© FEB 2021 | IRE Journals | Volume 4 Issue 8 | ISSN: 2456-8880

A Review on Smart Parking Systems

KHUSHBOO CHAURASIA1, DILESH SHAHARE2, NIKHITA RAMTEKE3, PRIYA KANEKAR4,
SHARAD DEWAGAN5, PAYAL ZADE6, TUSHAR MURATKAR7
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
BE Student, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, J. D. College of Engineering
and Management, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
7
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, J. D. College of Engineering
and Management, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Abstract- In recent years parking has become costly of the roads in urban India are taken up for just parking
resource in the practically any significant urban the cars. The issue has been additionally exacerbated
areas on the planet, and its limited availability is the by the fact that nowadays even individuals from the
simultaneous cause of urban traffic blockage and air low-salary group are able to own cars. Especially in
pollution. The common strategy for finding a the cities and the big towns, there is a problem where
parking space is manual where the driver usually the supply and demand ratio make parking a problem
finds a space in the city or on the streets through his / for parking space providers, the drivers or both. Here
her experience or luck. This process requires time and comes the importance of a smart car parking system
effort and may prompt to the worst scenario of failing (SPS) framework. The idea of Internet of Things (IoT)
to discover any parking space if the driver is driving in began with things with identity communication
a city with high vehicle density. Here, an endeavor devices. The devices could be tracked, controlled or
has been done to computerize the vehicle as well as monitored utilizing remote computers connected
the vehicle parking framework with a Smart Parking through Internet. IoT broadens the utilization of
System (SPS) which is based on the integration of an Internet providing the communication, and thus inter-
Android app and QR Code reader. The presentation network of the devices and physical items, or ‘Things’.
of a novel calculation that expands the proficiency of The two prominent words in IoT are “internet” and
the current smart- parking framework and builds an “things”.
android application to gather information about the
occupancy state of parking spaces, and to advice the Here we propose to develop a system that resolve the
drivers to the closest vacant parking spot. The going congestion and queuing issues of finding spot for
into or leaving the parking slot is constrained by an paring on street. The proposed system allows users to
Android-based app. The algorithm improves the reserve a parking lot by using their mobiles, before
likelihood of successful parking and minimizes the reaching at destination. An Android app has been
user waiting time. developed to serve this purpose. An app requires just
an internet connection. Initially, user will have to run
Indexed Terms- Android app, Car Parking, QR- the Android app on their smartphone, and select the
Code, Smart Parking, IoT, Smart City level that he/she prefers to park the car. Once the
selection is completed, an empty parking lot will be
I. INTRODUCTION reserved for the user throughout the time. At the same
time, a QR-Code is generated. The user then can enter
Significant urban communities all around the globe are the car park by using the QR-Code. Indirectly, this also
confronting another difficult these days with absence helps to reduce the use of ticket or paper work.
of adequate parking spot. With families getting
smaller and the total number of vehicles is more than Before the user exits the car park, he/she is just
the total number of heads per family, the leaving required to run the Android app, then the new QR-
situation is woefully missing the mark concerning the Code will be generated for user to exit the car park.
present prerequisites in the nation. The situation with Also, it helps to remove the hassle of queuing up to
the end goal that on any given working day around 40% pay for the parking, users are no longer required to

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search for small notes or coins when paying as well. In Another Existing method is Integration of [2] RFID
addition to the Android app, a car park management and WSN Technologies in a Smart Parking System.
system has been developed to govern the entering and Basically, the SPS provides innovative services for the
exiting of cars in the car park. automatic supervision of paid parking spaces through
the deployment of an IEEE 802.15.4-based WSN able
This management system is used to verify the validity to collect and deliver the data to the central server. A
and integrity of the QR-Code. customized application on the server analyzes the
received information and also sends an alert message
Proposed system not only targeted on the to the mobile application of the traffic cop in case of
aforementioned issues, but also security measure is unauthorized use of a reserved space or expiration of
taken into consideration. In this case, the security a parking receipt. Drivers can also use the system to pay
measure is referring to how good the system can the fee. The framework of the system consists of
prevent the user from cheating on the car park charges. WSNs, Smart Gateway (SG), Central Server (CS) and
This is also one of the aspects that determine whether two different mobile applications, called Parking App
the car park management will choose to adopt the and Policeman App, designed for vehicle drivers and
system. Furthermore, the system also attempts to traffic cops, respectively. The main peripherals of the
minimize the amount of data communication required. deployed Zigbee network are Router (R) and
For example, users are only required to go online when Coordinator (C) nodes. The R nodes provide
making reservation, or while scanning the QR Code. It forwarding and routing capabilities, where the c node
is not necessary for them to stay online for the collects the received data and forwards them to the
management system to determine whether they have Central Server. In the RFID- WSN integrated system,
pay for the correct amount or whether a valid QR-Code the Router Reader (RR) node typology has been
has been used. introduced, which identifies an R node interfaced with
a UHF RFID reader. The designed system consists of a
The section I explains the Introduction. Section II WSN with some R node and RR nodes are spread out
presents the literature review of existing systems and in the parking area. In particular, R nodes, equipped
Section III present proposed system architecture with a light sensor, are placed on each parking slot to
Section VI concludes our proposed system. While at monitor their state, while the RR nodes are on poles
the end list of references paper are presented. located their neighboring reserved parking space.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW The information retrieved by the nodes is delivered, in

a multi-hop manner, to the C node, which delivers
Various methods are used to improve the intelligent them to the Smart Gateway. This last one, in turn, tests
parking mechanisms. Study of these existing systems the collected data and sends them, together with the
shows that these systems need little or more human position of the parking zone, to the CS. the SG
intervention for the functioning. One of the existing provides also an NFC way to finalize user’s payment
systems is [1] Intelligent Systems for Car Parking with for their parking fee. The main function of the RR
Image Processing. In this paper, a brown rounded nodes includes control the reserved parking space and
image on parking slot is captured using the camera and fill that space by using only authorized cars, labeled by
it is used to detect the free parking slots. The currently UHF RFID tags. More specifically, when the CS
available parking spaces are displayed on the seven- receives the information that a reserved parking space
segment display. First, the image of the parking slot has been occupied, it checks if a new RFID tag has
with the brown rounded image is taken. Then create the been read by the RR node responsible for controlling
binary images according to the brown rounded images. that specific reserved space, and, in such a case, it
Due to this, we have to remove the noise of the images verifies its authorizations. The CS maintains a
and identifies the object boundaries. The image database handling a lot of information about parking
detection module determines which objects are round, spaces available and user’s payments.
by determining each objects area and perimeter.
Accordingly, the free parking slots are allocated. In case of improperly use of a reserved space or

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expiration of parking receipt, a parking monitoring One of the intelligent systems for car parking has been
application on the CS informs the traffic staff, proposed by making use of Image processing [9]. In
exploiting the Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) [3] a this system, a brown rounded image on the parking
vision-based car parking system includes 2 type of slot is captured and processed to detect the free parking
images. The positive image and negative image. The slot. The information about the currently available
positive image contains images of cars from various parking slots is displayed on the 7-segment display.
angles but the negative image does not contain the Initially, the image of parking slots with brown-
images of cars, based on these two images parking rounded image is taken. The image is segmented to
slots are reserved. create binary images. The noise is removed from this
image and the object boundaries are traced. The image
As been stated in [4], this involves renting a special detection module determines which objects are round,
number to receive the SMS. If the system was to allow by estimating each object‟s area and perimeter.
users to pay for the parking through SMS, part of the Accordingly, the free parking space is allocated. A
income may have to go to the local mobile operator as vision-based car parking system [10] is developed
well. Indirectly, this can lead to increase in which uses two types of images (positive and
implementation cost and time. negative) to detect free parking slot. In this method,
the object classifier detects the required object within
Besides SMS, few companies have started to use QR- the input. Positive images contain the images of cars
Code in their parking system as well. However, these from various angles. Negative images do not contain
systems are developed for the on-street parking, and any cars in them. The co-ordinates of parking lots
QR- Codes are mainly being used to replace parking specified are used as input to detect the presence of
meters. For example, [5] and [6] have been working cars in the region. Haar-like features are used for
on replacing the mechanism of paying through the feature detection.
parking meters, with a new mechanism that uses QR-
Code and mobile application. In this case, user is just However, limitations may occur with this system with
required to scan the QR-Code on the parking meter, respect to the type of camera used. Also, the co-
and settle the payment through the mobile application. ordinate system used selects specific parking locations
This allows users to extend their session easily and and thus camera has to be at a fixed location. Limited
remove the hassle of searching for coins. Overall, the set of positive and negative images may impose
idea of using QR-Codes for gated parking is still very limitations on the system. Number Plate Recognition
new. technique [11] for developing autonomous car parking
system uses image processing basis to process the
The basic idea is to reserve and/or pay for the parking number plates of the vehicles. In this system, the image
by using SMS. For example, [7], has proposed a of the license number plate of the vehicle is acquired.
system that allows user to reserve a parking lot by It is further segmented to obtain individual characters
using SMS. After a SMS is received, the system will in the number plate. Ultrasonic sensors are used to
reply the user through SMS, the parking lot allocated, detect free parking slots. Then the images of number
password to enter the car park, as well as date and time. plate are taken and analyzed. Simultaneously, the
User then can enter the car park by using the password current timing is noted so as to calculate the parking
given. fees. The LCD displays "FULL" sign to indicate that a
parking lot is not available. However, some limitations
Another system that uses SMS to reserve a parking lot with the system include background colour being
is proposed in [8]. In addition to SMS, it also compulsorily black and character colour white. Also,
incorporated a Breadth First Search (BFS) algorithm analysis is limited to number plates with just one row.
to determine the parking lot that will be allocated to a
user. Although the use of SMS can be very convenient, Scientists with MIT constructed a good sensor bundle
the deployment of such system requires the support [12] with 2000 of which in important cars and trucks,
from local mobile operator. measures typical pace, in addition to picking up the
rocks or normal water while traveling. These people

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find vehicles using disturbances within earth’s magnet made of a particular Entrance Node (GN) together
niche as a result of vehicles. People examine diverse with n Sensor Nodes (SNs) implemented on the
approaches to depend on new or used cars. Most are in- roadside as per some close to linear topology [15].
road inductive loops, probe vehicles within site
visitors, entry to permanent magnetic devices, us Data within the SNs is usually collected from the GN
going for wise streets studs, some machine eye sight in addition to delivered to Road Side Equipment
solutions (with problems) and using info because of (RSU) to blame for fusing the idea by means of traffic-
mobile or portable mobile phone network. The job related data files produced just by free options. Their
objectives are solving the efficient potential system has become tested using quite a few serious
customers’ operations and road safe practices obstacle use-case circumstances. Their report comprises
by providing some assembly to get customer info. addition particulars by using TelosB. The work marks
solving the useful traffic organization test by giving a
Hsiao-Kuang, et al. (2014) proposed WSN-based good framework to get traffic data.
traveling facts range along with communication
process. These people engineered in addition to As per study by Chen, Na, et al. (2016) the necessities
prototype hardware in addition to applications WSN for a successful WSN construction designed for ITSs.
themes. Additionally, they establish you are the These people surveyed WSN architectures and
different parts of ITS for the reason that security sub- additionally stated a principal amount of HER
system, approach sub- system, execution subsystem in projects. They've already labeled all of them straight
addition to communication sub-system. That they into monitoring parking lots, traffic supervision in
produced some nodes choices: vehicle machine addition to influence, and traffic evaluation. They will
(mobile nodes), roadside equipment (static nodes) talk about the main element aspects that will generate
along with intersection item (sink). One’s own success the model of WSN because of its. They are particular
targets solving that successful supervision and succeed targets solving this effective traffic
additionally road safety practices struggle by giving the organization obstacle together with improving upon
composition to collect traffic knowledge [13]. buyer working experience by providing a competent
WSN engineering [16].
Qing, et al, (2014) studied a good VANET that
includes roadside entrance nodes. Their particular Srinu, M. Venkata, and B. Shiva Shankar (2016)
inter-vehicle conversation (IVC) process offers a concentrate on detailed analysis of the mobile phone
couple of categories of connection; routine together network topology, energy conserving and additionally
with aware primarily based. Their specific purpose stability in addition to integrity. These people seal the
should be to improve safe practices. They were proven deal electronic style and design associated with
their specific criteria working with Matlab simulators multilevel sensor node and additionally mobile phone
and lastly accomplished concerning appliance network methods suited to urban open take strategy via
applying smallish rural autos. Additionally, they the internet travel and leisure buses, could be
highlight several other VANET implementations. You administered with real- time, to achieve the purpose of
succeed targets curing the successful potential intelligent operations. It offers higher cost
customers operations together with highway safe performance look when placed against today's
practices challenge by giving a good structural part to Navigation Systems applied to general public transit
recover traffic data [14]. strategy. People present their particular answer,
however, certainly no comparison created from by
Venkateswaran et. al, (2014) provide some traffic using prevailing treatments. Their work objectives
monitoring process implemented as a result of WSN curing this powerful traffic organization concern by
using the essence some bendable, efficient, low-cost in providing an assembly to accumulate traffic facts [17].
addition to low-maintenance Wi-Fi solution
concerning choosing traffic related info to get Merriman et. al, (2016) studies show a powerful
generating safety warnings for black color sites down construction to enhance the safe practices from road
the road mobile phone network. Ones own WSN is travel around applying WSN and Wireless Bluetooth.

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Most people additionally discuss an ad-hoc mobile Sabnam et. al, (2016) in the Double Abdullah
phone network creation relating to vehicles in addition University or college involving Scientific discipline
to facts trading sensed as a result of detectors. Their together with Knowhow work with unaggressive
simulation effects demonstrate which Wireless infrared along with an ultrasonic sensor to help you
Bluetooth along with sensor systems can be used classify new or used cars and additionally discover
collaboratively to increase wellbeing with streets flooding at pavements. Their own operate targets
travel around. Additionally, they highlight a lot of helping you out with this effective traffic direction in
pattern factors for its. You will get the job done targets addition to roads essential safety difficulties by
at curing the street welfare challenge by giving some checking vehicles, classifying him or her and
knowledge selection structural part determined by additionally discovering flood upon streets [21].
WSN in addition to Bluetooth [18].
It can be described as suite associated with the wise
Chen, Xiaohong, et al. (2016) speak about transfer, streets essential safety along with logistics
heterogeneous wireless sensor network to get traveling solutions perfectly engineered inside Qatar as a result
system functions. Inside their daily news, WSN uses of Qatar Movability Originality Target. Masaryk relies
inside The Country's, that transportation techniques on getting involved in collecting real-time traffic data
along with the employ middleware to help you files out of a variety of sources then gives the traffic
combine heterogeneous Wi-Fi cooperative subjects tender data files as a result of their Labeeb base to
usually are talked over [19]. They describe various produce real-time traffic information. This post is
hardware tools which might be utilized since mobile commonly employed through the several apps and
cooperating toys within the prototype functions. Some products and services around Masaryk, such as
functions from each hierarchical stage along with an itrafficMon (traffic monitoring within real-time),
inter-hierarchical stage practical application have with iTripPlanner (trip planning service choosing real-time
results from those tests around researching the information), iFleet (intelligent navy manager),
feasibility of using middleware inside actual take iDispatch, iChildSafety, and others [22]. Their
program applications. particular suit associated with solutions aim for
effective traffic management, safe road practices
Inside their proxy newspaper, Xiaohong, et al, provide together with maximizing visitor knowledge.
a fantastic comparison associated with mobile
technologies and some more ITS jobs on their Jannati et. al, (2016) can be some other loaded and
extension daily news. Both of their functions aim at additionally accommodate stage by way of QMIC that
helping you out with the useful traffic direction will work with real-time monitoring of quality of air
struggle by providing a good assembly to accumulate as well natural world circumstances. The idea will
traffic data files choosing heterogeneous WSN. allow users to get into these kinds of information and
facts by way of innovative functions which can be
Zips, Patrik, Martin Böck, and Andreas Kugi (2016) reached because of various programs including
additional analyze the number of choices associated portable shipping, world-wide-web, TXT, and
with exploitation the technological know-how from approach partnership. The following base can provide
WSN within A. In-depth detailed description from other improvements to be able to end user knowledge
sensor node developed for sensing the intensity of [23].
magnetic discipline in addition to velocity is
commonly given. By way of example, an offered This info is usually useful to establish the intelligent
sensor is needed to help sense the acceleration assistance and additional uses which tackle the needs
involving moving vehicles so to classify the vehicles’ of numerous user segments. This device provides a
corresponding their predicted proportions [20]. You framework to accumulate facts for useful traffic
succeed targets in clearing up that efficient traffic operations. San Francisco’s Municipal Travelling
direction test just by keeping track of vehicles in Service proven SFpark to use cutting edge solutions
addition to classifying these in line with one's own along with plans to boost parking around San
span shape. Francisco Bay area by lessening traffic by facilitating

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drivers look for parking rewards most people. SFpark top distance of 2.0 km with the strip of left vehicles for
functions applying intelligent costs to make sure that the side, that ultrasonic sensor from the BMW quantify
owners can quickly see offered spaces. This approach potential parking areas, which the program, in that
mission provides a system to improve customer case, features to help operate. As soon as taxi driver
practical experience further. selects a good parking room or space, the system
subsequently picks the apparatus on its own, manuals
Protected Route Train engines for any Setting can be this prescribing in addition to automatically
a Euro Commission-funded task to check out along accelerates or even brakes. This product moreover is
with trial technological know-how and tips for this focused on making improvements to buyer encounter
protected platooning associated with highway by using automatic parking concept.
vehicles, some travelling process when various
vehicles usually are in electronic format coupled The device has a user interface designed for owners to
together in a very “road train”, with solely that steer evaluate together with arranging that parking space,
operator around practical influence. The studies in and designed for parking lot owners to anticipate the
addition to advancement have been carried out by a income with a birth-death stochastic system
few car or truck manufacturers along with Volvo exploration. This delivery occurrence fits the affair
within the guide. This SARTRE platooning program with vehicle typing in along with occupying a spot for
imagines the platoon all the way to six vehicles a little period. This death event symbolizes case
associated digitally, along with the steer automotive involving automotive leaving which means parking
regulated using a specific person, avoiding see starting to be vacant. In order to find beginning rate
consequently people pursuing, for the reason that along with fatality rate with the vehicles in parking
servant vehicles. lots, the machine presumed the city to help be provided
prognosis traffic platforms, light beam protection in
Focused at commuters in autos, but probably industrial addition to camcorder which often identify this traffic
vehicles and additionally chartering, drivers could move and additionally stash the data with the
become a member of together with going away the additional IT'S app wearing.
platoon for the can. So that you can bring down any
costs, the technological know-how for the method is to A simulation will show possibility from utilized
be reached through from the corner elements, and parking rooms concerning various birth/ death costs.
specifically not having necessitating expensive Many devices apply this queuing model to help you
modifications so that you can be interstate recreate this parking habit. However, getting a turning
infrastructure. This undertaking supplies methods for up level and the parking time would likely require even
properly manage traffic and increases practical user more value such as the construction of traffic
experience despite the fact that driving a motor vehicle recognition facilities in locations or video cameras
autonomously within a road show. within parking lots, which are often expensive.

Chatzigiannakis (2016) studied Valeo will be an III. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

assisted parking method that will application a few
devices and various factors that can help people fit A. System Architecture
their vehicles straight into perhaps even a smallest Following Fig. 1 Shows the proposed system
parking attraction. The car theme parks again but architecture.
without the driver’s involvement. This product
discusses making improvements to visitor working
experience by way of concept to help on the autopilot
woodland car. BMW’s Recreation area Tool is usually
the section of its Attached Generate initiative [24].

The Recreation area Tool looks for the ideal parking

house. It accelerates to be able to 34 km/h as well as a

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street parking spots in consolidated cities. Various

systems put the management of parking spots into a
different perspective that goes over the simple
automation of parking system through the use of
advanced technological solutions, such as wireless
networks and sensor communication. In fact, it is
concerned with

1) The quality of life in modern cities, in terms of the

amount of pollution and effects of the urban traffic
congestion on the abilities of the drivers.

2) The quality of mobility in urban areas. On further

Fig 1. System Architecture modification, we are looking forward to
implementing an intelligent parking assistant
The system will require a Node MCU with various IR (IPA) architecture aims at overcoming current
sensors attached to it. The IR sensors will determine public parking management solutions. Future
the parking status. The microcontroller of the Node modifications the SPS system will include the
MCU is at Mega and to see the status of the parking in following points:
the parking lot we use the display unit for monitoring
and an Android App. The parking lot setup (Node • Considerations would be made about the
MCU and IR sensor) will be accessible to the server evaluation of the revenue of the parking site.
over Internet of things. The Android App will be used • A module for the Smartphone App to navigate the
by users to check the parking status on their cell users to the assigned parking spots using a vocal
phones, and hence it will be the User interface of our guide.
project. The Node MCU is interfaced with the IR • A module to use Bluetooth technology to complete
sensors to determine the parking status will be the the check-in process.
hardware setup of the project. Hence the Node MCU
becomes the hardware module of the system. Figure 1 REFERENCES
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