Name:_______________________________ Score:_______________

Year & Section:________________________ Date:________________

Heat is a transfer of (thermal) energy between objects or places due to temperature difference.
Heat transfers from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature.

Heat exists as ‘energy in transit’ and it is not contained in an object. The energy that is actually
contained in an object due to the motion of its particles is called thermal energy. The thermal energy of
an object is changed if heat is transferred to or from it. Since the amount of heat transferred relates to
the amount of change in thermal energy, the term heat is also used to refer to the measure of thermal
energy transferred.
Activity 1
Explaining hotness or coldness
Objectives:
1. Describe the hotness or coldness of an object in terms of its temperature.
2. Compare the changes in the temperature of water to determine the relationship between the
amount of heat transferred and the resulting temperature change.
Materials Needed:
3 identical containers thermometer hot water
tap water (room temperature) cold water

Q1. What actually transferred when you dipped your finger into the water? In what direction did it
transfer? _________________________________________________________________________

Q2. Was the water ‘hot’ or ‘cold’? Explain.

_________________________________________________________________________________
Discuss your answers with the group. Try to estimate the temperature of the water in the containers.

Q3. How close is your estimated value to the measured temperature of the water?
________________________________________________________________________________

Q4. Which container feels ‘hottest’? Which container feels ‘coolest’?

_______________________________________________________________________________

Q5. What do you think causes the difference in the hotness or coldness of the water inside the
containers?
_________________________________________________________________________
Q6. In which container(s) is heat transfer taking place? What evidence best supports your answer?
Within this container, which absorbs heat? Which gives off heat?
________________________________________________________________________________
Q7. In which container was there the greatest amount of heat transferred? What is the basis of your
answer?
________________________________________________________________________________
Q8. How are the amount of heat transferred and the change in temperature of water related?
Name:_______________________________ Score:_______________
Year & Section:________________________ Date:________________
Heat is absorbed or given off by an object, its temperature changes. If the object absorbs heat
its temperature rises.
Moving objects possess kinetic energy. All the objects that you see around you that are moving
possess kinetic energy.
The change in the kinetic energy of the particles of a substance varies with the amount of heat
transferred to it. The greater the amount of heat transferred, the greater the increase in the kinetic
energy of the particles.
Activity 2
Dye in water
At the end of this activity, you should be able to explain the scattering of the dye in water at
different temperatures.
Materials Needed:
3 transparent containers 1 thermometer 3 plastic droppers hot water
tap water (room temperature) cold water dye (Food color)
Procedure:
1. Fill the three containers separately with cold water, tap water, and hot water.
2. Measure the temperature of the water in each container. Record your measurements in Table 2
below.

3. With the dropper, place a drop of dye into the center of each container as shown in Figure 2. (Note:
It is better if you place drops of dye into the three samples simultaneously.)

4. Carefully observe and compare the behavior of the dye in the three containers. Write down your
observations in Table 2.

Q9. What similarities and differences did you observe when a drop of dye was added to each container?
____________________________________________________________________________________

Q10. In which container did the dye scatter the fastest? In which did it scatter the slowest?
____________________________________________________________________________________

Q11. How do you relate the temperature of the water to the rate of scattering of the dye?

Q12. In which container are the particles of water moving fastest? In which container are the particles
moving slowest?
____________________________________________________________________________________
Q13. How is temperature related to the speed of the particles?

Q14. How is temperature related to the kinetic energy of particles?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
Name:_______________________________ Score:_______________
Year & Section:________________________ Date:________________

The energy absorbed by the water is used by the particles to overcome the attractive forces
between them, and not to increase the speed of particles. The temperature of the water will only start
to increase after the ice has totally melted.
Activity 3.1
What happens when ice melts?
After this activity, you should be able to answer this question:
What happens to the temperature of water while changing from ice to liquid water?
Materials needed:
crushed ice 1 glass container timer (stopwatch) stirring rod
Procedure:
1. Put some crushed ice and a little cold water into the container.

2. Stir the contents of the container for few seconds; then, measure the temperature of the
contents.

Avoid letting the thermometer touch the bottom of the container to ensure that you are actually
measuring the temperature of the water.
Record your temperature reading in Table 3 below.

3. Repeat step 2 every 2 minutes. Make sure that you stir and measure exactly the same way
each time. Record each measurement in Table 3.

Q15. Why does the ice inside the container melt after sometime?
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Continue measuring until the ice has totally melted and even after it has already melted
completely (around 4-6 minutes more).

5. Construct a temperature against time graph. Draw a smooth line that passes through almost
all the points.

Q16. Which is your dependent variable? Which is your independent variable? (Note that the
independent quantity is plotted along the X-axis while the dependent quantity is plotted along
the Y-axis.
__________________________________________________________________________
Q17. Describe your graph.
__________________________________________________________________________
Q18. Describe the temperature of the water while the ice melting.
__________________________________________________________________________
Q19. Describe the temperature of the water after the ice has melted.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Name:_______________________________ Score:_______________
Year & Section:________________________ Date:________________

Heat transfer may continuously take place between the cold water and the surrounding
(as long as there is a temperature difference).
The amount of heat transferred is proportional to the change in temperature. The greater the
amount of heat transferred to an object, the greater the increase in its temperature.

The graph shows that the ice absorbs heat as evidenced by the temperature rise; the
temperature remains the same when ice starts to melt and until all the ice has melted; then the
temperature rises again until water boils. The temperature remains constant at boiling temperature
when water starts turning to steam and until all the liquid water has become water vapor.

Activity 3.2
What happens to the temperature of water as it boils?
Materials:
beaker stirrer thermometer (can measure up to 100°C)
alcohol burner water (hot water) stand or tripod with wire gauze
Procedure:
1. Fill the beaker with 100 mL hot water and place it above the alcohol burner using the tripod with wire
gauze.

2. Measure and record the temperature of the water every 2 minutes until it boils. Once the water starts
to boil, continue taking the temperature for 4-6 more minutes.

3. Plot the graph of temperature against time.

Q20. Describe and interpret your graph.

___________________________________________________________________________________
Q21. What similarities and differences have you noticed between your graphs in Activity 3.1 and Activity
3.2?

___________________________________________________________________________________
Name:_______________________________ Score:_______________
Year & Section:________________________ Date:________________
Heat Capacity
Materials expand when heated or contract when cooled. Thermal property of materials is the
ability to absorb or release heat that results in temperature change. In science, the amount of heat
needed by a material to increase its temperature by a degree is called heat capacity (C). To be more
specific, the term specific heat capacity (c) is used, and this refers to the amount of heat required to
increase the temperature of one unit mass of a given material by one Celsius degree. For example,
water has a specific heat capacity of 1 cal/g°C. So it takes 1 calorie of heat to raise the temperature of 1
gram of water by 1°C.
Different materials have different specific heat capacities. Many metals have low specific heat
capacities. This makes them easy to heat up and cool down. Water, on the other hand, has a high
specific heat capacity and so it takes a long time to heat and a long time to cool. This makes the water
a good coolant for car radiators. Because of its high specific heat capacity, it can absorb a large
amount of heat without causing its temperature to rise too high.
Activity 5
Comparing heat capacities
Objectives:
After performing this activity, you should be able to compare the heat capacities of the given
liquid samples.
Materials:
2 identical small containers (each with 100mL of liquid sample)
2 identical large containers (large enough to accommodate the small containers)
2 thermometers hot water
liquid samples: water, cooking oil
Note: Store the liquid samples in the same room to ensure that both are at room temperature
when you do the activity.
Procedure:
1. Pour 100mL of water into one of the small containers and the same amount of cooking oil
into the other container. Measure and record their initial temperature in Table 4 below.

2. Place the small container with oil in a larger container with hot water. Make sure that the hot
water does not mix with the liquid sample.
3. Measure the time it takes for the oil to increase in temperature by 5 °C. Example, if the initial
temperature of the liquid is 28C, take the time it takes for the temperature to reach 33C.
Record your measured heating time in Table 4.
Q22. Which liquid requires more time to increase in temperature by 5 degrees?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Q23. Which liquid requires more heat to increase in temperature by 5 degrees?
_____________________________________________________________________________
Q24. Which liquid has a greater heat capacity?
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Do the same with the water sample. Make sure that the amount and temperature of the hot water is
the same for both samples. Record also your measurement in Table 4.
Q22. Which liquid requires more time to increase in temperature by 5 degrees?
___________________________________________________________________________________
Q23. Which liquid requires more heat to increase in temperature by 5 degrees?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Q24. Which liquid has a greater heat capacity?
___________________________________________________________________________________
Name:_______________________________ Score:_______________
Year & Section:________________________ Date:________________

Heat and Temperature

So far, you have already recognized the relationship between heat and temperature. So how do
they differ? Go back to your previous experiments and analyze your findings. Then try to answer
questions below.
1. Which has a higher temperature, 1 cup of boiling water or 1 teapot of boiling water? Which
can transfer more heat, 1 cup of boiling water or 1 teapot of boiling water? Explain your
answer.

2. Which can transfer more heat, a cup of boiling water or a cup of tap water? If you increase
the amount of the boiling water and tap water twice, will their temperature change? Explain
your answer.

3. Which can transfer more heat, a cup of boiling water or 1 basin of tap water? (You may try
this out if you have time.)

So how are heat and temperature different?

Well, here are the important points to consider about the difference between heat and
temperature.
First, heat is a form of energy while temperature is not a form of energy.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles and it does
not depend on the mass of the object. It can be measured directly with the use of
thermometers.
Heat cannot be measured directly. But you can make use of the measurable quantities
related to heat to determine how much heat (Q) is absorbed by the object. These are the
change in temperature (ΔT), mass (m), and specific heat capacity (c) of the object.
The relation among these quantities is expressed as:.