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Knowledge Representation

Knowledge representation in artificial intelligence involves representing information about the real world so that a computer can understand and utilize this knowledge to solve problems. It describes how knowledge can be represented in AI systems. The document discusses different types of knowledge including declarative, procedural, meta-knowledge and heuristic knowledge. It also explains how knowledge representation and reasoning are important for demonstrating intelligent behavior in AI agents.

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bhavana vashishtha
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874 views7 pages

Knowledge Representation

Knowledge representation in artificial intelligence involves representing information about the real world so that a computer can understand and utilize this knowledge to solve problems. It describes how knowledge can be represented in AI systems. The document discusses different types of knowledge including declarative, procedural, meta-knowledge and heuristic knowledge. It also explains how knowledge representation and reasoning are important for demonstrating intelligent behavior in AI agents.

Uploaded by

bhavana vashishtha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is knowledge representation?

Humans are best at understanding, reasoning, and interpreting


knowledge. Human knows things, which is knowledge and as
per their knowledge they perform various actions in the real
world. But how machines do all these things comes under
knowledge representation and reasoning. Hence we can
describe Knowledge representation as following:

o Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR, KRR) is the


part of Artificial intelligence which concerned with AI
agents thinking and how thinking contributes to intelligent
behavior of agents.
o It is responsible for representing information about the
real world so that a computer can understand and can
utilize this knowledge to solve the complex real world
problems such as diagnosis a medical condition or
communicating with humans in natural language.
o It is also a way which describes how we can represent
knowledge in artificial intelligence. Knowledge
representation is not just storing data into some database,
but it also enables an intelligent machine to learn from
that knowledge and experiences so that it can behave
intelligently like a human.

What to Represent:
Following are the kind of knowledge which needs to be represented in AI
systems:

o Object: All the facts about objects in our world domain. E.g., Guitars contains
strings, trumpets are brass instruments.
o Events: Events are the actions which occur in our world.
o Performance: It describe behavior which involves knowledge about how to
do things.
o Meta-knowledge: It is knowledge about what we know.
o Facts: Facts are the truths about the real world and what we represent.
o Knowledge-Base: The central component of the knowledge-based agents is
the knowledge base. It is represented as KB. The Knowledgebase is a group of
the Sentences (Here, sentences are used as a technical term and not identical
with the English language).

Knowledge: Knowledge is awareness or familiarity gained by experiences of facts,


data, and situations. Following are the types of knowledge in artificial intelligence:

Types of knowledge
Following are the various types of knowledge:
Declarative Knowledge: (What things are?)

o Declarative knowledge is to know about something.


o It includes concepts, facts, and objects.
o It is also called descriptive knowledge and expressed in
declarativesentences.
o It is simpler than procedural language.

2. Procedural Knowledge (How they are?)

o It is also known as imperative knowledge.


o Procedural knowledge is a type of knowledge which is responsible
for knowing how to do something.
o It can be directly applied to any task.
o It includes rules, strategies, procedures, agendas, etc.
o Procedural knowledge depends on the task on which it can be
applied.

3. Meta-knowledge:

o Knowledge about the other types of knowledge is called Meta-


knowledge.

Means if you are finding any best solution then u can refer that.

4. Heuristic knowledge:

o Heuristic knowledge is representing knowledge of some experts in


a filed or subject.
o Heuristic knowledge is rules of thumb based on previous
experiences, awareness of approaches, and which are good to work
but not guaranteed.
5. Structural knowledge:

o Structural knowledge is basic knowledge to problem-solving.


o It describes relationships between various concepts such as kind of,
part of, and grouping of something.
o It describes the relationship that exists between concepts or
objects.

The relation between knowledge and


intelligence:
Knowledge of real-worlds plays a vital role in intelligence and same for creating
artificial intelligence. Knowledge plays an important role in demonstrating intelligent
behavior in AI agents. An agent is only able to accurately act on some input when he
has some knowledge or experience about that input.

Let's suppose if you met some person who is speaking in a language which you don't
know, then how you will able to act on that. The same thing applies to the intelligent
behavior of the agents.

As we can see in below diagram, there is one decision maker which act by sensing
the environment and using knowledge. But if the knowledge part will not present
then, it cannot display intelligent behavior.
AI knowledge cycle:
An Artificial intelligence system has the following components for displaying
intelligent behavior:

o Perception
o Learning
o Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
o Planning
o Execution
The above diagram is showing how an AI system can interact with the real world and
what components help it to show intelligence. AI system has Perception component
by which it retrieves information from its environment. It can be visual, audio or
another form of sensory input. The learning component is responsible for learning
from data captured by Perception comportment. In the complete cycle, the main
components are knowledge representation and Reasoning. These two components
are involved in showing the intelligence in machine-like humans. These two
components are independent with each other but also coupled together. The
planning and execution depend on analysis of Knowledge representation and
reasoning.

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