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nts. LP2/Term2/Math10/SY2023 – 2024 Beltran | Cruzata | Galicia

 INTRODUCTION
In your last year in junior high school, you might ask the question: What are math problems
and solutions for? A student may ask, “How can designers and manufacturers make boxes having the largest
volume with the least cost?” Moreover, anybody may ask: In what other fields are the mathematical concepts
like functions used? How are these concepts applied?
Since polynomials describe curves of various types, people use them in the real world to graph curves.
Roller coaster designers may use polynomials to describe the curves in their rides. Combinations
of polynomial functions are sometimes used in economics to do cost analyses, for example. Engineers use
polynomials to graph the curves of roller coasters and bridges.
Polynomials can also be used to model different situations, like in the stock market, to see how prices will
vary over time. People in the business sector also use polynomials to model markets and see how raising the
price of goodwill affects its sales. In addition, polynomials are used in physics to describe the trajectory of
projectiles.

As you go through this learning package, you will learn about functions whose degree is greater than 2. You
are also expected to define and illustrate polynomial functions, draw the graphs of polynomial functions, and
solve problems involving polynomial functions. Its ultimate goal is for you to answer these questions: How
are polynomial functions related to other fields of study? How are these used in solving real-life problems and
in decision making?

Content Standards: The learners demonstrate an understanding of the key concepts of polynomial
functions.
Performance Standards: The learners are able to conduct systematically a mathematical investigation
involving polynomial functions in different fields.

Formation Standard: The learners will become persons who exhibit critical and creative thinking in
solving real life problems.
DESCRIPTORS:
C1.6. Develop the perspectives over central ideas, methodologies, and conceptual geographies of
various of intellectual disciplines.
C1.7. Seek meaningful application of knowledge and skills to life situations.
Learning Competencies:
At the end of the lessons, the learners will be able to:
a. Illustrate polynomial functions.
b. understand, describe, and interpret the graphs of polynomial functions.
c. solve problems involving polynomial functions.

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 Activity 3.19: Find My Quotient and Remainder!
Direction: Use synthetic division to find the quotient
Q(x) and the remainder R(x) if P(x) is divided by D(x).

P x () ()
D x ()
Q x R x()
1 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 15 2𝑥 + 5

2 6𝑥 3 − 25𝑥 2 − 31𝑥 + 20 3𝑥 − 2

3 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 19 3𝑥 − 4

At the end of the lessons, you will be able to:

At the end of the lessons, the learners will be able to:

a) determine the possible number of positive and negative roots using Descarte’s rule of signs.
b) determine the possible number of times a polynomial cross the positive or negative x-axis.
c) determine the upper and lower bounds given a list of polynomial functions.
d) determine the possible and actual roots of monic and non-monic polynomials using Descarte’s
rule of signs and the theorem on bounds.
e) determine the behavior of the graph of a given polynomial function.
f) sketch the graph of polynomial functions in factored form and in polynomial form.

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 Activity 3.20: AGREE OR DISAGREE!
(ANTICIPATION-REACTION GUIDE)
Respond to each statement twice: once before the lesson
and again after the lesson. Write A if the given expression
is a polynomial, otherwise write D.

Before
Statement After Lesson
Lesson
1. The degree of a polynomial function is an integer.
2. The leading coefficient of a monic polynomial is 1.
3. A polynomial function is in standard form if the terms are
arranged in descending powers of x.
4. Variation in sign occurs when the sign of two consecutive terms
does not change.
5. A negative root may also be considered a smallest integer lower
bound.
6. The graph of 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 72 may pass through the
positive x-axis once only.
7. If a polynomial function has a triple root, its graph is tangent to
the x-axis.
8. The graph of a polynomial function of the nth degree has at most
n – 1 turning points.
9. The graph of a polynomial function can be sketched based on
certain facts on the graphs of the power functions.
10. The graph of a polynomial function may be described as smooth
and continuous.

Activity 3.21: DO YOU REMEMBER ME?

Direction: Answer the following questions.

1. When the discriminant of a quadratic equation is positive, what is the nature of the roots?

2. When the discriminant of a quadratic equation is zero, what is the nature of the roots?

3. When the discriminant of a quadratic equation is negative, what is the nature of the roots?

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 LESSON 7 Graph of a Polynomial Function

At the end of the lesson, I can:

1. determine the behavior of the graph of a given polynomial function.
1. Sketch the graph of polynomial functions in factored form and in polynomial form.

It is good to start the lesson on graphing polynomial functions by graphing power functions.

• The power function is a polynomial function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 , where 𝑛 is a positive

integer.

The graph of a polynomial function may be described as smooth and continuous. By smooth,
we mean that the graph has no sharp corners. By continuous, we mean that the graph has
no gaps or holes and can be drawn without lifting the pen from the paper.

The graph of a polynomial functions can be sketched based on certain facts on the graphs of
the power functions.

Characteristic of the graph of f(x) = a𝒙𝒏 , a > 0, n is even.

1. The graph of 𝒇(𝒙) contains the points (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝐚), (−𝟏, 𝐚).
2. The lowest point on the graph is (𝟎, 𝟎). The graph is symmetric with respect to
the y-axis.
3. The graph goes up going to the right and left.
4. The range of the function is the set of all nonnegative numbers.
5. As the exponent n gets bigger, the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) become steeper outside the
interval [−𝟏, 𝟏]. But tends to flatten out and lie closer to the x-axis inside the
interval [−𝟏, 𝟏].
6. As |𝒂| gets bigger, the graph gets steeper.

The graphs of some power functions 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝒏 , 𝒏 is even.

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 Characteristic of the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝒏 , 𝒂 < 0, 𝒏 is even.
1. The graph of 𝒇(𝒙) contains the points (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟏, − 𝒂), (−𝟏, − 𝒂).
2. The highest point on the graph is (𝟎, 𝟎). The graph is symmetric with respect to
the y-axis.
3. The graph goes down going to the right and left.
4. The range of the function is the set of all non-positive numbers.
5. As the exponent n gets bigger, the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) become steeper outside the
interval [−𝟏, 𝟏]. But tends to flatten out and lie closer to the x-axis inside the
interval [−𝟏, 𝟏].
6. As |𝒂| gets bigger, the graph gets steeper.

The graphs of some power functions 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝒏 , 𝒏 is even.

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 Characteristic of the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝒏 , 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒏 is odd.

1. The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) contains the points (0, 0), (1, 𝑎), (−1, − 𝑎).
2. The graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
3. The graph goes up going to the right and goes down going to the left.
4. The range of the function is the set of real numbers.
5. As the exponent n gets bigger, the graph of f(x) become steeper outside the interval
[−1, 1]. But tends to flatten out and lie closer to the x-axis inside the interval [−1, 1].
6. As |𝑎| gets bigger, the graph gets steeper.

The graphs of some power functions 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝒏 , 𝒏 is odd.

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 Characteristic of the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝒏 , 𝒂 < 0, 𝒏 is odd.

1. The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) contains the points (0, 0), (−1, 𝑎), (1, − 𝑎).
2. The graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
3. The graph goes up going to the right and goes down going to the left.
4. The range of the function is the set of real numbers.
5. As the exponent n gets bigger, the graph of f(x) become steeper outside the interval
[−1, 1]. But tends to flatten out and lie closer to the x-axis inside the interval [−1, 1].
6. As |𝑎| gets bigger, the graph gets steeper.

The graphs of some power functions 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝒏 , 𝒏 is odd.

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 Steps in Graphing a Polynomial Function

1. Determine the zeros of the function, if there are any.

2. Factor the expression for the function. Construct a corresponding table of signs to
determine the intervals where the graph is above or below the x-axis. (However, this
table is optional.)
3. For very large value of |𝑥|, that is, to the far right and far left where there are no more
zeros of 𝑓(𝑥), the behavior of the graph is the same as the behavior of the graph
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 .
4. Indicate the y-intercept in the graph.

Theorem:
The graph of a polynomial function of the 𝒏th degree has at most 𝑛 − 1 turning points.

Note: It follows from the theorem above that the graph of a polynomial function of the fourth degree
has at most three turning points.

The graph of polynomial functions of the form P ( x ) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a1x + a0
can be summarized by the given table.

Properties of the Graph

𝒂𝒏 n Example
(Extreme Behavior)

Comes down from the left, goes up

Positive Even
to the right

Comes up from the left, goes up to

Positive Odd
the right

Comes up from the left, goes down

Negative Even
to the right

Comes down from the left, goes

Negative Odd
down to the right

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Example 11: Sketch the graph of 𝑷(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑).

• Since 𝑃(𝑥) is already factored, the zeros are

determined easily. They are −1, 2 and 3.
The x-intercepts are (−1, 0), (2, 0), and (3, 0).
• The y-intercept is (0, 6).
Table of Signs
INTERVALS
(−∞, −1) (−1,2) (2,3) (3, ∞)
Test Value -2 0 2.5 4
𝑥−2 - - + +
𝑥+1 - + + +
𝑥−3 - - - +
𝑃(𝑥) - + - +
Position of
the curve
relative to elow above below above
the x-axis

The leading coefficient (𝑎𝑛 ) is positive and the degree (𝑛) is odd, hence, the graph comes up from
the left and goes up to the right.
Since the given polynomial is of the third degree, then its graph has at most two turning points.

Example 12: Sketch the graph of 𝑷(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 − 𝟓).

• Since 𝑃(𝑥) is already factored, the zeros are determined easily.

• The zeros are −1, 1, 3 and 5. The x-intercepts are (−1, 0), (1, 0), (3, 0) and (5, 0).
• The y-intercept is (0, − 15).

Table of Signs
INTERVALS
(−∞, −1) (−1, 1) (1, 3) (3, 5) (5, ∞)
Test Value -2 0 2 4 6
𝑥−1 - - + + +
𝑥+1 - + + + +
𝑥−3 - - - + +
𝑥−5 - - - - +
𝑃(𝑥) + - + - +
Position of the
curve relative above below abov below above
to the x-axis

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The leading coefficient (𝑎𝑛 ) is positive and the degree (𝑛) is even, hence, the graph comes down
from the left and goes up to the right.

Since the given polynomial is of the fourth degree, then its graph has at most three turning points.

Example 13: Sketch the graph of 𝑃(𝑥) = −(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1).

• Since 𝑃(𝑥) is already factored, the zeros are determined easily. They are - 4, - 2, and 1.
The x-intercepts are (−4, 0), (−2, 0), and (1, 0).
• The y-intercept is (0, 8).
Table of Signs
INTERVALS
(−∞, −4) (−4, −2) (−2,1) (1, ∞)
Test Value -5 -3 0 2
- - - - -
𝑥+2 - - + +
𝑥+4 - + + +
𝑥−1 - - - +
𝑃(𝑥) + - + -
Position of the curve
relative to the x-axis above below above below

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The leading coefficient (𝑎𝑛 ) is negative and the degree (𝑛) is odd, hence, the graph comes down
from the left and goes down to the right.

Since the given polynomial is of the third degree, then its graph has at most two turning points.

Example 14: Sketch the graph of 𝑃(𝑥) = −(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3).

• Since 𝑃(𝑥) is already factored, the zeros are determined easily.

• The zeros are −1, 1, 2 and 3. The x-intercepts are (−1, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0), and (3, 0).
• The y-intercept is (0, 6).
Table of Signs
INTERVALS
(−∞, −1) (−1, 1) (1, 2) (2, 3) (3, ∞)
Test Value -2 0 1.5 2.5 4
- - - - - -
𝑥−2 - - - + +
𝑥+1 - + + + +
𝑥−1 - + + +
𝑥−3 - - - - +
𝑃(𝑥) - + - + -
Position of the curve
relative to the x-axis below above below above below

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The leading coefficient (𝑎𝑛 ) is negative and the degree (𝑛) is even, hence, the graph comes up from
the left and goes down to the right.
Since the given polynomial is of the fourth degree, then its graph has at most three turning points.

Activity 3.22: CAN YOU SKETCH MY GRAPH?

Sketch the graph of the following polynomials in factored form.

(Place the x- and y-axes on the proper positions so that the graph will fit in.)

1. P(x) = (x-3)(x+2)(x-1) 2. P(x) = (2x-1)(x-4)(x+2)(x+1)

y-intercept: y-intercept:

x-intercepts: x-intercepts:

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 A number 𝒓 is said to be a zero of multiplicity 𝒒 of a polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) if (𝑥 − 𝑟)𝑞 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥).

If (𝑥 − 𝑟)𝑞 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥), then

(a) if 𝑞 is an even number, the graph of 𝑃(𝑥) touches the x-axis at the point (𝑟, 0)
which also appears as a turning point of the graph. The x-axis is tangent to the
graph.

(b) if 𝑞 is an odd number greater than 1, the graph of 𝑃(𝑥) passes through the x-axis
at the point (𝑟, 0). Moreover, the point (𝑟, 0) is not a turning point of the graph
of 𝑃(𝑥). It is a point of inflection. In this case, the graph behaves near the
inflection point as the graph of the power function 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 , where 𝑛 is odd,
behaves near (0, 0).

Let’s try to have examples of graphing polynomial functions with multiple roots.

Example 15: Sketch the graph of 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)2 .

• 𝑃(𝑥) is in factored form with multiple roots.

• The degree of 𝑃(𝑥) is 3.
• The zeros are −1, −1 and 2. Notice that −1
is a double root. The x-intercepts are
(−1, 0), (−1, 0), and (2, 0).
• The y-intercept is (0, − 2).

Table of Signs
INTERVALS
(−∞, −1) (−1,2) (2, ∞)
Test Value -2 0 3
𝑥−2 - - +
𝑥+1 - + +
𝑥+1 - + +
𝑃(𝑥) - - +
Position of the
curve relative below below above
to the x-axis

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 The leading coefficient (𝑎𝑛 ) is positive and the degree (𝑛) is odd, hence, the graph comes up from
the left and goes up to the right. Since −1 is a double root, then the graph is tangent to the
negative 𝑥 − axis at (−1,0).

Since the given polynomial is of the third degree, then its graph has at most two turning points.

Example 16: Sketch the graph of 𝑃(𝑥) = −(𝑥 − 2)3 (𝑥 + 1)2 .

• 𝑃(𝑥) is in factored form with multiple roots.

• The degree of 𝑃(𝑥) is 5.
• The zeros are −1, −1, 2, 2 and 2. Notice that
−1 is a double root and 2 is a triple root. The
x-intercepts are (−1, 0), (−1, 0), (2, 0), (2, 0)
and (2, 0).
• The y-intercept is (0, 8).

Table of Signs
INTERVALS
(−∞, −1) (−1,2) (2, ∞)
Test Value -2 0 3
- - - -
𝑥−2 - - +
𝑥−2 - - +
𝑥−2 - - +
𝑥+1 - + +
𝑥+1 - + +
𝑃(𝑥) + + -
Position of the
curve relative to above above below
the x-axis

The leading coefficient (𝑎𝑛 ) is negative and the degree (𝑛) is odd, hence, the graph comes down
from the left and goes down to the right. Since −1 is a double root, then the graph is tangent to the
negative 𝑥 − axis at (−1, 0). Since 2 is a triple root then (2, 0) is a point of inflection.

Since the given polynomial is of the third degree, then its graph has at most two turning points.

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 Activity 3.23: FOLLOW MY PATH

Sketch the graph of the following polynomials in factored form.

(Place the x- and y-axes on the proper positions so that the graph will fit in.)

() ( )(
1. P x = x - 3 x + 2 x + 2 )( ) () ( )(
2. P x = x - 3 x - 3 x - 1 x + 4 )( )( )
y-intercept: y-intercept:

x-intercepts: x-intercepts:

Notice that examples 11 to 16 are polynomials in factored form. Let us try to graph monic and
nonmonic polynomials.

Example 17: Sketch the graph of 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6.

Step 1. Find the roots/zeros of the given polynomial function by using either factoring or synthetic
division.
The roots/zeros are -2, 1, and 3. Expressing the roots as x-intercepts, we have:
(−2,0), (1,0), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3,0).
Step 2. Determine the y-intercept.
In a polynomial form, the y-intercept is just the constant term of the given function.
Hence, the y-intercept is (0, 6).

Step 3. Express the polynomial in factored form.

The polynomial in factored form is 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3).

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Step 4. Make a table of signs.

INTERVALS
(−∞, −2) (−2,1) (1,3) (3, ∞)
Test Value -3 0 2 4
𝑥+2 - + + +
𝑥−1 - - + +
𝑥−3 - - - +
𝑃(𝑥) - + - +
Position of the
curve relative to below above below above
the x-axis

Step 5. Sketch the graph by considering the table for the extreme behavior of the graph of
polynomial functions.

Example 18: Sketch the graph of 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2.

Step 1. Find the roots/zeros of the given polynomial function by using either factoring or synthetic
division.
1
The roots/zeros are - 2, 1 and 2. Expressing the roots as x-intercepts, we have:
1
(− 2 , 0) , (1,0), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2,0).

Step 2. Determine the y-intercept.

In a polynomial form, the y-intercept is just the constant term of the given function.
Hence, the y-intercept is (0, 2).
Step 3. Express the polynomial in factored form.
The polynomial in factored form is 𝑃(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2).

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Step 4. Make a table of signs.

INTERVALS
1 1
(−∞, − ) (− , 1) (1,2) (2, ∞)
2 2
Test Value -1 0 1.5 3
2𝑥 + 1 - + + +
𝑥−1 - - + +
𝑥−2 - - - +
𝑃(𝑥) - + - +
Position of the curve
relative to the x-axis
below above below above

Step 5. Sketch the graph by considering the table for the extreme behavior of the graph of
polynomial functions.

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 Activity 3.24: HOW DO I PASS THROUGH?

Sketch the graph of the given polynomial below.

(Place the x- and y-axes on the proper positions so that the graph will fit in.)

()
P x = x3 - 3x 2 - 22x + 24
y-intercept:

No. of varia- No. of pos- No. of varia- No. of pos-

tions of signs sible positive tions of signs sible negative
in P(x) roots: in P(-x) roots:

Possible roots:

SOLUTION:

x-intercepts:

LESSON 8 Application

At the end of the lesson I can solve problems involving polynomial functions.

Let us first recall some concepts learned in your previous math classes.

• A square is a rectangle with all sides equal.

• A polyhedron is a three-dimensional figure formed by four or more non-coplanar regions which
enclose a part of space.
• A prism is a polyhedron with two congruent faces (the bases) Right rectangular prisms
contained in parallel lines. All other faces are parallelograms.
The lateral edges of a prism are equal and parallel. The bases
of a prism have equal areas. The segment from a point in one
base perpendicular to the plane of the other base is the altitude.
The length of the altitude is the “height” of the prism.
• A prism is named by the shape of the base.
(i.e., triangular prism, rectangular prism, pentagonal prism.)
A cube is a prism in which the faces are squares.

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