Explain app routing in Python Flask with an example.

- App routing in Python Flask refers to the process of mapping URLs to specific
functions (view functions) within a Flask application.
- Flask uses route decorators, such as @app.route('/path'), to specify which URL
should trigger the associated view function.
- These decorators are placed above the view functions to define the URL paths that
should be handled by each function.
- Flask supports dynamic routing, allowing parts of the URL to be variables that are
passed as arguments to the view function.
- This is achieved by specifying variable parts in the URL path using angle brackets
<variable_name>.
- Routes in Flask can be associated with specific HTTP methods (GET, POST, etc.) to
handle different types of requests.
- Example,
from flask import Flask

# Create a Flask application instance

app = Flask(__name__)

# Define route handlers using the @app.route decorator

# Route for the root URL

@app.route('/')
def index():
return 'Welcome to the Flask App!'

# Route for the '/hello' URL

@app.route('/hello')
def hello():
return 'Hello, World!'

# Route with dynamic URL parameter

@app.route('/user/<username>')
def user_profile(username):
return f'User Profile: {username}'

# Route with multiple URL parameters

@app.route('/add/<int:num1>/<int:num2>')
def add(num1, num2):
result = num1 + num2
return f'The sum of {num1} and {num2} is {result}'

# Route with HTTP methods

@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
if request.method == 'POST':
# Process login form submission
 # Access form data using request.form
return 'Login Successful!'
else:
# Display login form
return 'Please login'

# Run the Flask application

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)

In the above example:

- We import the Flask class from the flask module and create a Flask
application instance.
- We define route handlers using the @app.route decorator, specifying the URL
endpoint for each route.
- Each route handler is a Python function that returns a response to the client.
- Routes can include dynamic URL parameters enclosed in < >, allowing for
flexible URL patterns.
- Routes can also specify HTTP methods using the methods parameter in the
@app.route decorator.
- The app.run() function starts the Flask development server.

What is AJAX? Explain working of AJAX with a suitable diagram.

- AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a technique used in web development

to send and receive data from a web server asynchronously without interfering with
the display and behavior of the existing web page.
- It allows for updating parts of a web page without requiring a full page reload.
- Working:
1. AJAX makes use of a browser built-in XMLHttpRequest object to request data
from a Web Server and HTML DOM to display or use the data.
2. XMLHttpRequest Object: It is an API in the form of an object whose
methods help in transfer of data between a web browser and a web server.
JavaScript object that performs asynchronous interaction with the server.
3. HTML DOM: When a web page is loaded, the browser creates a Document
Object Model of the page. API for accessing and manipulating structured
documents. Represents the structure of XML and HTML documents.
The process typically involves the following steps:

- An event occurs in a web page (e.g., a page is loaded or a button is clicked).

- An XMLHttpRequest object is created by JavaScript.
- The XMLHttpRequest object sends a request to a web server.
- The server processes the request.
- The server sends a response back to the web page.
- The response is read by JavaScript.
- Proper action (like page update) is performed by JavaScript.

Write a short note on: Mongoose schemas and Models.

Mongoose schema:-
1. A schema in Mongoose is a structure that defines the shape of the documents within
a particular collection.
2. It provides the blueprint for how data gets stored in documents and collections within
MongoDB.
3. Schemas not only define the structure of your document and casting of properties,
they also define document instance methods, static Model methods, compound
indexes, and document lifecycle hooks called middleware.
4. Mongoose Shcema supports various data types such as String, Number, Date,
Boolean, Array, Object, and more.
5. It also allows the definition of custom data types and validators.
6. Example,
const mongoose = require('mongoose');
const Schema = mongoose.Schema;

const userSchema = new Schema({

username: { type: String, required: true },
email: { type: String, required: true },
age: { type: Number, min: 18 },
createdAt: { type: Date, default: Date.now }
});

module.exports = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);

Mongoose Models:-
1. Models in Mongoose are constructors created from schemas.
2. They represent collections in the MongoDB database and provide an interface for
querying and manipulating documents.
3. Models allow you to create, read, update, and delete documents in a MongoDB
collection based on the defined schema.
4. Here's an example of using the user schema to create a model:
const User = require('./userModel');

// Creating a new user document

const newUser = new User({
 username: 'john_doe',
email: '[email protected]',
age: 25
});

// Saving the new user document to the database

newUser.save()
.then(user => {
console.log('User saved:', user);
})
.catch(error => {
console.error('Error saving user:', error);
});

Explain MongoDB CRUD Operations with an example.

MongoDB supports CRUD operations, which stand for Create, Read, Update, and Delete.
These operations allow you to interact with the data stored in MongoDB collections. Below is
an explanation of each CRUD operation along with an example:

1. Create (Insert):

The create operation is used to insert new documents into a MongoDB collection.

Example:
```javascript
// Inserting a document into the "students" collection
db.students.insertOne({
name: "John",
age: 25,
grade: "A"
});
```

2. Read (Query):

The read operation is used to retrieve documents from a MongoDB collection.

Example:
```javascript
// Querying documents from the "students" collection
db.students.find({ name: "John" });
```

3. Update:

The update operation is used to modify existing documents in a MongoDB collection.

Example:
```javascript
// Updating a document in the "students" collection
db.students.updateOne(
{ name: "John" },
{ $set: { age: 26 } }
);
```

4. Delete:

The delete operation is used to remove documents from a MongoDB collection.

Example:
```javascript
// Deleting a document from the "students" collection
db.students.deleteOne({ name: "John" });
```

Summary:

- Create: Use `insertOne()` or `insertMany()` to add new documents to a collection.

- Read: Use `find()` to retrieve documents from a collection based on specified criteria.
- Update: Use `updateOne()`, `updateMany()`, or `replaceOne()` to modify existing
documents in a collection.
- Delete: Use `deleteOne()` or `deleteMany()` to remove documents from a collection based
on specified criteria.

These CRUD operations form the core functionality for interacting with MongoDB collections
and are essential for managing data in MongoDB databases.

Define RIA and explain characteristics of RIA.

- RIA stands for Rich Internet Application.

- It refers to web applications that offer a richer and more interactive user experience
compared to traditional web applications.
- RIA combines the features and functionality of desktop applications with the reach
and accessibility of web applications.

Characteristics of Rich Internet Applications (RIAs):

Explain sharding.
- In assignment 2

Discuss technologies AJAX works with to create interactive web pages.

AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a set of web development techniques used to
create interactive and dynamic web pages by enabling asynchronous communication
between the client and server. AJAX allows web applications to update parts of a web page
without reloading the entire page, resulting in a smoother and more responsive user
experience. Here are some technologies that AJAX commonly works with to create
interactive web pages:

1. HTML/CSS: HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the standard markup language for
creating web pages, and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used for styling and formatting
HTML elements. AJAX interacts with HTML and CSS to manipulate and update the content
and appearance of web pages dynamically.
2. JavaScript: JavaScript is a programming language commonly used for client-side scripting
in web development. AJAX relies heavily on JavaScript to send asynchronous requests to
the server, handle responses, and update the web page content dynamically without
requiring a full page reload.

3. XMLHttpRequest (XHR): XHR is an API in web browsers that enables JavaScript to make
HTTP requests to the server asynchronously. It is the foundation of AJAX, allowing web
applications to send requests to the server in the background without interrupting the user's
interaction with the page.

4. JSON (JavaScript Object Notation): JSON is a lightweight data interchange format that is
commonly used with AJAX for exchanging data between the client and server. JSON is often
preferred over XML for its simplicity and ease of use in JavaScript applications.

5. Server-side Technologies: AJAX interacts with server-side technologies such as PHP,

Python, Ruby on Rails, Node.js, and others to handle requests and generate dynamic
responses. These server-side technologies process AJAX requests, retrieve data from
databases or other sources, perform business logic, and return JSON or XML responses to
the client.

6. Web APIs: AJAX can consume data from various web APIs (Application Programming
Interfaces) provided by third-party services or platforms. These APIs allow AJAX
applications to access a wide range of data and services, such as social media feeds,
weather forecasts, mapping services, and more, enriching the functionality of web
applications.

7. Frameworks and Libraries: AJAX is often used in conjunction with JavaScript frameworks
and libraries such as jQuery, React, AngularJS, Vue.js, and others. These frameworks
provide abstractions and utilities to simplify AJAX development, handle common tasks, and
streamline the process of building interactive web applications.

By leveraging these technologies, AJAX enables developers to create dynamic and

interactive web pages that deliver a rich user experience, with seamless data exchange
between the client and server.

What is Flask URL building?

- In assignment 2

Explain MongoDB data types along with syntax.

MongoDB supports various data types to store different kinds of information in documents.
Here's an explanation of some common MongoDB data types along with their syntax:

1. String: Used to store textual data.

- Syntax: `{"key": "value"}`

2. Integer: Used to store numerical data without decimals.

 - Syntax: `{"key": 123}`

3. Double: Used to store numerical data with decimals.

- Syntax: `{"key": 123.45}`

4. Boolean: Used to store boolean values (true or false).

- Syntax: `{"key": true}` or `{"key": false}`

5. Object: Used to store embedded documents.

- Syntax: `{"key": {"subkey1": value1, "subkey2": value2}}`

6. Array: Used to store arrays or lists of values.

- Syntax: `{"key": [value1, value2, value3]}`

7. Null: Used to store null or empty values.

- Syntax: `{"key": null}`

8. Date: Used to store dates and timestamps.

- Syntax: `{"key": ISODate("YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ")}`

9. Timestamp: Used to store timestamps for operations within a database.

- Syntax: `{"key": Timestamp(seconds, ordinal)}`

10. Object ID: Used to store unique identifiers for documents.

- Syntax: `{"_id": ObjectId("hexadecimal_value")}`

11. Binary Data: Used to store binary data like images or files.
- Syntax: `{"key": BinData(subtype, "base64_encoded_data")}`

12. Regular Expression: Used to store regular expressions.

- Syntax: `{"key": /pattern/options}`

13. Decimal: Used to store decimal numbers with high precision.

- Syntax: `{ "key": NumberDecimal("123.45") }`

These are some of the common data types supported by MongoDB. It's important to choose
the appropriate data type based on the nature of the data being stored to ensure efficient
querying and manipulation of documents within a MongoDB database.