a t a Dc
ConcaVe
Yesonator.
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NSTITUTE
DEPARTMD HUMANITIES
Subject Code/Title: PH3I-Engg.Physics Unit: .Oscillations, ophcs &Lasey
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) The exiteol elecivons Collieled (MMerITS

NitoGCm moleculec by
ith Conctyuction i Simple
wmen N2 ot ex ited to
Me tr Stable state
* 0fe i Con tiniona

e Na
Na 2f}icem
Power
xites tme Dund very H1k D/p
ciD exited Na
Cn he in O a p o l
O/p Pw
Stte CO molecule by
CYe aki n tne tengh,h
by n
instetrc Collisions.

.in
tuhe
N CO Co
DeMERi1S

ng
CGin)Aue to thm Po Pulotion
Jode w
nUeNS1on iu aenM eAred inthe aorbon mo no x

0ye
Fy Leve
eri
Contcuw h o t e mu

y Stimulalecl mscion
O Pe reti n lemp.
De pends on
ine
o Molectes tom. make
XSince it u nIR e ion it i
Trcunsition om Ey to F3 &Ez
visi ble Ati dlental
ng

whicn Cohevent o r Ceuue Sumne

hYDuch a

xposure
beam c Wave lengtn loum mel
rnE

Sene clamaçe
a6 m mitleol Ycspeetively

in the R Yegion .

APPICATlOnNS
a

( Tangran E E wiclece usecl i n M a i e i a l

Le

clu to Photestiny weldinclilline CuHing

3 E happens
w.

Mcsh Collica Coldevinq

Vi)tinaly
helum he to Useel for Open airOmmum c
ww

CALsthon tne heat om Co

*Uce in remo
te Senci nq
to Come to ounod Ctate Eo tis din the
ntevatume celis m
ve ameh
- TVeaNe memt
0.b m

q.6um
ame blooc
MicrD fy
P ah°oh,

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RENNAI DEPARTMENT OF
ICNLy SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
 Subject Code/Title: pH3is1-Engg.Physics Unit: m Bcillahions, ophcS & aseY
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Soltd -state semiconductor Dfode Forwand iain 9ven hoough

lase elechod es
tornm
ap a ct the end baces
most Co
P-njunction
o-f oll ase aAL weu peiuh odd wtud aca as

also Calledl injec t o an Optical rerevoator.

*The civcut
Tt i broasly elawihed fint two infos ward biaed
sho wn

.in
AS
ypes, Jm
ene 9 e vel

) HomuJun ctuw dioosam ele cheu and hrtes ove îiecte

ng
b)Heteo Fun etem fntofunction Tequm
Tne
asae no o eleckouhoter
arge

ri
Juncten e combine wHh each Otther
Specialy fabi cat ed ee
pue to Huis photena oh h9 eni tted
PN Juncten diode hi
gin
9et amplih ed y h e polshel
PTnd ple Side diode
when he More the
En

he PN Jun cton dede

biaung voltage
recombindore the emiss ion
owarded biased, due to
persi ble
o Photons are
arn

elecheu aud hole i n t adiatèu

| mited In direct band gP

P-tyPe
Le

Semi condutor ino wn as re com binaton

Cond p chen
aser
adiaten P- n Junrten band
w.

N-typ
phot
ww

(h) hersgy level Diayram

>hole Eee elec o n
Vaen
bono

Contueo BandaapP
hotes
*P-tyPe and
n-type SemitonductoAdv 9
COmbfned to torm p-n junctwn
o Smal and
tompae t
two elechodes Conneeted en Highy elkuent
Onerated witm lesspow e Conpared t
and bettom side. thes as ens
F0utnut is con Knuus þuliud
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INSTITU1e
ECHNOLOeY
DEPARTIME A
SCIENCE AND HUMANITIESs
 Subject Code/Title: PH3IS Eraa Physics Unit:-Oscillahons, ophcs &LaseY
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D adutage wekinD
output has laqe diverqence
sta bi t g wh em he layeu are fovuward
poo Cohemen e and
buas edl and
age no o elechon
Prcatn
we2d
heles Ame recombined.
b e s ontic CommLiCarta
ued Recombinati ou oroduco Jaqe
prtntes ye D playen oulput phoo ne
Heteo juncto Lasey he biasing voltage a
Tn thi, p- Juncteu hovmeddivecty Portional Eo He emisso

.in
b mere than ou n-type and
elechens
P-type materta

ng
phe to nu rehlect ed by the
rle peiuhed ends and ge ampli h'ed
when the

eri
P Junction diode A Conereut beam
o auer o
Hor uwarded bas ed waveleng h
the eleckpns and fooo A emesqes.
ine
htes recombine to
roduce photm.
nstuteu: Band
ng

p-tu p e E Uod
P-type pho ton
rnE

P-type
Ptype
N-ype (Advontaqes
ea

*TE Pmdue
Continu ous uave fosm

*output powea
.L

Th-ree P-type ay eu Qnd two vey igh

n-type Jayens ad vaustage
w

COmbine to form

- Juncti on. *ve dif hcul to fosm jun ctiom

ww

Hene he P laye in the cost ve high

Junctlon act Cu acti ve reqion

Tu Sand wrched placed un

*Ve olificult to foTm juneti en
bebwe wo elec hodes *Cost
vesy hgh
Forw ard bra ed g ven

End
haces are potu hed.

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DEPARTMENT
ScIENCE OF
AND HUMANITIES
Subject Code/Title: PH 3151 -Engg.Physies Unit: Oscillaions, ophes &asey
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ASXpPCAT OLACeE LACCR CUTTING

SURFACE ALLOYING :) he Priniple o taer Cuting

meanc ThaA fhere
is The Va Pori2ahon of the
is Contwlled mel tins of wortt material at a point of focus

ob wovl Piece Surfaa to

to othe beam, The VaPori zed
Le riU Au Yemoved wi tn the
sIYe depth with Simulna
helpof aa Aet.
addroh oPowlereol clloying POf OJtcan be done a t roo m lemP

.in
lement CuHing Speech is Verm hih
Heatinç ond Cooung ane Sovapjd.

ng
AseR CLADINa

the lauer bea

MiRRoR

n thi
eri
-LAtRBtnM,

melti a tmn Layer ot NS

ine
Tis wil mxes - ChAS
hor Piee
with theisuid Clad ding >Noz2E
ng

weldi n MeTAL E
loy CuHiry npl
dilin
J.ASeR Bean Alloyijons
-> Coatinh
a rnE

CAceRweLpIN4
Le

weldiy is joinine t two )

o7 more metal piezes in to
w.

aSing1e into Singie Dnit

ww

I n Laur welding the beam

heads hne gdges of tme two

Plates to theY meltin Point

and Caun them to qure togenev
-lenu No Porcibi Vhes of
mpuities, weldiry rale is i b
i m l a r metals Cem he
wet deo
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CHENNAI DEPARTMENT OF
NUNOLOO SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
Subject Code/Title: PH 3151-Engg-phy Unit: Osci llalionS,opHcS Lase
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pasha p moveS
(Oscillahons Ihen Hhe

asound the ie, fhen Hhe foot

Equahon foy
a
Dfferenhal VibYates
he peypemcdiculay A
HaYmonic Moion o
Simpla tRoy
Along Ihe dia mo rey y fuy

De finihon .of SHM

A mohon Of he pashco P
Moti on IS fhe
Simplo Haymonic
Tha motion oj
fhe m n , han
Ahe motion in hich
also periodiC (Ce) tha
Darh cle
body 1S
acCeloTO Hon of a
SCMO tIMo to Vi brase
tho oitl tate tho

n
dixect9 PDPoy honal t between tha Points Yand Y

g.i
isp a o mont onm afied
Pont a nd IS always dnected I f h e parthcte PComplotos

rin
towaY ds the x ed POnt Coy)
One Yewoluhen, Ron the foot of
|equi ibrium Poshon. Ona
Complote
ee the w
ScillaHn.
Veshcle
Eivahon
D P acemerit O
gin
d i L t a n ca
Tho di8placomant of vibrohng Thus the

di8place ment of he
payticlo at any instant ISdofned eyme d as
de noted b
parhcle and S
En

distanCe moved by he
as thee
pahcle from ts maan PoSIHon I o)er
moves jrom
arn

of Yest Tfthe payhcle

of uS ConSI ceY parhca P to P t Se ton ds, han ha

Path of
between PoX S
iven
Le

movin n a CYCulay angle

wi th unijovm Veloci l
Yadius A' Om
w.

Veloci ty C, with Sn-eOY Sn tot

and angulaY
ha Crle
Yespect to the
contre of LPOX =
Po = = cot
ww

as Sho wn m f -
of Yeferena O
AaPO
A wE
Sin
Sin e Or) OP

A onc OP A

T2 Sin cot

ASin wt D
displace ment
y' A This eRn Yespresents

ovibraing pahcle
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SHENNAI DEPARTMENT OF
SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES
ECHNOTOCY
Subjeet Code/Title: PH3151-Engg-phy Unit: Os cillalionis, optics LaseY
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Velociy
Velocity of he Vibyahng

finod he
ic le ag

Yale of cAange of eplaornenl

.Velo ly (o dy
dt

Substihule eqn m egn3) e get

n
dCAsinGut)

g.i
de

A o coscot 4

n
Ts ean NcepYe3ents the Veloci

eri
Parhcle
o h a vibYahng

iiDAcCeleyahen
ine
AcceeYahon

cle ' s dafinod

path
ng

Vibrang
as the Yate of change of
rnE

Velo ci ty
'.Accelorahon
a

Subshtuhng e en
Le

Acceleiation CA w coswt)
dE
w.

da = A w(-cosinwE}
ww

dt
A s i n wt
=
-

da -

eRn aspYeSenis he

accele ahon of vibyatina

pAh cle

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CHENNAI
INSTTU DEPARTMENT
SClENCE
OF
AND HUMANITIESS
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