Reference Guide

Reference Guide
A program for thermodynamic modeling

and optimization of energy conversion systems
Cycle-Tempo Manual
Reference Guide
ii
Table of contents
Table of contents
Chapter 1 Introduction.............................................................................................1-1
Chapter 2 Apparatus.............................................................................................2-1
2.1 General apparatus data..........................................................................................2-1
2.2 Type = 1 Boiler......................................................................................................2-7
2.3 Type = 2 Reheater...............................................................................................2-11
2.4 Type = 3 Turbine.................................................................................................2-15
2.5 Type = 4 Condenser............................................................................................2-23
2.6 Type = 5 Feed water heater.................................................................................2-33
2.7 Type = 6, 12 Heat exchanger...............................................................................2-39
2.8 Type = 7 Deaerator..............................................................................................2-47
2.9 Type = 8 Pump....................................................................................................2-49
2.10 Type = 9, 11 Node...............................................................................................2-51
2.11 Type = 10 Sink/Source........................................................................................2-57
2.12 Type = 10 Heat Sink............................................................................................2-63
2.13 Type = 10 Stack..................................................................................................2-67
2.14 Type = 13 Combustor..........................................................................................2-69
2.15 Type = 14 Valve..................................................................................................2-75
2.16 Type = 15 Drum..................................................................................................2-81
2.17 Type = 20 Reformer............................................................................................2-85
2.18 Type = 21 Fuel Cell.............................................................................................2-89
2.19 Type = 22 Moisture Separator...........................................................................2-103
2.20 Type = 23 Gasifier.............................................................................................2-109
2.21 Type = 25 Scrubber...........................................................................................2-117
2.22 Type = 26 General separator.............................................................................2-121
2.23 Type = 27 Chemical reactor..............................................................................2-125
2.24 Type = 28 Saturator...........................................................................................2-129
2.25 Type = 29 Compressor......................................................................................2-135
2.26 Type = 30 Gas turbine.......................................................................................2-139
2.27 Type = G Generator...........................................................................................2-145
2.28 Type = M Electromotor.....................................................................................2-147
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Chapter 3 Connections..........................................................................................3-1
3.1 Pipes......................................................................................................................3-1
3.2 Shafts.....................................................................................................................3-5
Chapter 4 Medium data........................................................................................4-1

4.1 Specifying medium data........................................................................................4-1
4.2 Available medium types........................................................................................4-2
4.3 Medium type WATERSTM..................................................................................4-3
4.4 Medium type POTASIUM....................................................................................4-3
4.5 Medium type GASMIX.........................................................................................4-4
4.6 Medium type FUEL...............................................................................................4-6
4.7 Refrigerants...........................................................................................................4-8
4.7.1 REFPROP...............................................................................................4-8
4.7.2 DUPONT..............................................................................................4-13
4.8 Medium type NH3-H2O......................................................................................4-14
4.9 Medium type LIQUIDS.......................................................................................4-14
Chapter 5 System data...........................................................................................5-1

5.1 Production functions..............................................................................................5-1
5.2 Definition of environment.....................................................................................5-3
5.3 Additional power consumers.................................................................................5-6
Chapter 6 Calculation settings..............................................................................6-1

6.1 General calculation settings...................................................................................6-1
6.2 Control of output extent.........................................................................................6-3
6.3 Parameter optimization..........................................................................................6-4
Chapter 7 Text output...........................................................................................7-1

7.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................7-1
7.2 Output directly related to the input........................................................................7-1
7.3 Output showing the course of the iteration process...............................................7-2
7.4 Output of the calculated results.............................................................................7-4
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Table of contents
Chapter 8 Tables....................................................................................................8-1
8.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................8-1
8.2 System efficiencies................................................................................................8-3
8.3 Energy balance......................................................................................................8-5
8.4 Composition of fluids............................................................................................8-7
8.5 Heating values.......................................................................................................8-8
8.6 Data for all pipes...................................................................................................8-9
8.7 Losses in pipes.....................................................................................................8-10
8.8 Energy and exergy flows.....................................................................................8-10
8.9 Exergy values in the system................................................................................8-11
8.10 Rotating equipment.............................................................................................8-15
8.11 Motors and generators.........................................................................................8-15
8.12 Heat exchanging equipment................................................................................8-16
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Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
This part is meant as a reference guide for setting-up a process scheme and for specifying
input data. It merely contains brief information on the components and parameters which are
needed to define a system.
The intention has been to limit the extent of this part of the manual. The necessary
explanations are as brief as possible. A description of the output of the program is given
also.
The reference guide has the following contents:
 Input
Chapter 2: apparatuses
Chapter 3: connections
Chapter 4: medium data
Chapter 5: system data
Chapter 6: calculation settings
 Output
Chapter 7: text output
Chapter 8: tables
Each paragraph, with exception of the general apparatus data and the introductions, can be
read independently from other parts.
In paragraph 2.1 the general apparatus data are described. They apply to almost all apparatus
types. This paragraph also contains an overview of the available apparatus types. The
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general input data for apparatuses should be known before specifying input data for the
specific apparatus types.
2
General apparatus data
Chapter 2
Apparatus
2.1 General apparatus data
Table 2-1 gives a summary of the apparatus types available in Cycle-Tempo together with
the default names and the number of system equations added to the system matrix by the
apparatus type.
The general parameters for the apparatuses are:
No. = identification number of the apparatus (apparatus number).

The apparatus number must be equal to, or greater than 1, but less than
32767. Apparatus numbers are automatically assigned, but may be changed
if desired.
Name = apparatus name to be entered by the user (for default values see Table 2-1).
The name may not be longer than 12 characters. The names specified are
used in tables with calculation results or diagrams.
For almost all apparatus the following thermodynamic data can be specified:
PIN = inlet pressure (bar)

POUT = outlet pressure (bar)
DELP = pressure loss in the apparatus (bar)
TIN = inlet temperature (°C)
TOUT = outlet temperature (°C)
DELT = temperature rise in the apparatus (°C)
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For the heat exchanging apparatus the variables PIN, POUT, DELP, TIN, TOUT and DELT
are post fixed with a 1 for the primary medium (heated medium) and with a 2 for the
secondary medium (cooled medium) (e.g. PIN1, TOUT2, etc.).
The other data are described and explained for each apparatus type. The default values of the
thermodynamic data are, unless otherwise indicated, fixed at UNKNOWN, represented by
the numeric value -8888.8.
Table 2-1: summary of available apparatus types
Explanation: M = mass equation, E = energy equation, P = production function

/ = exclusive choice, + = mandatory combination
Type Default name System equations Symbol

1 Boiler 1M
2 Reheater 1M
3 Turbine 1M
4 Condenser 2M / (EEQCOD = 2; type 6)

2M + 1E (EEQCOD = 1; type 12)
5 Flash.Heater 2M + 1E
2

6,12 Heat Exchgr. 2M / (EEQCOD = 2; type 6)
2M + 1P (EEQCOD = 1; type 12)
7 Deaerator 1M + 1E
8 Pump 1M
9,11 Node 1M / (EEQCOD = 2; type 9)

1M + 1E (EEQCOD = 1; type 11)
10 Sink/Source 1M
(in case of only 1 pipe connected then
1M only if DELM, DELV or DELVN
is specified)
10 Heat Sink 1M
(in case of only 1 pipe connected then
1M only if DELM, DELV or DELVN
is specified)
10 Stack 1M
(only if DELM, DELV or DELVN is
specified)
13 Combustor 1M / (EEQCOD = 2)
2M (EEQCOD = 1, or EEQCOD = 2
if LAMBDA specified)
(ash pipe connected  +1M)
14 Valve 2M
15 Drum 1M + 1E
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20 Reformer 2M / (EEQCOD = 2)
2M + 1E (EEQCOD = 1)
(SFRATI specified  +1M)
21 Fuel Cell 2M / (EEQCOD = 2)

(cooled LTFC  +1M)
(UOX specified  +1M)
(POWER specified  +1M)
22 Moist. Sepr. 2M / (EEQCOD = 2)
(if mass flow of separated moisture is
calculated: +1M)
23 Gasifier 2M/ (EEQCOD = 2)

2 M + 1E (EEQCOD = 1)
(ash pipe connected  +1M)
(OFRATI or ESTOFR specified  +1M)
(SFRATI specified  +1M)
25 Scrubber 2M
26 Separator 2M
27 Reactor 1M
4

28 Saturator 2M
29 Compressor 1M
30 Gas turbine 1M if a bottoming cycle is present
G Generator -
M Electromotor -
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6
Boiler
Boiler
2.2 Type = 1 Boiler
Minimum number of inlets = 1

Maximum number of inlets = 5
Number of outlets = 1
Applications
This apparatus type is intended for use as a boiler in closed cycles, where the boiler is only
modeled as an apparatus in which heat is added to the cycle and where details of the flue gas
system are not taken into account. The boiler comprises only the economizer, evaporator and
superheater; any reheater present must be modeled separately (see type = 2, reheater).
Input parameters
PIN, POUT, DELP, TIN, TOUT and DELT are standard.
DELE = energy flow released from the boiler (kW) (default = UNKNOWN).
Radiation losses cannot be specified separately, but may be
rediscounted in the thermal efficiency. Specification is only
allowed for boilers with 1 inlet and 1 outlet pipe. The value
should differ by at least EPS from -8888.8. If DELE is specified,
ESTMAS should be specified also.
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ESTMAS = estimated mass flow rate (kg/s) (default = UNKNOWN).

ESTMAS must be specified if DELE has been prescribed, in order
to obtain a realistic specific enthalpy change over the boiler in the
first main iteration.
ETHAB1) = thermal efficiency of the boiler (-) (default = 1.0).

ETHAB is only useful for the efficiency calculation.
LHV1) = lower heating value of the fuel (kJ/kg) (default = UNKNOWN).

Specification of LHV is only important for the exergy calculation.
EXFUEL1) = exergy of the fuel (kJ/kg) (default = UNKNOWN).
1)
If LHV, EXFUEL and ETHAB are specified, an exergy input and an exergy
efficiency of the system will be calculated. An exergy efficiency of the boiler will be
calculated also.
8
Boiler
Number of equations for system matrix
This apparatus type adds 1 mass equation to the system matrix.
Calculation rules
1. pout = pin - DELP

2. Tin = Tout - DELT
3. hin = hout - DELE/m m = mass flow (kg/s)
Capitalized data is taken from apparatus input, the other variables written with subscripts are
either apparatus input data or the data of connected apparatus or pipes.
Off-design calculations
For performing off-design calculations no extra calculation rules are available.
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10
Reheater
Reheater
2.3 Type = 2 Reheater
Number of inlets = 1
Applications
This apparatus type, like the boiler (type = 1), is intended for modeling in closed cycles,
where details of the flue gas system are not taken into account.
Input parameters
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DELE = energy flow released from the reheater (kW)

(default = UNKNOWN). Radiation losses cannot be specified
separately, but may be rediscounted in the thermal efficiency.
Specification is only allowed for reheaters with 1 inlet and 1
outlet pipe. The value should differ by at least EPS from -8888.8.
If DELE is specified, ESTMAS should be specified also.
ESTMAS = estimated mass flow rate (kg/s) (default = UNKNOWN).

ESTMAS must be specified if DELE has been prescribed, in order
to obtain a realistic specific enthalpy change over the reheater in
the first main iteration.
ETHAB1) = thermal efficiency of the reheater (-) (default = 1.0).

ETHAB is only useful for the efficiency calculation.
LHV1) = lower heating value of the fuel (kJ/kg) (default = UNKNOWN).

Specification of LHV is only important for the exergy calculation.
EXFUEL1) = exergy of the fuel (kJ/kg) (default = UNKNOWN).
1)
If LHV, EXFUEL and ETHAB are specified, an exergy input and an exergy
efficiency of the system will be calculated. An exergy efficiency of the reheater will
be calculated also.
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Reheater
Calculation rules

3. hin = hout - DELE/m m = mass flow (kg/s)
Capitalized data is taken from apparatus input, the other variables written with subscripts are
either apparatus input data or the data of connected apparatus or pipes.
For performing off-design calculations no extra calculation rules are available.
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14
Turbine
Turbine
2.4 Type = 3 Turbine
Number of inletpipes = 1
Number of outletpipes = 1
Maximum number of bleed pipes = 10
Maximum number of shafts = 2
Small symbol
Inlets Outlets Bleeds Shafts
Large symbol
Inlets Outlets Bleeds Shafts
Applications
The apparatus type turbine is intended for modeling different types of turbines. In addition to
an inlet and an outlet a turbine may have a maximum of 8 extraction points. The addition of
an extra mass flow in the expansion section between the turbine inlet and outlet is not
possible; in this case the turbine can be modeled as two turbines in series.
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The general type (TUCODE = 0) can be used as an expansion turbine in cycles with various
media, e.g. as steam turbine, gas turbine etc. For this type no routines are available for
determining the internal efficiencies; these must be specified directly or indirectly. No
exhaust losses are calculated for this type either.
Several types are available for modeling steam turbines. Large steam turbines usually consist
of a number of sections. By using the types indicated in Table 2-2 (TUCODE starting with
digits 1 to 9) a turbine of virtually any size can be modeled. For all these types there are
procedures for determining the internal efficiencies; these do not then have to be specified.
For the condensation sections the exhaust losses are also determined; these are rediscounted
in the internal efficiency.
It should be noted that the method for calculating the efficiencies dates from 1974 and that
with present-day steam turbines greater efficiencies can be obtained. However, for tendency
calculations the method is very useful. In addition it is possible for the turbines with
TUCODE beginning with digits 2 to 9 to revise the basic value of ETHAID as required.
These models for steam turbines do not generally give valid results for media other than
WATERSTM (see chapter 4 Medium Data).
Off-design calculations are possible for all types. Traupel’s formulae are used for this (a
refinement of Stodola’s cone law).
16
Turbine
Input parameters
PIN, TIN, TOUT and DELT are standard.

(N.B. it is not possible to specify POUT and DELP).
TUCODE = five digit turbine code, t1 t2 t3 t4 t5. The digit furthest on the left, (t1)
indicates the turbine type (default = 0).
GDCODE = code which indicates the presence (GDCODE = 2) or absence

(GDCODE = 1) of a governing stage (default = UNKNOWN).
ETHAI = isentropic efficiency (default = UNKNOWN for TUCODE = 0).
ETHAM = mechanical efficiency (default = 1).
Depending on the type of turbine, indicated by t1 of TUCODE, a few geometric data have to
be specified. A summary of the input variables is given in Table 2-2. For a detailed
description see part “Technical Notes” of the manual.
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Pressure calculation
1. Design load: No relations are available to calculate pressures: the

outlet pressure and the pressures at the extraction points have to
be specified with data for apparatus downstream of the turbine (or
with the help of extra conditions for pipes).
The turbine inlet pressure can be specified for the turbine or for
apparatus upstream of the turbine.
2. Off-design: The pressures at extraction points are calculated using Traupel’s

formula, provided the pressure of the outlet is known, and the
design extraction point pressures are specified in the input.
The calculation of the turbine inlet pressure using Traupel’s
formula is only output when the relevant turbine section does not
have a governing stage (GDCODE = 1).
Temperature, specific enthalpy and vapor fraction

(for design load and off-design calculation)
3. Tout = Tin + DELT

4. hout = f(hin, ETHAI)
a straight or curved expansion line is assumed and pressures have to be known.
5. Thermodynamic variables at extraction points are computable from turbine inlet
and outlet conditions and the pressure of the extraction point. The isentropic
efficiency (i) can be specified in the input (as t1 = 0), or is computable from user
defined turbine data, using polynomials suggested by General Electric (t 1 = 1 to 5, 8
and 9) or VMF Stork (nowadays NEM Hengelo, the Netherlands) (t1 = 6 and 7). In
addition the enthalpy at the extraction points is also influenced by the shape of the
expansion line. In the h,s-diagram this is a straight line for t5 = 0. For turbine
sections with t1 = 5, 8 or 9 a curved expansion line may be chosen with t5 = 1.
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Turbine
Table 2-2: Input data for the turbine types
Turbine type TUCODE GDCODE ETHAID 1) Required Optional

data data
General turbine 0 1 or 2 not - ETHAI

applicable
Intermediate pressure 10000 1 not - -

2)
section applicable
(with double reheating)
High pressure section 2f00v 2 0.870 DIAIN POUTDS,

with 1-row governing DESMAS 3)
stage
High pressure section 3f00v 2 0.840 - POUTDS,

stage
Turbine without reheater 4f000 2 0.8948 - POUTRT,

stage
Condensing section MP + 5mdLe 1 0.9193 SLENG, -

LP, 3000 rpm 4) DIAOUT
Back pressure turbine 60c00 2 0.800 DESMAS, -

(pressure controlled) DELH
Back pressure turbine 70c00 2 0.800 DESMAS, -

(mass flow controlled) DELH
Condensing section 8mdLe 1 0.9193 SLENG, PINCND

3000/1500 rpm 4) DIAOUT
Condensing section 1500 9mdLe 1 0.9295 SLENG, -

rpm 4) DIAOUT
) The values are default values; the user is free to specify other values.
1
) The validity range for the pressure ratio is: pin / pout  2 (extrapolated to pin / pout  1.33).
2
) Only for off-design calculations.

3
) For 60 Hz installations 3600 and 1800 rpm respectively.

4
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Explanation to Table 2-2:
TUCODE = f: number of parallel flows (flows) t2

m: number of parallel flows in the medium pressure part of the
condensing section t2
L: number of parallel flows in the low pressure part of the condensing
section t4
v: number of inlet valves (valves) t5
c: correction for the isentropic enthalpy drop t3
d: outlet direction of the condensing section (direction): t3
d = 1: downward, at 3000 and 3600 rpm (t1= 5)
d = 2: downward, at 1500 and 1800 rpm (t1= 8 of 9)
d = 3: axial, at 1500 and 1800 rpm (t1= 8 of 9),
(structurally only possible for one outlet)
e: shape of the expansion line for condensing sections t5
e = 0: straight expansion line in h,s-diagram
e = 1: curved expansion line
ETHAID = basic value for the isentropic efficiency; default values: see Table 2-2 (-)
DIAIN = pitch diameter 1) of the governing stage (m)
DIAOUT = pitch diameter 4) of the last row of blades (m)2)
SLENG = blade length of the last row of blades (m)5)
DESMAS = design inlet mass flow rate (kg/s)
PINCND = pressure between medium and low pressure section; for part load
calculations the design value must be specified here (bar)
POUTDS = design value of the outlet pressure; for part load calculations the
default value is the first value of the array ‘Pressure’ (see the next heading),
which is the outlet pressure (bar)
POUTRT = pressure just downstream of the governing stage; (default = 0.625*PIN) (bar)
DELH = isentropic enthalpy drop at design conditions (kJ/kg)
1
) Pitch diameter means: the diameter at half blade height. The default values are 0.965 m and
1.158 m for 3600 and 3000 rpm, respectively.
2
) The limits for DIAOUT and for SLENG are:
1.33  DIAOUT  2.30 0.36  SLENG  0.85 for 3000 and 3600 rpm
2.79  DIAOUT  3.858 0.88  SLENG  1.32 for 1500 and 1800 rpm
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Turbine
Input parameters for off-design calculations
The results of the design calculation are written to the file with design data for off-design
calculations. These data can be copied to the required input parameters for off-design
calculations using the Paste-button.
For turbines the following variables can be specified:
DESVOL = inlet volume flow (m3/s)

HOUTRT1) = specific enthalpy after the governing stage (kJ/kg)
The following 4 arrays of figures in order of increasing pressure (the variable for the outlet with the
lowest pressure is the first element):
Bleed pipe no.2) = column with pipe numbers (connected to the turbine)
Pressure = column with pressures in the pipes connected (bar)
Mass flow = column with mass flows in the turbine sections (kg/s)
Specific volume = column with specific volumes at the extraction points (m3/kg)
?) This input is optional and may be omitted (calculated from the design data).
2
) Bleed pipe no. = 0 to prescribe conditions just after the governing stage.
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22
Condenser
Condenser
2.5 Type = 4 Condenser
Applications
The condenser model is designed for the calculation of condensers in steam turbine cycles.
The heat of condensation is then removed via the cooling water. If the model is used for
design calculations, then the use of other media is also permitted (where data are present
they are in the material library). In that case the heat transfer relations are not used.
With regard to description of the off-design behavior it is assumed that the steam to be
condensed is not superheated and that the condensate is not subcooled.
In calculations with the condenser model the energy equation (energy balance) over the
condenser is available to calculate an unknown variable (mass flow or enthalpy). The
variable, which is solved from the energy equation, depends on the value of the Energy
EQuation CODe (EEQCOD):
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 EEQCOD = 1: the energy equation of the apparatus is used to calculate a mass flow.
The energy equation will be added to the system matrix.
 EEQCOD = 2: the energy equation of the apparatus is used to calculate an enthalpy in

one of the inlets or outlets. The energy equation will not be added to the system matrix.
If the EEQCOD is not specified the default value 1 is used.
When an off-design calculation is carried out, an extra equation is available, namely the heat
transfer equation. From this equation an unknown temperature can be solved.
The possible calculation options are summarized in the diagram below:
Design Design with Off-design

U-value
EEQCOD 1 2 1 2 1 2
Calculate m T m T m T
T T
Geometry data - - specify specify specify specify
Data from design - - - - specify specify
calculation
The design calculation
In the design calculation an unknown mass flow or enthalpy can be solved from the energy
equation. In this calculation option all media are permitted in the condenser. In addition it is
permitted for the secondary medium to flow into the condenser superheated and to leave it
again subcooled, see Figure 2-1.
24
Condenser
Figure 2-1: Q, T diagram of the condenser
The design calculation with U-value calculation
In this case the calculation options are the same as those for a normal design calculation.
In addition the overall heat transfer coefficient U (kW/m2 K) for the heat transfer is
calculated and the necessary size of the heat exchanging area A (m2). These data from the
design calculation are necessary as an input for carrying out an off-design calculation.
The calculation method for the U-value is only available for a condenser with:
 cooling water as primary medium;
 steam as secondary medium;
 wet or saturated steam at inlet, saturated condensate at outlet;
 flow of the secondary medium through the condenser without pressure drop.
To calculate the U-value extra input data relating to the geometry must be specified.
The extra result of this calculation (the size of the heat exchanging area A) is written to the
file with design data for off-design calculations. Using the Paste-button this datum can be
copied to the required input parameter for off-design calculations. See also below.
The off-design calculation
For performing off-design calculations the size of the heat exchanging area must be
specified. When the value of A is not known, this can be calculated in the extended design
calculation, see above.
In order to calculate the U-value, data relating to the bundle geometry must be specified.
This is done by means of the geometry input parameter.
When performing the off-design calculation the energy equation can be used to calculate an
unknown mass flow or enthalpy. The heat transfer equation is available for computing an
unknown temperature. In the diagram below the possible combinations are summarized:
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To be calculated
EEQCOD m,p m,s Tss/pss Tout,p
1 X X
X X
X X
X X
2 X X
The overall heat transfer coefficient (U-value) must be specified for the off-design
calculation from the geometry data, the thermodynamic data and the mass flows. The
restrictions also apply for the off-design calculations, which are given for the extended
design calculation for the U-value calculation method.
26
Condenser
Input parameters
For the apparatus data the following can be specified:
PIN1, POUT1, DELP1, TIN1, TOUT1, DELT1 are standard

PIN2, POUT2, DELP2, TIN2, TOUT2, DELT21) are standard
EEQCOD = code which indicates whether the energy balance is used to

calculate a mass flow (EEQCOD=1) or a temperature
(EEQCOD=2) (default=1)
SATCOD2) = saturation code (default = UNKNOWN), specify 0.0 to indicate

that secondary (condensate) outlet is saturated.
RPSM = initial estimate of the ratio between the primary and secondary
mass flow (default = 65). This value is only used where the
EEQCOD is 2.
DELTH = difference between the saturation temperature of the secondary

medium and the outlet temperature of the primary medium (C),
Tss - Tout,p (default = UNKNOWN).
This value may not be specified in an off-design calculation.
DELTL2) = difference between the outlet temperature of the secondary

medium and the inlet temperature of the primary medium (C),
Tout,s - Tin,p (default = UNKNOWN).
This value may not be specified in the case of an off-design
calculation.
DTSUBC2) = difference between the saturation temperature of the condensate of

the secondary medium and the outlet temperature of the secondary
medium (C), Tss - Tout,s (default = UNKNOWN).
This value may not be specified in the case of an off-design
calculation.
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DELE = energy flow to the environment (e.g. radiation loss) (kW)

(default = 0.0).
If DELE > 0 energy is given off to the environment.
1) DELT2 is defined as temperature rise, this value hence normally has a negative
value for the secondary medium.
2) If SATCOD=0.0 is specified DTSUBC, TOUT2 and DELTL may not be specified. If

TOUT2 or DTSUBC is specified then this value is ignored. If SATCOD is not
specified TOUT2, DTSUBC or DELTL must be specified.
This apparatus type adds 2 mass equations to the system matrix. If EEQCOD = 1 the energy
equation is added also.
Summarizing:
EEQCOD = 1: 2 mass equations + 1 energy equation = 3 equations
EEQCOD = 2: 2 mass equations
Calculation rules
For the primary medium
1. pout = pin - p1 p1 = pressure loss on primary side.
2. pin = pout + p1
3. Tout = Tin + T1 T1 = temperature rise on primary side.
4. Tin = Tout - T1
5. Tss = fsat (pin,s)
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Condenser
Tout,p = Tss - DELTH
6. Tin,p = Tout,s - DELTL
For the secondary medium
7. pout = pin - p2 p2 = pressure loss on secondary side
8. Tout = Tin + T2 T2 = temperature rise on secondary side
Rules 7 and 8 can only be used when only 1 inlet pipe is connected to the secondary side
(main pipe).
9. Tss = Tout,p + DELTH

pout,s = fsat(Tss)
10. Tout,s = Tin,p + DELTL
11. Tout,s = fsat(pout,s) applies when SATCOD=0

12. Tss = fsat(pout,s)
Tout,s = Tss - DTSUBC
Input parameters for geometry
For the condenser the following geometry data can be specified:
DIAIN = the inside diameter (m) of the pipes in the condenser

(default = 0.018)
DIAOUT = the outside diameter (m) of the pipes in the condenser

(default = 0.020)
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PITCH = the pitch, the distance between centers of the pipes (m), the
standard assumption is a staggered layout (default = 0.030)
NPIPES = the total number of pipes in the bundle (default = 35500)
NEDGE = the number of pipes on the edge of the bundle, the number of
mantle pipes (default = 3550)
PRISEC = code, which indicates whether the energy equation is used to

determine the primary or the secondary mass flow. PRISEC must
be specified if EEQCOD = 1 and an off-design calculation is
carried out (default = UNKNOWN).
PRISEC = 1 : the primary mass flow is calculated

PRISEC = 2 : the secondary mass flow is calculated
LAMBDW = the thermal conductivity coefficient of the wall (kW/m K)

(default = 0.085)
RFOUL = heat resistance to fouling on the cooling water side (m2 K/kW)
(default = 0.045)
AIRFAC = correction factor for air influence, the heat resistance on the steam
side is increased by the factor AIRFAC (default = 1.4)
A few hints for the choice of the geometry data:
 Choose the combination of the inside diameter and the total number of pipes so that the
speed of the cooling water in the pipes in the design situation is between 1 and 2 m/s.
30
Condenser
 The inside and outside diameter much be chosen such that the wall thickness is given an
acceptable value.
 The ratio of the total number of pipes to the number of pipes on the edge is for most
bundles around 10.
 The pitch diameter ratio (outside) of the bundle is around 1.5.
 The value of the thermal conductivity coefficient depends on the pipe material. A very
common value is 0.085 kW/m K (copper alloy).
For a condenser the following data must be specified for off-design situations:
A = heat exchanging area (m2)
At the end of the extended design calculation the logarithmic temperature difference over the
condenser and the heat transfer coefficient are calculated. With these data and the quantity of
heat transferred the size of the heat exchanging area is calculated.
The result of this calculation is written to the file with design data for off-design
calculations. Using the Paste-button this datum can be copied to the required input parameter
for off-design calculations.
In the design calculation the logarithmic temperature difference over the condenser and, with
the help of the geometry data, the heat transfer coefficient, are calculated. With these data
and the transferred heat the size of the heat exchanging area is calculated. Using this the
length of the bundle is then established, where:
A = NPIPES    DIAOUT  l
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32
Feed water heater
Feed water heater
2.6 Type = 5 Feed water heater
Applications
A flashed heater normally uses extraction steam from the turbine. The energy balance is
employed for mass flow rate calculations and is automatically added to the system matrix.
The secondary inlet refers to an extraction line from the turbine.
The calculation rules assume a condensing medium for the secondary side.
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Input parameters

SATCOD2) = saturation code (default = UNKNOWN), enter 0.0 to indicate

saturation of the secondary (condensate) outlet.
DELTH = temperature difference between the primary outlet temperature

and the saturation temperature of the extraction steam (°C)
(default = UNKNOWN)
DELTL = temperature difference between primary inlet temperature and

secondary outlet temperature (°C) (default = UNKNOWN)
DELE3) = energy flow to the environment (kW) (default = 0.0)

(e.g. radiation loss)
1) DELT2 is defined as temperature rise, so this value is normally a negative value for
the secondary medium.
2) If SATCOD = 0.0 is specified, neither TOUT2 nor DELTL may be given.
3) This value may not be altered in a user subroutine.
This apparatus type adds 3 equations to the system matrix: 2 mass equations + 1 energy
equation.
34
Feed water heater
Calculation rules for pressure
Primary medium
1. pout,p = pin,p - DELP1
Secondary medium
2. pout,s = pin,s - DELP2

3. Tss = Tout,p + DELTH only for one secondary inlet
pin,s = fsat( Tss) saturation conditions
Tout,s may be specified for the input (TOUT2), calculated in an apparatus upstream, or
calculated with one of the following calculation rules:
Calculation rules for temperature, specific enthalpy, steam quality

(for design and off-design calculations)
Primary medium
4. Tout,p = Tin,p + DELT1

5. Tss = fsat(pin,s) only for one secondary inlet
saturation conditions
Tout,p = Tss - DELTH
6. Tin,p = TOUT2 - DELTL
Secondary medium
7. Tout,s = Tin,s + DELT2 only for one secondary inlet.

9. Tout,s = fsat (pout,s) saturation conditions, SATCOD = 0.0
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Figure 2-2: Temperature determination flashed heater
The values specified for DELTH and/or DELTL are adapted if either DSMAS1 for the
primary or DSMAS2 for the secondary medium is given as input for off-design calculations.
DELTH and/or DELTL will be adapted according to the curves shown in Figure 2-3. This
method is appropriate since the UA-value cannot be established in a reliable way for heat
exchange between media showing phase changes.
DSMAS1 = design mass flow primary side (kg/s)
DSMAS2 = design mass flow secondary side (kg/s)
Either DSMAS1 or DSMAS2 should be given, not both.
36
Feed water heater
Figure 2-3: Adapting DELTH/DELTL at off-design
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38
Surface heat exchanger
2.7 Type = 6, 12 Heat exchanger
Applications
This apparatus is used as a general heat exchanger, evaporator or furnace. The former two
are represented by the subtype “General”, the latter by subtype “Furnace”.
For the furnace, the radiation constant is calculated at design using, among other, the furnace
outlet temperature. This temperature is calculated at off-design using the Ter Linden method.
For furnaces EEQCOD = 1 should be chosen. Additional input for furnaces is described at
the end of this paragraph.
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The energy equation code (EEQCOD) determines the usage of the energy equation:
 EEQCOD = 1: the energy equation of the apparatus is used to calculate a mass flow.
An energy equation, defined by the user (possibly in combination with other
apparatuses), can be specified as a production function. If this is not the case, the
program will automatically define the production function. The value of this function
represents the energy release to the environment, i.e. a thermal loss. The energy
equation will be added to the system matrix.
 EEQCOD = 2: the energy equation of the apparatus is used to calculate an enthalpy in

one of the inlets or outlets. The energy equation will not be added to the system matrix.
If the EEQCOD is not specified the default value 2 is used.
For off-design calculations the heat transfer equation is used. For this the heat transfer
capacity rate (UA-value) must be specified in the input. The primary and secondary medium
may in that case only have 1 inlet and 1 outlet.
Input parameters


calculate a mass flow (EEQCOD=1) or a temperature
(EEQCOD=2) (default=2)
DELTH = high terminal temperature difference (C) see Figure 2-4.

(default = UNKNOWN)
DELTL = low terminal temperature difference (C) see Figure 2-4.
1
) DELT2 is defined as temperature rise, so this value normally has a negative value for the secondary
medium.
40
(default = UNKNOWN)
RPSM = initial estimate for the ratio of the primary/secondary mass flow
for EEQCOD = 2. A negative value indicates a parallel flow heat
exchanger and a positive value gives a counter current heat
exchanger (default = 1.0).
Specification of RPSM is recommended if it is anticipated that the
mass flow ratio between primary and secondary medium will
differ appreciably from 1. This can prevent fluctuations in the
mass flows during the first iteration steps. For EEQCOD = 1 only
the sign of RPSM is used to determine the flow directions.
DELE = energy flow to the environment (kW) for EEQCOD = 2

(default = 0.0). DELE > 0 is energy flow to the environment, for
example radiation loss. This value, which is used in a local energy
balance, can be altered in a user subroutine (APSUB).
DELE should differ by at least EPS from -8888.8
Figure 2-4: temperature determination heat exchanger
This apparatus type adds 2 mass equations to the system matrix. If EEQCOD = 1 an energy
equations is added also, in the form of a production function. The program will
automatically generate a production function if it detects that the apparatus has not been
defined in another production function.
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Summarizing:
EEQCOD = 1: 2 mass equations + 1 production function = 3 equations
Calculation rules
For both media
1. pout = pin - p p = pressure drop on primary or secondary side

pin = pout + p
2. Tin = Tout - T T = temperature rise on primary or secondary
Tout = Tin + T side
These are only used when the medium has 1 inlet and 1 outlet.
Counter current
Primary medium
3. Tout,p = Tin,s - DELTH only for one secondary inlet.
4. Tin,p = Tout,s - DELTL
Secondary medium
6. Tin,s = Tout,p + DELTH only for one secondary inlet.
Co current
Primary medium
3. Tout,p = Tin,s - DELTL only for one secondary inlet.
4. Tin,p = Tin,s - DELTH
42
Secondary medium
5. Tout,s = Tout,p + DELTL
6. Tin,s = Tin,p + DELTH only for one secondary inlet.
The values of DELTH and DELTL can be adapted using the actual mass flow if DSMAS1 or
DSMAS2 is specified as input data for off-design calculations; see the procedure mentioned
in paragraph 2.6. However, this is not recommended. The following method is preferred.
If only 4 pipes are connected to the heat exchanger, the heat transfer capacity rate U*A is
given, all inlet and outlet pressures are known, and:
 EEQCOD = 1: three enthalpies are known, then the unknown enthalpy is calculated
using the heat transfer equation. The ratio primary mass flow/secondary mass flow is
calculated from the system matrix solving procedure.
 EEQCOD = 2: two enthalpies are known, then the two unknown enthalpies are
calculated using the energy equation and the heat transfer equation.
DSMAS1 = design mass flow primary side (kg/s)
DSMAS2 = design mass flow secondary side (kg/s)
UA = heat transfer capacity rate of a surface heat exchanger (kW/K).

The value of UA can be adapted to the mass flow with:
If DSMAS1 is specified: UA’ = UA * (m/ DSMAS1)ETHA
If DSMAS2 is specified: UA’ = UA * (m/ DSMAS2)ETHA
This formulae should not be used for discontinuous temperature profiles (see Figure 2-5)
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Figure 2-5: temperature lines heat exchangers
Either DSMAS1 or DSMAS2 should be specified, not both.
It is recommended to specify DSMAS for the medium, which influences the overall heat
transfer coefficient most.
For example, heat transfer between flue gas and water is dominated by the flue gas side. In
that case one specifies DSMAS2 (flue gas is the cooled medium, therefore the secondary
side).
If UA is not specified, DSMAS is used to adapt the temperature differences DELTL or

DELTH, according to the curves shown in Figure 2-3 (paragraph 2.6).
Furnace heat exchanger
The furnace heat exchanger can be used to calculate the furnace outlet temperature at off-
design according to the method of Ter Linden. For a furnace heat exchanger EEQCOD = 1
should be chosen. Additional input data can be specified in the input window behind the
“Furnace data” button if type “Furnace” has been chosen. The input contains only one
parameter:
TP = mean pipe wall temperature (°C) (default = see below)
44
The mean pipe wall temperature is used to calculate the radiation constant of the furnace at
design. This constant is used at off-design to calculate the furnace outlet temperature. If the
mean pipe wall temperature is not specified, it will be calculated from the inlet and outlet
temperatures of the primary medium.
The output can be found on the last page of the “Text output” among the other design data
for off-design calculations, and consists of the apparatus number of the furnace heat
exchanger, the mean pipe wall temperature , the furnace outlet temperature and the radiation
constant. This constant (CRAD) is also written to the file with design data for off-design
calculations. Using the Paste-button the value of the constant can be copied in the
appropriate field as input for off-design calculations.
Off-design calculations for a furnace heat exchanger
For an off-design calculation the following input parameters are available:
CRAD = radiation constant (kW/K4)
TP = mean pipe wall temperature (°C)
ESTTFU = estimation of furnace outlet temperature (°C)
In a design calculation, the radiation constant is a calculation result, which will be used at
off-design. At off-design, the mean pipe wall temperature can either be specified or
calculated. In the latter case it will be calculated from the inlet and outlet temperatures of the
primary medium. Therefore an estimation of the furnace outlet temperature is needed in
order to start the iteration process.
The radiation constant and the mean pipe wall temperature are used in the method of Ter
Linden to calculate the furnace outlet temperature at off-design.
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46
Deaerator
Deaerator
2.8 Type = 7 Deaerator
Minimum number of inletpipes = 2 (1 bleed steam inletpipe + 1 other inlet pipe)

Maximum number of inletpipes = 5
Number of Ouletpipes = 1
Bleed steam inlet Other inlets Outlet
Applications
This apparatus is used as a general contact heater assuming saturated liquid at the outlet.
Normally this type is used to model a deaerator.
The energy balance of this apparatus is used to calculate an unknown mass flow and is
automatically added to the system matrix with DELE as right-hand side.
This value cannot be altered by means of a call from the user subroutine APSUB.
The calculation rules assume saturation conditions at the outlet.
Input parameters
PIN, POUT, DELP, TIN and TOUT are standard
DELE = energy loss (kW) (default = 0)

DELE cannot be adjusted in a user subroutine
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This apparatus type adds 2 equations to the system matrix: 1 mass equation + 1 energy
equation.
Calculation rules
1. pout = fsat(TOUT) saturation conditions assumed
2. pin = pout + DELP for all inlet pipes
3. pout = p' - DELP p' = pressure of main heat

supplying inlet
flow (normally the extraction
steam pipe)
4. Tout = fsat(pout) saturation conditions assumed
N.B. At least two inlet pipes must be connected
48
Pump
Pump
2.9 Type = 8 Pump
Input parameters
PIN, POUT, DELP1), TIN, TOUT and DELT are standard.
ETHAI = isentropic efficiency (-) (default = UNKNOWN)
ETHAM2) = mechanical efficiency (-) (default = see Figure 2-6)
ETHAE3) = electric efficiency (-) (default = see Figure 2-6)
1
) DELP is defined as pressure drop, this value should be negative for pumps.
2
) ETHAM is used in the calculation of the system efficiency and in the conversion of shaft power
and pump power and vice versa.
3
) ETHAE is used in the calculation of the system efficiency and in the exergy calculation.
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Figure 2-6: The efficiency of electromotors including the mechanical efficiency of the
motor and pump as a function of the power on the shaft of the pump
If one of the efficiencies, ETHAM or ETHAE, is not specified then the efficiency which is
not specified is taken as equal to 1. If neither of the two efficiencies is given then the total
efficiency is calculated by interpolation from Figure 2-6.
Calculation rules
1. pout = pin - DELP 4. Tout = Tin DELT

2. pin = pout + DELP 5. hin = f (hout, ETHAI)
3. Tin = Tout - DELT 6. hout = f (hin, ETHAI)
50
Node (mixer, splitter)
2.10 Type = 9, 11 Node
Applications
This apparatus is used to mix or to split process flows. Depending on the value of the energy
equation code (EEQCOD) there are two possibilities to use the energy equation:
 EEQCOD = 1 (type = 11): the energy equation is used to calculate a mass flow ratio,
and is automatically added to the system matrix. One of the useful applications as a
mixer is to use this apparatus type to model a steam cooler. With EEQCOD = 1 this
apparatus type can also be used as a splitter, but only if the specific enthalpies in the
outlet pipes are specified (or calculated at other apparatus downstream) and are not
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equal to each other. An often-used example is a vapor/liquid separator to split a two-

phase mixture in its vapor and liquid substreams.
 EEQCOD = 2 (type = 9): the energy equation is used to calculate an unknown specific
enthalpy. At default, EEQCOD = 2 is assumed.
Input parameters
DELP = pressure loss over the node (bar) (default = UNKNOWN).

If DELP is not specified, either the outlet pressures (for a splitter)
or the inlet pressures (for a mixer) may differ. If DELP is
specified, either all inlets (for a mixer) or all outlets (for a splitter)
will have the same pressure.
EEQCOD = 1 (type = 11):
DELE = energy loss (kW) (default = 0.0).

DELE cannot be adjusted in a user subroutine.
EEQCOD = 2 (type = 9) (default):
Specification of RMASS 1 etc. is only useful for a mixer, and NOT for a splitter.
RMASS1 = initial estimates for all mass flows, expressed as fractions of the
to outlet flow. The supplied values will only be used in the very first
RMASS6 iteration. The sum of the values should equal 2.0 (the outlet mass
flow is also included). At default, the contributions of the inlet
mass flows to the outlet mass flow are assumed to be equal.
RMASS is an array of numbers, indicating for a mixer the expected ratios of the mass flows
in the inlet and outlet pipes. The order in the array is that of increasing pipe number.
52
Specification is recommended if the expected mass flows differ appreciably. These variables
can prevent large undesired fluctuations in the mass flows and compositions. These
fluctuations can cause problems in the calculation such as negative arguments for the root or
the logarithmic function, which then result in breaking off the calculation.
Example
Figure 2-7: example of a mixer (EEQCOD = 2, type =9)
This apparatus type adds 1 mass equation to the system matrix. In case of EEQCOD = 1, the
energy equation is added also.
Summarizing:
EEQCOD = 1: 1 mass equation + 1 energy equation = 2 equations
EEQCOD = 2: 1 mass equation (default)
Calculation rules for pressures
For a node DELP is defined in a somewhat different way compared to the other apparatus
types. Below the calculation rules are mentioned, assuming i to be one of the n inlet (for a
mixer) or outlet (for a splitter) pipes.
The following is valid if DELP has not been specified:
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Splitter:
1. pin = max {pout(i)} (either all inlet pressures or the outlet pressure must be
known)
2. pout(i) = pin (if pin is known)
Mixer:
3. pout = min {pin(i)} (either the outlet pressure or all inlet pressures must be
known)
4. pin(i) = pout (if pout is known)
The following is valid if DELP has been specified:
Splitter:
5. pout(i) = pin - DELP (i = 1...............n)
6. pin = pout(k) + DELP (k: pipe with known pressure)
This means that of all pipes connected (inlets and outlets) just one pressure must be known.
Mixer:
7. pout = pin(k) - DELP (k: pipe with known pressure)
8. pin(i) = pout + DELP (i = 1...............n)
This means that of all pipes connected (inlets and outlets) just one pressure must be known.
54
Remaining calculation rules
Mixer with EEQCOD = 2 (type 9):
9. if all hin(i) are known
10. if hout and hin(i) are
known for all ik
Splitter with EEQCOD = 2 (type 9):
11.
12. if hin and hout(i) are
known for all ik
Calculation rule 12 will only be applied if the conditions of the outlet pipes ik have been
specified. In other situations rule 11 will be applied.
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56
Sink, source, expansion valve
2.11 Type = 10 Sink/Source
Applications
This model can be used for modeling:

 a mass flow source or sink;
 an energy source or sink;
 a pressure reducer (expansion valve);
 a change in composition or medium type;
 a temperature estimation.
In the first case the apparatus may only be connected with 1 pipe. If the mass flow is
specified directly with DELM, or indirectly with DELV or DELVN, then this gives 1 mass
equation for the system matrix. In the other cases 1 inlet and 1 outlet pipe is required,
whereby DELE must be specified for the energy source or sink and DELH = 0.0 for the
pressure reducer.
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Input parameters
HIN = specific inlet enthalpy (kJ/kg) (default = UNKNOWN)
HOUT = specific outlet enthalpy (kJ/kg) (default = UNKNOWN)
DELH = specific enthalpy difference between inlet and outlet (kJ/kg)

(default = UNKNOWN)
The convention is: DELH = HOUT - HIN.
Consequently: DELH > 0 for a specific enthalpy rise.
DELH < 0 for a specific enthalpy drop.
For a pressure reducer DELH = 0.0 should be specified.
XIN = vapor fraction at the inlet (-) (default = UNKNOWN)

XIN cannot be specified for non-condensing medium types.
XOUT = vapor fraction at the outlet (-) (default = UNKNOWN)

XOUT cannot be specified for non-condensing medium types.
DELM = mass flow from or to the system (kg/s) or (-)

(default = UNKNOWN)
DELV = volume flow from or to the system (m3/s) or (-)
(default = UNKNOWN)
DELVN = volume flow at normal conditions (1.01325 bar, 0 °C) from or to
the system (mn3/s) or (-) (default = UNKNOWN)
 Either DELM, DELV or DELVN may be specified, provided only 1 pipe is
connected to the apparatus.
 If DELM, DELV or DELVN is specified then an extra mass equation will be added
to the system matrix.
 The value of DELM, DELV or DELVN must differ by at least EPS from -8888.8,
and may only be altered in a user subroutine if this is specified relative to PIPE.
58
PIPE = pipe number, if given then DELM, DELV or DELVN is

considered to be relative to the pipe mentioned.
DELE = energy supply or discharge (kW) (default = UNKNOWN)

DELE < 0 energy from environment to the system.
DELE > 0 energy from the system to the environment.
If DELE is specified the value which is used in a local energy
equation, can be altered in a user subroutine (APSUB). The value
must differ by at least EPS from -8888.8.
ESTMAS = estimate for the mass flow (kg/s) (default = UNKNOWN)

ESTMAS must be specified if DELE has been prescribed to
obtain a reasonable specific enthalpy change in the first iteration
step.
LHV = lower heating value of the fuel entering the system (kJ/kg)
(default = UNKNOWN)
The lower heating value will be used to determine the incoming
energy flow of the system on behalf of the calculation of the
system efficiency. The lower heating value of flows with medium
type GASMIX will be calculated by Cycle-Tempo. The lower
heating value for flows with medium type FUEL must be
specified by the user. This means that LHV should only be
specified at apparatus type 10 if one wishes to use another value
than Cycle-Tempo will calculate.
DTSUBC = degree of subcooling: difference between the temperature of

saturated liquid and the actual temperature (K) (default =
UNKNOWN)
DTSUBC cannot be specified for non-condensing medium types.
DTSUPH = degree of superheating: difference between the actual temperature

and the temperature of saturated vapor (K) (default = UNKNOWN)
DTSUPH cannot be specified for non-condensing medium types.
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SUBTYP = code to specify type of sink/source (default = UNKNOWN):

= 0: general type
= 1: heat sink
= 2: fuel source
The following input data only apply to the situation that Cycle-Tempo needs an initial value for a
certain temperature.
ESTTIN = estimate for the inlet temperature (°C) (default = UNKNOWN)
ESTTOU = estimate for the outlet temperature (°C) (default = UNKNOWN)
WFOT = (weight factor of old temperature) weight factor for the

temperature calculated in the previous iteration (default = 0.0).
The temperatures calculated in the actual and previous iterations
are used to estimate the temperature for the next iteration. The
temperature calculated in the previous iteration is weighted
according to:
60
Description of subtypes
If SUBTYP is not given, Cycle-Tempo sets it to SUBTYP = 2 if an incoming fuel flow is

detected or LHV is given.
SUBTYP = 0: The apparatus will be ignored when the efficiency of the system is
calculated, even if an incoming fuel flow is detected or LHV is given.
SUBTYP = 1: The energy to or from the environment is considered as useful heat. This
will result in the calculation of a heat efficiency and a total efficiency.
In case of a heat source with one (outgoing) pipe the thermo-mechanical
energy of the flow will be used. In case of two connected pipes DELE or
DELH will be used. If specified LHV will be ignored.
SUBTYP = 2: Incoming fuel flows will be used to calculate the system efficiency.
Cycle-Tempo itself determines whether a source is of subtype 2, namely if
the heating value is greater than zero and if there is just one outgoing pipe.
Therefore specification of subtype = 2 is not necessary.
Designation of subtypes
At default, Cycle-Tempo will designate the subtypes as follows:
subtype 0: - ’PRES.REDUCER’ if DELH = 0.0

- ’SINK/SOURCE’ if 2 pipes are connected
- ’SINK’ if the single connected pipe is incoming
- ’SOURCE’ if the single connected pipe is outgoing
subtype 1: - ’HEAT-INPUT’ heat flow to system
- ’HEAT-OUTPUT’ heat flow to environment
subtype 2: - ’FUEL-INPUT’ fuel input
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If two pipes are connected to the apparatus, 1 mass equation is added to the system matrix. If
just one pipe is connected, a mass equation is added to the system matrix only if DELM,
DELV or DELVN is specified.
Calculation rules
1. pin = pout + DELP

2. pout = pin  DELP
3. Tin = Tout  DELT
4. Tout = Tin  DELT
5. hin = hout  DELH
6. hout = hin + DELH
7. hout = hin  DELE / m m =mass flow from the
previous iteration.
(starting value: m = ESTMAS)
8. pin = psat(Tin, XIN)
9. pin = psat(Tin+ DTSUBC, x=0)
10. pin = psat(Tin - DTSUPH, x=1)
11. pout = psat(Tout, XOUT)
12. pout = psat(Tout+ DTSUBC, x=0)
13. pout = psat(Tout DTSUPH, x=1)
14. Tin = Tsat( pin, XIN)
15. Tin = Tsat( pin, x = 0)  DTSUBC
16. Tin = Tsat( pin, x = 1) + DTSUPH
17. Tout = Tsat( pout, XOUT)
18. Tout = Tsat( pout, x = 0)  DTSUBC
19. Tout = Tsat( pout, x = 1) + DTSUPH
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Heat source, heat sink
2.12 Type = 10 Heat Sink
Maximum number of inletpipes = 1

Maximum number of outletpipes = 1
Number of inletpipes + Number of outletpipes > 0
Inlets Outlets
Applications
This apparatus type can be used to model a heat source or a heat sink. The amount of energy
exchanged with the environment is regarded as useful heat, and will therefore be used in the
calculation of the system efficiencies to determine a heat efficiency and a total efficiency.
A heat source is regarded as a heat sink with a negative heat flow. In case of only one pipe
connected the thermo-mechanical energy of the process stream is used.
Input parameters
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HOUT = specific outlet enthalpy (kJ/kg) (default = UNKNOWN)
DELH = specific enthalpy difference between inlet and outlet (kJ/kg)

(default = UNKNOWN)
The convention is: DELH = HOUT - HIN.
Consequently: DELH > 0 for a specific enthalpy rise.
DELH < 0 for a specific enthalpy drop.
XIN = vapor fraction at the inlet (-) (default = UNKNOWN)

XIN cannot be specified for non-condensing medium types.
XOUT = vapor fraction at the outlet (-) (default = UNKNOWN)

XOUT cannot be specified for non-condensing medium types.
DELM = mass flow from or to the system (kg/s) or (-)

(default = UNKNOWN)
DELV = volume flow from or to the system (m3/s) or (-)
(default = UNKNOWN)
DELVN = volume flow at normal conditions (1.01325 bar, 0 °C) from or to
 Either DELM, DELV or DELVN may be specified, provided only 1 pipe is
connected to the apparatus.

DELE = energy supply or discharge (kW)

(default = UNKNOWN)
DELE < 0 energy from environment to the system.
DELE > 0 energy from the system to the environment.
64
If DELE is specified the value which is used in a local energy

equation, can be altered in a user subroutine (APSUB). The value
must differ by at least EPS from -8888.8.
ESTMAS = estimate for the mass flow (kg/s)

(default = UNKNOWN)
ESTMAS must be specified if DELE has been prescribed to
obtain a reasonable specific enthalpy change in the first iteration
step.
DTSUBC = degree of subcooling: difference between the temperature of

saturated liquid and the actual temperature (K) (default =
UNKNOWN)
DTSUBC cannot be specified for non-condensing medium types.
DTSUPH = degree of superheating: difference between the actual temperature

and the temperature of saturated vapor (K) (default = UNKNOWN)
DTSUPH cannot be specified for non-condensing medium types.
If two pipes are connected to the apparatus, 1 mass equation is added to the system matrix. If
just one pipe is connected, a mass equation is added to the system matrix only if DELM,
DELV or DELVN is specified.
Calculation rules

3. Tin = Tout  DELT
5. hin = hout  DELH
6. hout = hin + DELH
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7. hout = hin  DELE / m m =mass flow from the

previous iteration.
(starting value: m = ESTMAS)
8. pin = psat(Tin, XIN)
9. pin = psat(Tin+ DTSUBC, x=0)
10. pin = psat(Tin - DTSUPH, x=1)
11. pout = psat(Tout, XOUT)
12. pout = psat(Tout+ DTSUBC, x=0)
13. pout = psat(Tout DTSUPH, x=1)
14. Tin = Tsat( pin, XIN)
15. Tin = Tsat( pin, x = 0)  DTSUBC
16. Tin = Tsat( pin, x = 1) + DTSUPH
17. Tout = Tsat( pout, XOUT)
18. Tout = Tsat( pout, x = 0)  DTSUBC
19. Tout = Tsat( pout, x = 1) + DTSUPH
66
Stack
Stack
2.13 Type = 10 Stack
Number of inletpipes = 1
Inlets
Applications
The stack is used as a sink for flue gases.
The cooling curve can be presented in Q,T- and value diagrams, and starts with the
conditions at the outlet of the pipe connected to the stack. The end point of the cooling curve
is determined by the pressure and temperature of the environment. If not specified by the
user (see 5.2), Cycle-Tempo will assume 1.013 bars and 15C, respectively.
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Input parameters
PIN and TIN are standard.
DELM = mass flow from the system (kg/s) or (-)

(default = UNKNOWN)
DELV = volume flow from the system (m3/s) or (-)
(default = UNKNOWN)
DELVN = volume flow at normal conditions (1.01325 bar, 0 °C) from
 Either DELM, DELV or DELVN may be specified.

Only if DELM, DELV or DELVN is specified, 1 mass equation will be added to the system
matrix.
68
Combustor
Combustor
2.14 Type = 13 Combustor
Applications
In the combustor an oxidant and a fuel flow react. The composition of the product gas is
determined by the chemical equilibrium at the specified or calculated conditions, which may
deviate from the prevailing conditions, if so specified by the user. In the combustor no heat
transferring area is modeled; the heat, which is released, is used to increase the temperature
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of the product gas and ash. The reaction enthalpy is calculated and used in the energy
balance. Depending on the energy equation code (EEQCOD) there are two possible ways of
using the energy balance:
 EEQCOD = 1: The energy balance can be used to define a mass flow. In this model
there are 3 unknown mass flows (the mass flow in the ash pipe is defined separately).
Two mass flows are defined by adding equations to the system matrix (energy balance
and total mass balance). The mass flow missing must be specified or calculated
elsewhere.
 EEQCOD = 2 (default): The energy balance can be used to determine the temperature
of the outgoing product gas. In this case only the total mass balance is added to the
system matrix for calculating one of the unknown mass flows. The two missing mass
flows can be determined in 2 ways:
 both mass flows can be specified or calculated elsewhere;
 the air factor (LAMBDA) can be specified in combination with the specification or
calculation elsewhere of a mass flow.
Where an ash pipe is specified, composition and mass flow are defined by:
 Automatic discharge of a number of solid or liquid components to the ash pipe. These
components are Al2O3(s), Al2O3(l), Fe2O3(s), SiO2(s), SiO2(l).
 Specification of a mass or molar percentage per component with respect to the mass or
mole flow in the fuel pipe (see input of Reaction data in paragraph 4.2 of part “Cycle-
Tempo Operation”).
The composition in the incoming lines (fuel and oxidant) must always be specified, or
calculated in the apparatuses upstream. The composition in the product gas pipe is calculated
according to chemical equilibrium. It is however possible to keep parts of the reactants
outside the reaction (see input of Reaction data in paragraph 4.2 of part “Cycle-Tempo
Operation”).
The temperature at which chemical equilibrium is calculated (TREACT) can be specified.

Where this is not specified, the outlet temperature is used as equilibrium temperature. It is
then however possible to specify a temperature difference (DTREAC) between equilibrium
temperature and outlet temperature (TREACT=TOUT + DTREAC).
70
Combustor
The equilibrium pressure can also be specified (PREACT). If this is not specified the
pressure at the outlet is used. If the pressure difference (DPREAC) is specified the
equilibrium pressure becomes PREACT=POUT + DPREAC.
Symbols for connections and medium types
Symbol flue gas pipe : “Flue gas”

Symbol ash pipe : “Ash”
The symbols for the remaining pipes connected may be chosen freely.
The medium type of all pipes connected should be GASMIX. The only exception is the fuel
pipe, which may also be of type FUEL.
Input parameters
The following apparatus data can be specified:
PIN, POUT, DELP, TIN and TOUT are standard

calculate a mass flow (EEQCOD = 1) or a temperature (EEQCOD
= 2) (default = 2)
LAMBDA = air factor (actual oxidant-fuel ratio/stoichiometric oxidant-fuel

ratio) (-) (default = UNKNOWN)
ESTOFR = estimate of the oxidant-fuel ratio for the first iteration where
LAMBDA= UNKNOWN (kg/kg) (default = 15)
DELE = energy flow to the environment (kW) (default=0)
PREACT = pressure at which equilibrium is calculated (bar)

(default = POUT + DPREAC)
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DPREAC = difference between equilibrium pressure and outlet pressure (only

to be specified if PREACT is not specified (bar) (default = 0)
TREACT = temperature at which the chemical equilibrium is calculated (C)

(default = TOUT + DTREAC)
DTREAC = difference between equilibrium temperature and outlet

temperature (only to be specified if TREACT is not specified (C)
(default = 0)
ESTPOU = estimate for the outlet pressure if PREACT and POUT are not
specified (bar) (default = 4)
PASH = pressure in ash pipe (bar) (default = PREACT-DPASH)
DPASH = difference between equilibrium pressure and pressure in ash pipe,

only to be specified if PASH is not specified (bar) (default = 0)
TASH = temperature of the ash discharged (C)

(default = TREACT-DTASH)
DTASH = difference between equilibrium temperature and temperature in

ash pipe, only to be specified if TASH is not specified (default =
0).
As default (EEQCOD = 2), 1 mass equation is added to the system matrix. If either
EEQCOD = 1 is specified, or EEQCOD = 2 together with parameter LAMBDA, an extra
equation is added. If an ash pipe is connected, again an extra mass equation is added to the
system matrix.
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Combustor
Summarizing:
Without ash pipe:

EEQCOD = 1: 1 mass equation + 1 energy equation
EEQCOD = 2: 1 mass equation
EEQCOD = 2 + LAMBDA specified: 2 mass equations
With ash pipe:

EEQCOD = 1: 2 mass equations + 1 energy equation
EEQCOD = 2 + LAMBDA specified: 3 mass equations
Calculation rules

3. preact = pout  preact
4. Treact = Tout  Treact
5. yout = f1(ycec,ynoncec)
ycec = chemical equilibrium composition

ynoncec = composition non-reacting part
6. ycec = f2(preact,Treact,yreactants)
yreactants = composition reactants
7. hreact = f3(preact, Treact, yreactants)
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74
Valve
Valve
2.15 Type = 14 Valve
Applications
The apparatus may be used as a splitter or a mixer:

 Splitter: 1 inlet and 1 to a maximum of 4 outlets.
 Mixer: 1 outlet and 1 to a maximum of 4 inlets.
This apparatus type is used to specify a mass or volume flow in one of the pipes connected.
In case of a splitter, one of the outlet flows can be specified. In case of a mixer, one of the
inlet flows can be specified. Specification of one of the mass or volume flows can be done in
an absolute way, or relative to the flow in one of the other pipes in the system.
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Input parameters
Specification of a flow and a pressure loss are possible. The flow specification is mandatory,
the pressure loss specification is optional.
The following input data fields are available:

Pipe to specify flow for: If there is only 1 inlet pipe, then here the number of one
of the outlet pipes should be specified. If there are more
than 1 inlet pipes, then here the number of one of the
inlet pipes should be specified.
Flow: Value of the flow. The units are displayed next to the
field, and depend on which flow type the user has
specified (see below)
Pressure loss: Pressure loss over the valve.
Furthermore the user can choose whether the value of the flow is an absolute value, or
relative to one of the other pipes in the system. If the latter option is chosen, another input
data field becomes accessible in which the user should specify the number of that pipe.
Finally the user must choose the type of flow for which a value has been specified. At
default the mass flow is chosen, but actual volume flow (i.e., volume flow at the actual
pressure and temperature of the flow) and standard volume flow (i.e., volume flow at
1.01325 bar and 0°C) can be chosen alternatively.
Note
The apparatus can also be used with 1 input and 1 output. This is useful if one wishes to
prescribe a mass or volume flow in a pipe or a cycle.
This apparatus type adds two mass equations to the system matrix.
76
Valve
Calculation rules
Splitter
1. pout(i) = pin (for all i = 1.......n)
2. pin = pout(k) k = number of the pipe for which the pressure is known1)
3. hout(i) = hin (for all i = 1.......n)
1) This means that the pressure in not more than 1 outlet pipe should be specified or
calculated downstream.
Mixer
n
4. pout = min{pin(i)}
i=1
5. pin(i) = pout (for all i = 1........n)
6. if all hin (i) are known
7. if hout and hin(i) are known for
all ik
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Additional information for user subroutines
The input data specified by the user are assigned to input parameters which are available for
usage or alteration in user subroutines (array DATA in APSUB, and array DATAP in
EPILOG; see part “User Subroutines “ of the manual for more details). Only in such cases
the following information is relevant.
If there is just 1 inlet pipe, then the RMASS, RVOL and RVOLN parameters refer to the
outlet pipe(s). If there are more than 1 inlet pipes, then the RMASS, RVOL and RVOLN
parameters refer to the inlet pipes.
RMASS1 = mass flow (absolute or relative) in the pipe with the lowest pipe
number ((kg/s) or (-)).
RMASS2 = mass flow (absolute or relative) in the pipe with the lowest but
one pipe number ((kg/s) or (-)).
two pipe number ((kg/s) or (-)).
three pipe number ((kg/s) or (-)).
RVOL1 = volume flow (absolute or relative) in the pipe with the lowest pipe
number ((m3/s) or (-)).
RVOL2 = volume flow (absolute or relative) in the pipe with the lowest but
one pipe number ((m3/s) or (-)).
two pipe number ((m3/s) or (-)).
three pipe number ((m3/s) or (-)).
RVOLN1 = volume flow at normal conditions1 (absolute or relative) in the

pipe with the lowest pipe number ((mn3/s) or (-)).
pipe with the lowest but one pipe number ((mn3/s) or (-)).
pipe with the lowest but two pipe number ((mn3/s) or (-)).
1 )
Defined at 1.01325 bar and 0 °C
78
Valve

pipe with the lowest but three pipe number ((mn3/s) or (-)).
PIPE = Number of the pipe in relation to which the mass or volume flow
is specified.
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80
Drum
Number of inlets main flow = 1 Number of inlets circulating flow = 1

Number of outlets main flow = 1 Number of outlets circulating flow = 1
Inlets and outlets main flow Inlets and outlets circulating flow
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82
Drum
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84
Reformer
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86
Fuel cell
Anode side Cathode side Cooling side LTFC's (primary side)

Number of inlets = 1 Number of inlets = 1 Number of inlets = 1
Number of outlets = 1 Number of outlets = 1 Number of outlets = 1
Inlets Inlets Primary inlet
A C A C A C
Outlets Outlets Primary outlet
A C A C A C
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88
Fuel cell
Table 2-3: chemical reaction in stacks of fuel cells

In the fuel cell In integrated reformer
LTFC conversion CO determined by not applicable

XSHIFT
MCFC-ER CO conversion to equilibrium at not applicable
/ SOFC- ER TFCELL
MCFC-IIR CO conversion to equilibrium at conversion CO, CH4 and higher
/ SOFC-IIR TFCELL hydrocarbons to equilibrium at
TREACT.
MCFC-DIR conversion CO, CH4 and higher not applicable

/ SOFC-DIR hydrocarbons to equilibrium at
TFCELL
With the SPFC water of the anode is transported through the membrane to the cathode as a
result of electro-osmotic effects. According to Kinishita et al.1) for every transported ion H+
3.5 to 4 molecules H2O are transported from the anode to the cathode at a temperature of
100 C. A connection between this ratio and the temperature is not yet available. The ratio
can be specified with parameter TH2OOS (default=3.75).
Because this ratio is that large, the fuel has to contain a large amount of water. If there is not
enough water present in the fuel, a warning will be given and all water available will be sent
to the cathode. Then the program will go on with the calculation.
For low-temperature fuel cells (PAFC, SPFC and AFC) there is a possibility to model an
external cooling side. This can be done by connecting an additional inlet and outlet pipe to
the fuel cell.
1
) Kinoshita, K., F.R. McLarnon and E.J. Cairns
Fuel cells, a Handbook
Lawrence Berkeley, California
DOE/METC-88/6096 (1988)
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Mass balances
It is possible to determine a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 6 unknown mass flows with

the fuel cell model. The two equations that are always added to the system matrix are the
total mass balance for the system and the mass balance for the anode of which the mass
transport of cathode to anode (or vice versa) is a part. Beside this extra equations can be
added, which depends on the input specified by the user.
 The mass flow fuel can be calculated out of the power given off by the fuel cell. The
user can specify this or, as is the case with off-design calculations, it can be determined
out of the specified cell voltage and current density.
 Regarding high-temperature fuel cells and low-temperature fuel cells without cooling
cycle, the oxidant flow at the cathode side is not only used for the supply of O2 and CO2
to the fuel cell, but also for the dissipation of heat that is released from the processes in
the fuel cell. The size of this flow is determined by the permissible heating in the cell
(i.e. the difference in temperature between incoming and outgoing oxidant flows). The
user has two possibilities to determine the size of the oxidant flow in the fuel cell. If the
temperature at the outlet of the fuel cell is specified (it is assumed that the temperatures
at anode and cathode outlet are the same) the corresponding mass flow oxidant is
calculated out of the energy balance. It is also possible to specify the percentage oxygen
that is being absorbed from the cathode flow (oxidant utilisation) which results in the
calculation of the heating of the oxidant flow by the program. In this case the program
calculates the oxidant utilisation as well as the heating of the oxidant flow.
 If the user has modeled a cooling cycle 1 or 2 additional mass flows are determined. The
mass flow from the outgoing cooling medium is determined out of the mass balance on
the cooling flow. If the incoming mass flow is not determined in another apparatus, it
can be determined out of the energy balance on the cooling flow. In this case the
conditions (p, T and x) of the cooling medium at the inlet and outlet of the fuel cell have
to be specified or calculated elsewhere. In this case the energy balance cannot be used
for the calculation of the mass flow oxidant: this has to be determined in another
apparatus or by means of specifying the oxidant utilisation.
Specifying fuel utilisation UFL
Fuel utilisation UFL has to be specified for every type of calculation. However, there are a
number of ways how to do this.
90
Fuel cell
The maximum current supplied by the fuel cell occurs when all combustible components in
the fuel (H2, CO, CH4, C2H6, etc.) are being converted through shift and reforming reactions
into H2 (and CO), which can be converted in the electrochemical reaction. The maximum
amount of H2 (mole/mole fuel) that can result, is called mole H2-equivalent. The fuel
utilisation is defined in Cycle-Tempo as the ratio between the number of mole H2 (and CO)
in the fuel cell and the number of mole H2-equivalent in the fuel.
It is also possible to apply a more specific definition of the utilisation. For a fuel cell, in
which e.g. only the present H2 and CO can be converted (example: external reforming molten
carbonate fuel cells) it can be useful to define the utilisation as the fraction of H2 and CO
present in the fuel. The user can adjust the definition of the utilisation by means of the input
parameter ICCUFL. The possibilities are summarized in Table 2-4:
Table 2-4: users’ definitions for fuel utilisation
ICCUFL utilisation based on
Default all combustible components
1 H2 present in fuel
2 H2 and CO present in fuel
3 H2, CO and CH4 present in fuel
The utilisation that has been specified, is the utilisation per passage. If a part of the anode or
the cathode gas is recycled, the overall utilisation (related to the supplied fuel or oxidant in
the system) differs from the utilisation per passage (related to the anode inlet). In a number
of cases (see part “Technical Notes” of the manual) the overall utilisation can be specified.
The pipe compared to which this overall utilisation has been defined has to be specified with
IPUFL and IPUOX respectively. In this case the fuel model calculates the utilisation per
passage (see “Text output”).
This option can only be used if:

 the fuel and the oxidant flow respectively between the specified pipe and the mixing
point with the recycled flow is not mixed with other process flows and is not being
separated;
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 the fuel and the oxidant flow respectively between the mixing point with the recycled
current and the inlet of the fuel cell is not mixed with other process flows and is not
being separated;
 the recycle flow between the separation after the fuel cell and the mixing point with the
recycled flow is not mixed with other process flows;
 the composition of the recycle flow is equal to the composition of the fuel cell outlet.
Summary of the input for design calculations
 fuel cell type: FCTYPE
 conditions anode, cathode 1): PINAN / POUTAN / DELPAN, TINAN

PINCA / POUTCA / DELPCA, TINCA
 fuel utilisation: UFL
 electric parameters: VCELL, CDENS (geometric parameters)
 point of operation: either POWER or m,fuel2)
 calculation of mass flow oxidant: either UOX or TOUTPS3) or m,ox3)
1
) Data either specified or calculated at another apparatus.
2
) Mass flow is determined at another apparatus.
3
) Anode and cathode outlet temperatures are assumed to be identical within the model.
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Fuel cell
B. Off-design calculations (only MCFC and SOFC)
In off-design calculations, the design of the apparatus is completely determined. The values
of parameters that determine the electrochemical processes (cell resistance and cell area) are
fixed (e.g. by executing a design calculation). In order to fix the point of operational
conditions, one of the following data should be fixed: cell voltage, current density, generated
power, or the fuel mass flow. The remaining data are determined by the program. Besides
this, the input does not differ from a design calculation.
Summary of the input for off-design calculations
 fuel cell type: FCTYPE

2)
 conditions anode, cathode : PINAN / POUTAN / DELPAN, TINAN,
PINCA / POUTCA / DELPCA, TINCA
 fuel utilisation: UFL
 electric parameters: ACELL, RCELL (geometric parameters)
 point of operation: either POWER or m,fuel3) or VCELL or CDENS
(both geometric parameters)
 calculation of mass flow oxidant: either UOX or TOUTPS4) or m,ox3)
Input parameters

calculate a mass flow (EEQCOD = 1) or a temperature
(EEQCOD = 2)
(default = 1 if TOUTPS is specified
2 if TOUTPS = UNKNOWN)
If a cooling side is specified (only possible for PAFC, SPFC and
AFC), EEQCOD = 1 means that the mass flow of the cooling
fluid will be calculated. In all other cases with EEQCOD=1 the
mass flow at the anode or cathode will be calculated. If a cooling
side is specified (only possible for PAFC, SPFC and AFC),
EEQCOD = 2 means that the outlet temperature of the cooling
fluid will be calculated. In all other cases with EEQCOD=2 the
outlet temperature at the anode/cathode will be calculated.
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PINAN = inlet pressure anode (bar) (default = UNKNOWN)
POUTAN = outlet pressure anode (bar) (default = UNKNOWN)
DELPAN = pressure drop anode (bar) (default = UNKNOWN)
PINCA = inlet pressure cathode (bar) (default = UNKNOWN)
POUTCA = outlet pressure cathode (bar) (default = UNKNOWN)
DELPCA = pressure drop cathode (bar) (default = UNKNOWN)
TINAN = inlet temperature anode (°C) (default = UNKNOWN)
TINCA = inlet temperature cathode (°C) (default = UNKNOWN)
TOUTPS = outlet temperature anode and cathode (°C) (default = UNKNOWN)
POWER = electric (AC) power generated in the stack (MW)

(default = UNKNOWN)
DCAC = efficiency of DC/AC conversion (-) (default = 1)
DELE = energy loss to the environment (kW) (default = 0)
DELEP = relative heat losses to the environment (-) (default = 0)

Heat loss = generated (DC) power x DELEP (MW)
PFCELL = pressure at which electrochemical processes occur (bar)
TFCELL = temperature at which electrochemical processes occur (C)

(MANDATORY)
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Fuel cell
PREACT = reaction pressure for pre-reforming (bar)

(default = NO PREREFORMING)
TREACT = reaction temperature for pre-reforming (C)

(default = NO PREREFORMING)
UFL = fuel utilisation (-) (MANDATORY)
UOX = oxidant utilisation (-) (default = UNKNOWN)
IPUFL1) = number of pipe in relation to which the fuel utilisation is specified

(default = anode inlet)
IPUOX 5) = number of pipe in relation to which the oxidant utilisation is

specified (default = cathode inlet)
ICCUFL = code to indicate the definition of fuel utilisation

ICCUFL = 1 Fuel utilisation related to H2
2 Fuel utilisation related to H2 and CO
3 Fuel utilisation related to H2, CO and
CH4
(at default the fuel utilisation is related to all combustible
components)
ESTUFL2) = estimation of fuel utilisation (default = UNKNOWN)
ESTUOX 6) = estimation of oxidant utilisation (default = UNKNOWN)
ESTMFL 6) = estimation of fuel mass flow (kg/s) (default = UNKNOWN)
1
) The fuel and/or oxidant utilisation can be specified in relation to an arbitrary pipe in the system.
This option can be used for systems with recirculation of anode and/or cathode gas. The utilisation
per passage (inlet to outlet) is presented in the output of the calculation.
2
) Estimations are used in the first iteration to calculate the compositions and the oxidant
utilisation.
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ESTMOX3 = estimation of oxidant mass flow (kg/s) (default = UNKNOWN)

The following input parameters are only possible for low-temperature fuel cell types (PAFC,
SPFC and AFC):
PIN1 = inlet pressure cooling fluid (bar) (default = UNKNOWN)
POUT1 = outlet pressure cooling fluid (bar) (default = UNKNOWN)
DELP1 = pressure drop cooling fluid (bar) (default = UNKNOWN)
TIN1 = inlet temperature cooling fluid (C) (default = UNKNOWN)
TOUT1 = outlet temperature cooling fluid (C) (default = UNKNOWN)
DELT1 = temperature rise cooling fluid (C) (default = UNKNOWN)
XSHIFT = ratio between the actual extent into which CO is converted via
CO-shift reaction and the extent into which CO is converted
according to chemical equilibrium (-). XSHIFT must have a value
between 0 and 1 (default = 0)
TH2OOS = ratio between the amount of transported H2O- molecules (from

anode to cathode) and the amount of transported H+-ions. This
parameter is only possible for type SPFC. (default = 3.75)
3
) Estimations are used in the first iteration to calculate the compositions and the oxidant utilisation.
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Fuel cell
Input parameters for geometry
FLOW = flow type (default = 1 (co-flow))

FLOW = 0: co-flow type
FLOW = 1: counter flow type
FLOW = 2: cross flow type
CDENS = mean current density (A/m2) (default = UNKNOWN)
ACELL = cell area (m2) (default = UNKNOWN)
VCELL = cell voltage (V) (default = UNKNOWN)
RCELL = cell resistance (ohm m2) (default = UNKNOWN)
NCELL = number of cells (default = 1)

NCELL is used to calculate stack voltage and stack current.
NITER = number of design iterations (default = 0)

In the first iterations large fluctuations in the calculated mass
flows may occur. In order to prevent possible problems at off-
design calculations like negative mass flows, cell voltage cross-
over and reversible voltage cross-over, it is possible to specify the
cell voltage and current density for the first iterations. In this way
one may control these fluctuations before the actual off-design
procedure is started.
ESTVLT = estimation of cell voltage (V) (default = UNKNOWN)
ESTCDN = estimation of current density (A/m2) (default = UNKNOWN)
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This apparatus type at least adds 2 mass equations to the system matrix. If EEQCOD = 1 the
energy equations is also added. In the following cases an extra mass equation is added:
 usage of low-temperature fuel cell types with cooling media
 specification of UOX
 specification of POWER
Summarizing:
Low-temperature fuel cell types with cooling medium:

UOX specified:
POWER specified:
Low-temperature fuel cell types with cooling medium + UOX specified:

Low-temperature fuel cell types with cooling medium + POWER specified:

UOX specified+ POWER specified:

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Fuel cell
Low-temperature fuel cell types with cooling medium + UOX specified + POWER specified:
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Moisture separator
DELTH = temperature difference between primary outlet and secondary inlet

(C) (default = UNKNOWN)
ESTPGS = estimate of the gas outlet pressure in the 0th iteration if POUT2 is
not specified (bar) (default = UNKNOWN)
N.B. either POUT2 or ESTPGS must be specified; otherwise an
error message is given.
ESTTGS = estimate of the gas outlet temperature in the 0th iteration if
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TOUT2 is not specified and the quantity of moisture to be

separated must be calculated from the outlet conditions of the gas
(C) (default = UNKNOWN)
CGRATI = estimate of the ratio condensate/inlet mass flow gas in the 0th
iteration where the outlet temperature of the gas must be
calculated from this (-) (default = UNKNOWN)
RPSM = estimate of the ratio mass flow cooling medium/inlet mass flow
gas for the 0th iteration, where EEQCOD = 2 (default = 1.0)
All input parameters apart from DELE can be modified in a user subroutine.
As standard the total mass balance and the primary mass equation (over the cooling pipes)
are added to the matrix. Where the quantity of moisture to be separated has to be calculated
from the gas outlet conditions, an extra mass equation is added, which determines how much
moisture (kg/s) is separated.
Where the parameter EEQCOD is given the value 1, then the energy balance is also added to
the system matrix.
Summarizing:

If the amount of moisture is to be calculated:

102
Moisture separator
Media
The composition of the ingoing mass flow can be chosen freely, but the medium type must
be GASMIX. The medium type of the primary (cooling) flows can be chosen freely.
Calculation rules
Primary medium
1. pout,p = pin,p - DELP1
2. pin,p = pout,p + DELP1
4. Tin,p = Tout,p - DELT1
Secondary medium
5. pout,gas = pin,gas - DELP2
6. pcond = pout,gas
7. pin,gas = pout,gas + DELP2
8. Tout,gas = Tin,gas + DELT2
9. Tcond = Tout,gas
10. Tin,gas = Tout,gas - DELT2
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11. If the gas outlet temperature must be calculated from the quantity of moisture to be
separated, then the following applies:
Tout,gas = Tsat(pout,gas,H2O) (ideal mixture)
In words: the gas outlet temperature is equal to the saturation temperature of water at a
pressure which is equal to the partial pressure of the residual water vapor in the gas.
Temperature differences
12. Tout,p = Tin,gas - DELTH
13. Tin,gas = Tout,p + DELTH
14. Tin,p = Tout,gas - DELTL
15. Tout,gas = Tin,p + DELTL
For off-design calculations no extra calculation rules are available.
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Gasifier
Gasifier
2.20 Type = 23 Gasifier
Applications
The gasifier is used for the calculation of the chemical equilibrium composition of the
outgoing gas in case of specified or calculated conditions, as model for a reactor in which,
for example, coal reacts with steam and an oxidant or with one of both. Furthermore, the
heat is calculated that is needed for or that is released in the chemical reaction. The
compositions of the incoming flows of coal, steam and oxidant are free to be chosen.
Components that do not take part in the chemical reaction, can be specified (see Reaction
data in paragraph 4.2 of part “Cycle-Tempo Operation” of the manual).
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Options for calculation
The options for calculation are characterized by the way in which the chemical equilibriums,
the reaction temperature (TREACT) and the ratio oxidant/fuel (OFRATI) are being
determined, and the way in which the energy balance is being used.
1. The conditions and the mass flow ratios at the inlets are known, the heat absorbed by the
cooling system is known and TREACT is specified.
a. the outlet temperature of the gas is calculated (EEQCOD = 2).
b. the mass flow of the cooling medium is calculated (EEQCOD = 1).
2. The conditions and the mass flow ratios at the inlets are known, TREACT is unknown.
The gas and ash outlet temperature result from the chemical equilibrium reactions as is
the case for TREACT; however, they can be influenced, see calculation rules 7 and 8.
a. the outlet temperature of the cooling medium is calculated (EEQCOD = 2).
b. the mass flow of the cooling medium is calculated (EEQCOD = 1).
The conditions at the inlets and outlets are known, the heat absorbed by the cooling
medium is known and TREACT is specified as well as the mass flow ratio steam/fuel
(SFRATI).
The mass flow ratio oxidant/fuel (OFRATI) can then be calculated out of the energy
balance (EEQCOD = 2).
In all cases the reaction pressure (PREACT) can be specified. If PREACT is not specified,
calculation rule 5b will be applied. In all cases the pressure and/or the temperature of the ash
can be specified. If they are not specified, calculation rules 6 and 7 will be applied,
respectively.
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Gasifier
Input parameters
PIN1, POUT1, DELP1, TIN1, TOUT1, DELT1 are standard.

PIN2, TIN2 (if specified they apply to all connected secondary inlet pipes), POUT2, TOUT2
are standard
EEQCOD = code that indicates if the energy balance is used to calculate a

mass flow (EEQCOD = 1) or a temperature (EEQCOD = 2)
(default = 1)
DELE = energy flow to the environment (kW) (default = 0.0)
PREACT = pressure at which the chemical equilibrium is calculated (bar)

(default = POUT2 + DPREAC)
DPREAC = difference between equilibrium pressure and outlet pressure, only to

be specified if PREACT is not specified (bar) (default = 0)
TREACT = temperature at which the chemical equilibrium is calculated (C)

(default = TOUT2 + DTREAC)
DTREAC = difference between equilibrium temperature and outlet temperature,

only to be specified if TREACT is not specified (C) (default = 0)
ESTPOU = estimation for the outlet pressure if PREACT and POUT2 are not
specified (bar) (default = UNKNOWN)
SFRATI = (steam/fuel ratio) mass flow ratio steam/fuel (kg/kg)

(default = UNKNOWN)
OFRATI = (oxidant/fuel ratio) mass flow ratio oxidant/fuel (kg/kg)

(default = UNKNOWN)
ESTOFR = estimation for OFRATI if this has to be calculated (kg/kg)

(default = UNKNOWN)
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DPASH = difference between equilibrium pressure and pressure in ash pipe,

only to be specified if PASH is not specified (bar) (default = 0)
TASH = temperature in the ash pipe (C) (default = TREACT-DTASH)
DTASH = difference between equilibrium temperature and temperature in

ash pipe, only to be specified if TASH is not specified (C)
(default = 0)
All input parameters, except for DELE, can be adjusted in a user subroutine.
108
Gasifier
It is standard to add the mass balance and the secondary mass equation (on the incoming and
outgoing cooling pipes) to the system matrix. If a steam, oxidant or ash pipe is connected,
then an additional mass equation is added to the matrix for each of them separately. The total
number of mass equations can therefore vary from 2 to 5, dependent on the number of
connected pipes.
If the energy equation code (EEQCOD) receives value 1, the energy balance is also added to
the system matrix.
Summarizing:

With ash pipe:

Either OFRATI, or ESTOFR specified:

SFRATI specified:
With ash pipe either OFRATI, or ESTOFR specified:

With ash pipe + SFRATI specified:

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Either OFRATI, or ESTOFR specified + SFRATI specified:

With ash pipe + either OFRATI, or ESTOFR specified + SFRATI specified:

Media
The medium in the cooling pipes is free to be chosen. The medium in the steam and oxidant
pipes has to be GASMIX, the medium in the fuel pipe can be GASMIX as well as FUEL.
Calculations rules
For the primary medium (cooling medium)
1. pout,p = pin,p  DELP1
2. pin,p = pout,p + DELP1
4. Tin,p = Tout,p  DELT1
For the secondary medium (coal/gas)
5.a preact = PREACT if PREACT is specified

5.b preact = pout,gas + DPREAC if PREACT is not specified
6. pash = preact  DPASH
7. Tash = Treact  DTASH
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Gasifier
8.a Treact = TREACT if TREACT is specified

8.b Treact = Tout,gas  DTREAC if TREACT is not specified
N.B. Tout,gas is calculated
For off-design calculation no extra calculation rules are available.
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112
Scrubber
Water side: Gas side

Number of inletpipes = 1 Number of inletpipes = 1
Number of outletpipes = 1 Number of outletpipes = 1
Primary inlets Gas inlets
Primary outlets Gas outlets
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114
Scrubber
Other calculation rules
3. pout,water = pout,gas
4. pout,gas = pin,gas - DELPG
5. pin,gas = pout,gas + DELPG
6. pout,water = pin,water - DELPW
7. pin,water = pout,water + DELPW
8. Tout,water = Tout,gas (break-off criterion)
9. The final result meets the relation:
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Number of inlets = 1
Number of main outlets = 1
Number of separation outlets = 1
Inlets
Main outlets Separation outlets
116
General separator
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118
Chemical reactor
Minimum number of inlets = 1

Maximum number of inlets = 5
Inlets Outlets
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120
Chemical reactor
Reactions programmed by the user
User-defined reactions can be programmed in user subroutine USREAC. This routine will be
called if TRUSER is specified. For more information about USREAC see part “User
Subroutines” of the manual.
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Number of w ater-inlets = 1
Number of w ater-outlets = 1
Number of gas-inlets = 1
Number of gas-outlets = 1
Water-inlets Gas-inlets
Water-outlet Gas-outlet
122
Saturator
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2. pout,w = pin,w  DELPW
3. pout,w = pout,g if pout,w is not specified or calculated according to rule 2
4. Tout,g = Tin,g + DELTG

5. Tout,w = Tin,w + DELTW
6. Tout,g = Tin,w  DELTH
7. Tout,w = Tin,g + DELTL
124
Saturator
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Number of inlet pipes = 1

Number of outlet pipes = 1
Maximum number of shafts = 2
Inlet Shafts
Outlet
126
Electromotor
Figure 2-8: the efficiency of electromotors including the mechanical efficiency of the motor
and compressor as a function of the power on the shaft of the compressor
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Calculation rules

2. pout = pin x PRATI
6. hin = f (hout, ETHAI)
7. hout = f (hin, ETHAI)
If the design data for volume flow, pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency are specified in
the input fields for design data for off-design calculations, the isentropic efficiency with an
off-design calculation can be determined for compressors of the type SULZR-A and
SULZR-AV.
For the compressor types SULZR-A and SULZR-AV the following parameters may be
specified:
DESVOL = design inlet volume flow (m3/s)

(default = UNKNOWN, specification MANDATORY)
ETHAID = design isentropic efficiency

(default = UNKNOWN, specification MANDATORY)
PRATID = design pressure ratio

(default = UNKNOWN, specification MANDATORY for compressor
type SULZR-AV)
PCTRPM = rotational speed as a percentage of the rotational speed at design
For compressor type SULZR-AV it is required to specify either PRATID or PCTRPM, not
both.
128
Compressor
Figure 2-9: input window gas turbine
composition: Standard Air (see paragraph 4.5, page 4-4)
 Fuel: temperature 15 °C
pressure: 1,2 x pressure ratio [bar]
composition: depending on selected model:
 Natural gas fuel (methane):

Composition: Component Mole %
CH4 100
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The lower heating value is 50006.33 kJ/kg
 Fuel oil [medium] :

Composition: Element Mass %
C 85.3
H 11.6
0 0.3
N 0.3
S 2.5
The lower heating value is 40770 kJ/kg
This apparatus type is composed of different other basic apparatus types. Net it adds one
mass equation to the system matrix if a bottoming cycle has been connected (the flue gas
mass flow will be calculated by the gas turbine model). Without bottoming cycle, there is no
need to worry about the number of equations, because the gas turbine itself is a complete
system.
Because the input of the gas turbine is fixed by the selected model and therefore there aren't
any input parameters that can be changed, off-design calculations cannot be applied for this
apparatus type.
Calculation rules
The next properties are available at the outlet of the gas turbine:
 Exhaust temperature and enthalpy
 Mass flow
 Flue gas composition
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Compressor
The outlet pressure will be set by the bottoming cycle, if applied. In case of pressure losses
in the bottoming cycle, correction of the net electrical power and the exhaust temperature
will not be applied.
Displaying calculation results in the diagram
As with other apparatus models, calculation results and input data can be displayed in the
diagram by double-clicking on the apparatus. In addition, the next calculation results can be
displayed:
 air properties
 fuel properties
 exhaust properties
Figure 2-11 shows where the user should click to display the additional properties listed
above.
Figure 2-10:positions to click on for displaying additional calculation results
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132
Generator
Generator
2.27 Type = G Generator
Applications
This apparatus type is meant to model a generator for the conversion of mechanical power
into electric power. The generator must be connected to at least one turbine, or to a drive
train containing at least one turbine.
Input parameters
ETAGEN = Generator efficiency (default = UNKNOWN). If ETAGEN is

specified, COSPHI, GENMVA, KTURB, KGEN and CPRATI
cannot be specified. See also Figure 2-9.
COSPHI = Cosine  of the generator (default = UNKNOWN)
GENMVA = Generator capacity (MVA) (default = UNKNOWN)
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KTURB = Turbine code (default = UNKNOWN):

– for single casing or tandem compound double flow turbines:
1 if 22 < GENMVA < 110 (MVA)
2 if 110 < GENMVA < 500 (MVA)
3 if GENMVA > 500 (MVA)
– for all other turbines:
4 if GENMVA < 500 (MVA)
5 if GENMVA > 500 (MVA)
KGEN = Generator code (default = UNKNOWN):

– for conventionally cooled generator:
1 for 3600 or 3000 RPM
2 for 1800 or 1500 RPM
– for conductor cooled generators:
3 for 3600 or 3000 RPM
4 for 1800 or 1500 RPM
CPRATI = Capacity-power ratio (default = UNKNOWN). Must be specified if

the power to be supplied by the turbine is not specified and only
in combination with COSPHI, GENMVA, KTURB and KGEN.
See also Figure 2-9.
Figure 2-11: decision scheme input data generator
134
Gas turbine
Electromotor
2.28 Type = M Electromotor
Applications
This apparatus type only has an illustrative purpose to indicate that a pump or compressor is
driven by an electromotor.
Input parameters
This apparatus type doesn’t have input parameters. The combined mechanical and electric
efficiency of the motor can be specified for the pump or the compressor via parameter
ETHAE.
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136
Connections
Chapter 3
Connections
3.1 Pipes
Extra conditions
It is possible to prescribe the pressure, temperature, specific enthalpy or vapor quality in a

pipe. In addition a mass flow can be specified. Then an estimate must be specified for a
thermodynamic or typical apparatus variable, which is adapted during the calculation to meet
the prescribed mass flow.
It is however recommended to prescribe mass flows which have to be prescribed using a
valve, type 14.
Input parameters
PINL = pressure at the inlet of the pipe (bar)

POUTL = pressure at the outlet of the pipe (bar)
DELP = absolute pressure drop in a pipe, pi - po (bar)
1)2)
DELPR = pressure drop in a pipe, (pi - po)/pi (-)
2)
DELGH = difference in height between inlet and outlet (m)
of a pipe (default = 0)
2)
DELPF = pressure loss by flow resistance in a pipe (bar)
(default = 0)
HINL = enthalpy at the inlet of a pipe (kJ/kg)
HOUTL = enthalpy at the outlet of a pipe (kJ/kg)
3)
DELH = enthalpy drop in a pipe, hi - ho (kJ/kg)
TINL = temperature at the inlet of a pipe (C)
TOUTL = temperature at the outlet of a pipe (°C)
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XINL4) = vapor fraction at the inlet of a pipe (-)

4)
XOUTL = vapor fraction at the outlet of a pipe (-)
MASFLO5) = prescribed mass flow (kg/s)
APNO = apparatus number for which the estimate of a thermodynamic or
an apparatus-typical variable is specified.
VAR6) = the name of the variable used for the prescribed mass flow. This
name must also be specified as input for the apparatus with
number APNO.
1) It is possible to create a barrier for the pressure calculation by specifying -8888.8 < DELPR < -999.
Then it is not assumed that the outlet pressure can be calculated from the inlet pressure and vice versa.
2) See also the calculation rules mentioned below.
3) Not available for turbine outlet pipes with condensing section (TUCODE=5....,8.... or 9....), as the
exhaust losses are stored here.
4) XINL and XOUTL is not possible for non-condensing medium types.
5) Specification of MASFLO is not permitted for pipes which are directly connected to a boiler.
6) Parameter RMASS may not be used for the VAR parameter! Parameter DELM of type 10 can only be
used for VAR if DELM is specified in combination with parameter PIPE.
Calculation rules
DELP(R) is determined by the pressures at the inlet (pin) and the outlet (pout) of the pipe. If a
pressure at the inlet or the outlet of the pipe is not known, it is calculated by DELP(R). The
default value of DELP(R) is 0.
1. DELP and DELPR are specified: DELPR will be ignored
2. pout = pin - DELP, or

Pout = pin x (1 - DELPR)
3. pin = pout + DELP, or

pin = pout/(1 - DELPR)
4. -8888.8 < DELPR < -999 is specified:

DELP = pin – pout
DELPR = (pin – pout)/pin
2
Connections
5. DELGH and DELPF are specified: DELP(R) = f(DELGH, DELPF)
6. DELGH, DELPF and DELP(R) are specified:

DELGH and DELPF will be ignored and warning 1.66 will be produced
7. DELGH and DELP(R) are specified:

DELP(R) will be used in the calculation and DELGH will be ignored. The value of
DELPF = f(DELP(R), DELGH) will be printed in the table “Losses in Pipes”.
8. DELPF and DELP(R) are specified:

DELP(R) will be used in the calculation and DELPF will be ignored. The values of
DELGH = f(DELP(R), DELPF) and the height difference h = f(DELGH) will be
printed in the table “Losses in Pipes”.
9. hout = hin - DELH
10. hin = hout + DELH
11. xin = xout
Pressure differences in pipes at off-design conditions can be calculated using design data.
The design data are produced by a design calculation and are stored in the file with design
data for off-design calculations. At design, DELGH or DELPF must be specified. At off-design,
specification of DELGH should remain, and specification of DELPF will be ignored (see
calculation rules 2 and 3, respectively).
If DELP(R) is specified as an extra condition, this will be ignored and an error message is
produced. The pressure difference in the pipe will not be adjusted according to the off-design
model.
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DESMAS = mass flow in PIPE at design (kg/s) (default = UNKNOWN)

DESSV = average specific volume in PIPE at design (m3/kg)
(default = UNKNOWN)
DESDPF = pressure loss by flow resistance in PIPE at design (bar)
(default = UNKNOWN)
All above-mentioned parameters must be specified. Otherwise the data specified will be
ignored and an error message will be produced (see calculation rule 4).
Calculation rules for off-design calculations
1. DELPF = f (DESMAS, DESSV, DESDPF)

DELP = f (DELGH, DELPF)
2. DELGH is not specified as an extra condition: DELGH = 0 (default value)
3. DELPF is specified as an extra condition: DELPF will be ignored
4. DESMAS, DESSV, or DESDPF are not specified:
Input for off-design calculations will be ignored; pressure difference in the pipe will
not be adjusted for the off-design situation.
4
Shafts
3.2 Shafts
Applications
Shafts are used to indicate that pumps, compressors and/or generators are driven by one or
more turbines, or that pumps or compressors are driven by electromotors. A shaft must
contain at least one power supplying device (turbine, electromotor).
Where the surplus power of the turbine-pump or turbine-compressor combination is

specified, then an energy equation is automatically added to the system matrix to calculate
an unknown mass flow. If the surplus power is not specified, then the data are only used in
the efficiency calculation.
A shaft connected to an electromotor is only illustrative.
Input parameters
Only the following input parameter can be specified:
Surplus Power = surplus of energy from the turbines (MW)

(default = UNKNOWN)
Remarks
 The efficiency of the transmission must be specified by specifying ETHAM for the
turbines, pumps and compressors.
 Where the turbine does not only drive a pump or compressor but also a generator, the
power of the generator must be specified (MW).
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6
Medium data
Chapter 4
Medium data
4.1 Specifying medium data
The medium data to be specified, are:

 medium type
 a number of additional data, depending on the medium data
The medium type indicates the medium library which will be used to calculate the
thermodynamic properties.
Medium data are specified for pipes. This does not have to be done for each pipe as the
program has a procedure which determines the medium type in the other pipes. For each
cycle the medium type in at least one pipe should be specified.
For closed systems the medium type needs to be specified for just one (arbitrary) pipe. All
other pipes automatically will have the same medium type.
For open systems the medium type should be specified for all incoming pipes (the pipes
connected to all apparatuses of type 10 with only one connected pipe which is outgoing).
The medium types of all other pipes will be determined by Cycle-Tempo.
With a sink/source, type 10, a switch to another medium type can be made. It is not a switch in
composition, but a switch to another medium library. An example is shown in Figure 4-1,
where for a water flow a switch is made from medium type WATERSTM to medium type
GASMIX.
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Mediumtype
GASMIX
(mandatory for scrubber)
Medium type
WATERSTM
Figure 4-12: switching to another medium type
4.2 Available medium types
The following medium types are available:
 WATERSTM : water/steam
1
 POTASIUM : potassium
 GASMIX : ideal gas mixtures
 FUEL : solid and liquid fuels
1
 NH3-H2O : ammonia/water mixtures
 Refrigerants1 : Single refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures
1
 Liquids : Liquid secondary refrigerants
1
Available at extra costs.
2
Medium data
4.3 Medium type WATERSTM
Two sets of relations are available to the user:

1) Water and steam based on the Industrial Formulations 1997 (IF97) from the
IAPWS1.
Validity range:
For pressures between 0.00611657 and 1000 bars the temperature may vary
between 0.01 and 800 °C
2) Water and steam based on the I.F.C.-equations (1967).

Validity range:
At default the IF97 relations are used. For WATERSTM no additional data need to be
specified.
4.4 Medium type POTASIUM2
Data for liquid and vapor potassium are extracted from the Sodium Nak Engineering
Handbook. The validity range runs from 0 to 900C and for several properties to 1300C.
For POTASIUM no additional data need to be specified.
1
Wagner, W. and A. Kruse, The Industrial Standard IAPWS-IF97 for the Thermodynamic
Properties and Supplementary Equations for Other Properties, Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg-New
York, 1998.
2
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4.5 Medium type GASMIX
Ideal mixtures of real gases1.
Validity range: 25 – 3000 C

The enthalpy of a gas equals the enthalpy of formation at standard conditions (25C and
1.013 bar (1 atm)). At 0 K the entropy is 0.
Available components (species) are:

Al2O3 (s) Al2O3 (l) Ar BCl3 BF3 Br2 C (s)
CCl4 CO COS CO2 CS2 CH4 C2 H4
C2 H6 C3 H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 Cl2 F2
Fe2O3 (s) HCl HCN HF H H2 H2 O
N2 O 3 H2 S He Ne NH3 NO NO2
NOCl N2 N2 O O O2 OH S
S (s) S (l) SF6 SiF4 SiH4 SiO2 SiO2 (s)
SiO2 (l) SO2 SO3
There are three pre-defined compositions of gas mixtures available:
1. Standard Air
Relative humidity 60% at: p = 1.01325 bar

T = 15 C

N2 77.29
O2 20.75
H2O 1.01
Ar 0.92
CO2 0.03
2. Standard Natural Gas
1
Gordon, S. and B.J. McBride, Computer Program for Calculation of Complex Chemical
Equilibrium Compositions, Lewis Research Center, NASA SP-273, 1971.
4
Medium data
Slochteren natural gas

CH4 81.29
C2H6 2.87
C3H8 0.38
C4H10 0.15
C5H12 0.04
C6H14 0.05
N2 14.32
O2 0.01
CO2 0.89
3. Standard Flue gas

N2 70.49
H2O 19.19
CO2 9.50
Ar 0.82
This composition is obtained when Standard Natural Gas is burnt stoichiometrically

with Standard Air.
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Remarks:
 If the sum of the mole percentages is greater than 100% a warning is produced. It is
however allowed to proceed; Cycle-Tempo will automatically scale down the mole
percentages.
 The parameter “Is estimation” indicates that the specified composition must be regarded
as an initial estimate. It may sometimes be necessary to work with an estimate for the
composition, for example, when a recycle flow is included in a cycle. The composition
specified is then only used in the first main iteration. In further iterations the
composition calculated from the previous iteration is used. If “Is estimation” is not
activated (which is the default value), then the composition is regarded as fixed.
4.6 Medium type FUEL
Fuel (mostly coal or oil), according to an atomic composition and with a lower heating
value, both to be specified by the user. Determination of the heat of formation of the fuel is
based on the lower heating value. Only in combustors (apparatus type 13), gasifiers
(apparatus type 23) and reactors (apparatus type 27) FUEL can be mixed with GASMIX on
behalf of chemical reactions.
For the available components see medium type GASMIX.
6
Medium data
There is one pre-defined composition of a solid fuel available:
1. Standard Coal
Composition: Component Mole % Mass %

C(S) 60.63 59.90
H2 25.46 5.34
O2 3.07 16.95
N2 0.50 1.15
S 0.51 1.35
Cl2 0.05 0.30
F2 0.01 0.02
SiO2 3.03 15.00
The lower heating value is 24610 kJ/kg.

The calculated enthalpy for this coal at 25 C and 1.013 bar is:
h = -3825.36 kJ/kg
Remarks:
 It is usual to give the atomic composition of coal in mass fractions. To limit the number
of components in a calculation, a choice is made in the output of the program to give an
indication in compounds (H2, O2, etc.), instead of in elements (H, O, etc.). This makes
no difference for the mass fractions, but does for the molar fractions. The enthalpy of
the coal is however not calculated from the constituent components, but using the net
heating value specified, so that the result does not affect the calculated enthalpy.
 For the parameter “Is estimation” see medium type GASMIX.
 Gaseous fuel of which the composition in species is known, should be specified as

GASMIX.
7
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4.7 Refrigerants1
For refrigerants Cycle-Tempo contains two libraries:

 REFPROP
 DUPONT
4.7.1 REFPROP
This database (REFrigerant PROPerties) concerns Version 4.0 of the Standard Reference
Database 23 of NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) from the U.S.A. The
database contains 38 different refrigerants (see the table on the next page).
For all refrigerants, except for ammonia, a simple as well as a more complex thermodynamic
model is available.
The simple model is the equation of state according to Carnahan-Starling-DeSantis (CSD).

This equation represents the properties of refrigerants quite well between certain limits. The
model can easily be extended to mixtures of refrigerants. However, the model is not suited to
calculate properties over wide ranges of pressure and temperature.
There are two different thermodynamic models available, which are more complex and can
predict the properties of refrigerants more accurately over wide ranges of pressure and
temperature. The MBWR-model (Modified Bennedict-Webb-Rubin) for the calculation of
thermodynamic properties is available for 11 refrigerants. These refrigerants are marked
with an asterisk *) in the table shown below. For the remaining refrigerants the ECS-model
(Extended Corresponding States) is available.
The properties of ammonia can be calculated with the high-accuracy equation of state
developed by Haar en Gallagher (see: J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 7, 635-792 (1978)).
The transport properties of refrigerants are always calculated with the ECS-model.
1
8
Medium data
Table 4-5: pure refrigerants
Critical point
Nr. Type pc (bar) Tc (°C) vc (m3/kg)
1 R11 44.7 198.1 179.81E-05
2 R12 41.8 111.8 179.47E-05
3 R13 38.7 28.9 173.27E-05
4 R13B1 40.2 67.1 134.31E-05
5 R14 38.0 -45.6 160.23E-05
6 R21 51.7 178.5 191.59E-05
7 R22 50.5 96.2 195.44E-05
8 R23 49.0 26.0 189.97E-05
*)
9 R32 57.9 78.2 231.43E-05
10 R113 34.6 214.4 175.58E-05
11 R114 32.5 145.7 179.62E-05
12 R115 31.5 79.9 163.14E-05
*)
13 R123 36.7 183.8 181.78E-05
14 R123a 37.4 188.0 183.87E-05
*)
15 R124 36.4 122.5 178.65E-05
*)
16 R125 36.3 66.2 174.84E-05
17 R134 45.6 119.0 185.24E-05
18*) R134a 40.7 101.2 195.04E-05
19 R141b 41.2 204.2 185.57E-05
20 R142b 41.2 137.2 229.87E-05
21 R143 45.2 156.8 226.08E-05
22 R143a 38.1 73.1 230.37E-05
23 R152a 44.9 113.6 274.03E-05
24 R218 26.8 72.0 159.23E-05
*)
25 R290 (propane) 42.5 96.7 498.90E-05
26 RC270 55.8 125.2 461.03E-05
(cyclopropane)
27 RC318 27.8 115.2 162.36E-05
28 R227ea 29.5 101.9 168.78E-05
29 R236ea 35.3 139.3 175.14E-05
30 R245cb 31.4 106.9 203.79E-05
*)
31 R600 (n-butane) 38.0 152.0 438.72E-05
*)
32 R600a (i-butane) 36.3 134.7 440.44E-05
*)
33 n-C5 (n-pentane) 33.6 196.4 408.32E-05
*)
34 i-C5 (i-pentane) 33.7 187.4 424.12E-05
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35*) CO2 (R744) 73.8 30.9 217.45E-05

36 E134 42.3 147.1 189.78E-05
37 E245 34.2 170.9 199.94E-05
38 NH3 (R717) 113.3 132.3 425.72E-05
Table 4-6: refrigerant mixtures
Mixture Components Composition (mass %)

R401A R22/R152a/R124 53/13/34
R401B R22/R152a/R124 61/11/28
R401C R22/R152a/R124 33/15/52
R402A R22/R290/R125 38/2/60
R402B R22/R290/R125 60/2/38
R403A R22/R218/R290 75/20/5
R403B R22/R218/R290 56/39/5
R404A R125/R134a/R143a 44/4/52
R405A R22/R152a/R142b/ 45/7/5.5/42.5
RC318
R406A R22/R142b/R600a 55/41/4
R407A R32/R125/R134a 20/40/40
R407B R32/R125/R134a 10/70/20
R407C R32/R125/R134a 23/25/52
R407D R32/R125/R134a 15/15/70
R408A R22/R125/R143a 47/7/46
R409A R22/R124/R142b 60/25/15
R409B R22/R124/R142b 65/25/10
R410A R32/R125 50/50
R410B R32/R125 45/55
R412A R22/R218/R142b 70/5/25
R413A R218/R134a/R600a 9/88/3
AM DI36 R22/R124/R600 50/47/3
AM DI44 R22/R125/R143a/R290 50/42/6/2
Daikin R32/R134a 30/70
EA FX40 R32/R125/R143a 10/45/45
EA FX220 R23/R32/R134a 4.5/21.5/74
Hoec HX4 R32/R125/R134a/ 10/33/21/36
R143a
HOTSHOT R22/R124/R600a/ 50/39/1.5/9.5
R142b
NARM 22 R23/R22/R152a 5/80/15
NARM 502 R23/R22/R152a 5/90/5
10
Medium data
Mixture Components Composition (mass %)
OZ 12 R290/R600a 50/50
Isceon59 R125/R134a/R600a 46/50/4
Isceon89 R125/R290/R218 86/5/9
R500 R12/R152a 73.8/26.2
R501 R22/R12 75/25
R502 R22/R115 48.8/51.2
R503 R23/R13 40.1/59.9
R504 R32/R115 48.2/51.8
R507 R125/R143a 50/50
R509A R22/R218 44/56
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Besides the pure refrigerants listed in Table 4-1 a large number of commercially available
refrigerant mixtures is available. Table 4-2 lists the mixtures presently available in Cycle-
Tempo and their corresponding compositions. The thermodynamic properties are calculated
with the CSD-model, and the transport properties with the ECS-model.
With regard to the validity range of the models the following can be said:
CSD-model
 0.6 * Tc < T < Tc (T in K) for pressures up to the saturation pressure, thus not for
compressed liquid.
 T > Tc (T in K) for densities () below the critical value (the critical density c is the
reciprocal value of the critical volume vc, as mentioned in the third column of the table).
It is wise to avoid situations with 0.95 * Tc < T < 1.1 * Tc (T in K) for 0.5 * c <  < 2 * c.
MBWR-model
Temperatures from triple point up to 1.2 * Tc (T in K) for pressures up to 2.2 * pc. Situations
near the critical point should best be avoided.
ECS-model
0.35 * Tc < T < 1.2 * Tc (T in K) for pressures up to 2.2 * pc. Situations near the critical point
should best be avoided.
12
Medium data
Input parameters
For medium type REFPROP the following input parameters can be specified:
1. Reference state for enthalpy and entropy.

There are 3 possibilities:
 Liquid at normal boiling point (1 atm) (default value)
 Liquid at -40C (ASHRAE-convention)
 h = 200 kJ/kg and s = 1 kJ/kgK for saturated liquid at 0C (IIR-convention)
2. Thermodynamic model to be used to calculate thermodynamic and transport properties.

There are 3 possibilities:
 CSD-equation of state
 If possible MBWR-equation of state, otherwise ECS-model
 Special equation of state for ammonia
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4.7.2 DUPONT
Besides the REFPROP-database another database is available with 8 refrigerants, of which

some are out-dated. The relations used for the calculation of thermodynamic and transport
properties originate from Du Pont1.
The database contains the following refrigerants:
TYPE Validity range Critical point

pmin (bar) pmax (bar) Tmin Tmax pc Tc (°C)
(°C) (°C) (bar)
R502 0.033 40.0 -100.0 82.5 40.8 82.2
R22 0.02 49.0 -100.0 96.0 49.8 96.0
R114 0.015 37.0 -73.0 145.0 32.7 145.7
R113 0.115 30.3 -5.0 270.0 34.1 214.0
3
R13 0.107 31.7 -115.0 130.0 38.6 28.8
R12 0.03 23.0 -55.0 190.0 41.1 112.0
5
R11 0.121 39.3 -25.0 290.0 44.0 198.0
R23 0.145 47.27 -110.0 47.2 47.5 25.6
1
Downing, R.C., Refrigerant equations, No. 2313, The Du Pont Company, undated.
Downing, R.C. and B.W. Knight, Computer Program for Calculating Properties of the “Freon”
Refrigerants, The Du Pont Company, 1971.
14
Medium data
4.8 Medium type NH3-H2O1
Mixtures of ammonia and water according to Ziegler and Trepp2.
Validity range:
pressure 0.1 – 50 bar
temperature -40 – 230 °C
For the pipes for which medium type NH3-H2O is specified, the ammonia mass fraction
must be specified also.
The parameter “Is estimation” indicates that the specified composition must be regarded as
an initial estimate. It may sometimes be necessary to work with an estimate for the
composition, for example, when a recycle flow is included in a cycle. The composition
specified is then only used in the first main iteration. In further iterations the composition
calculated from the previous iteration is used. If “Is estimation” is not activated (which is the
default value), then the composition is regarded as fixed.
4.9 Medium type LIQUIDS1
This medium type is meant for liquids, for which only simple relations (polynomials in the
temperature) for the density and specific heat are available.
A number of liquids have been implemented in the program. At the moment 13 secondary
refrigerants have been implemented: glycols and salt solutions. These are listed in the table
below, together with their application range. The concentrations mentioned in the table apply
to the first-mentioned component, i.e. not to the water.
1
2
Ziegler, B. and Ch. Trepp, Equations of State for Ammonia-Water Mixtures, Revue
Internationale du Froid, Vol. 7, Nr. 2, 1984.
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Secondary refrigerant Cmin Cmax Tmax

(% refr.) (% refr.) (°C)
Ethylene glycol / Water 0 56.1 40
Propylene glycol / Water 15 57 40
Ethyl alcohol / Water 11 60.1 20
Methyl alcohol / Water 7.8 47.4 20
Glycerol / Water 19.5 63 40
Ammonia / Water 7.8 23.6 20
Potassium carbonate / Water 0 39 30
Calcium chloride / Water 9 29.4 30
Magnesium chloride / Water 0 20.5 30
Sodium chloride / Water 0 23 30
Potassium acetate / Water 11 41 30
Pekasol 50 / Water 43 100 60
Freezium / Water 19 50 40
The data for the refrigerants all come from an IIR publication1, except for Pekasol 50 and
Freezium, of which the data are supplied by the manufacturers (pro KÜHLSOLE GmbH
from Germany, and Kemira from Finland, respectively). The method which is used to
transform these data into thermodynamic functions to calculate state properties (enthalpy and
entropy values), has been described elsewhere2.
The user has to make sure that all occurring conditions of the liquids apply to the liquid
state, as the thermodynamic relations are only meant for the liquid state within the
application range as mentioned in the table. Other states than the liquid state will not be
1
Melinder, A., Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Secondary Refrigerants, IIF/IIR, Paris,
1997.
2
Verschoor, M.J.E. and R.J.M. van Gerwen, Modeling Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems
with Software for Power Cycles, Proc. Sydney Conf., IIF/IIR, 1999.
16
Medium data
recognized. If for a given concentration the temperature appears to be below the freezing
point, an error message will indicate that.
17
System data
Chapter 5
System data
5.1 Production functions
A production function is a user defined energy equation, of which the right-hand side
represents the amount of energy which is exchanged with the environment. For a turbine,
this will be the generated power; for a heat exchanger the energy loss as a result of imperfect
isolation. This namelist is specified for apparatuses for which the energy equation is used for
the mass flow calculation.
It is not permitted to specify a production function for apparatuses for which automatically
an energy equation is added to the system matrix. These apparatuses can be found in Table
2-1, where in the column “system equations” the letter E is specified.
The amount of energy exchange with the environment can be specified for an apparatus or
group of apparatuses (e.g. HP turbine, MP turbine and LP turbine which drive a generator).
An energy flow from the system to the environment must have a positive sign; an energy
flow from the environment to the system must have a negative sign.
Input parameters
Apparatus = number of the apparatus, or the numbers of a group of

apparatuses, separated by commas.
Power = amount of electricity or heat generated by the apparatus(es) (MW)

(default = 0)
A user defined energy equation must be prescribed for each apparatus type = 12, alone or in
combination with other apparatus types.
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An energy equation to be defined by the user (a production function), should not be specified
for apparatuses for which the energy equation is already added automatically to the system
matrix (types 5, 7, 11, 15 always, types 4, 13 and above 15 if EEQCOD = 1), nor for
apparatuses for which the energy equation is used to calculate an enthalpy (= temperature)
(types 6, 9, 14 always and types 1, 2, 4, 10, 13 and above 15 if DELE is specified or if
EEQCOD = 2). Summarized: do not specify a production function for apparatus type
 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 14, 15;
 4, 13, >15 if EEQCOD = 1;
 1, 2, 4, 10, 13, >15 if DELE is specified or if EEQCOD = 2.
However, it is allowed to include these apparatuses in production functions for apparatuses
not mentioned.
Sources and sinks with only one connected pipe should not be included in a production
function. The program will issue an error warning.
In order to prevent convergence problems in the main iteration, it is recommended that no

production functions be written with the specific enthalpy as coefficients which are
calculated from other energy equations. For apparatus types 6, 9, and 13 a specific enthalpy
is calculated from an energy equation. For apparatus types 1, 2 and 10 an energy balance is
used to calculate specific enthalpy when the energy exchange with the environment (DELE)
is specified. For the apparatus types 4, 13, 22, 23, 25 and 28 the energy balance is used to
calculate a specific enthalpy if EEQCOD = 2. By taking a combination of apparatuses the
problems mentioned can be prevented.
2
Definition of environment
5.2 Definition of environment
The definition of the environment (pressure, temperature and chemical composition) is used
to calculate exergy values. The pressure and temperature of the environment are used to
calculate heating values.
Summary of input options
The following input parameters are needed for exergy calculations. The pressure and
temperature are enough for calculating the heating values.
Pressure = pressure of the environment (bar) (default = UNKNOWN)
Temperature = temperature of the environment (°C) (default = UNKNOWN)
Composition = list with components and their concentrations (mole %)
For exergy calculations + calculation of heating values:

 Define a complete environment: pressure, temperature and composition
 Heating value at standard conditions: choose “Conditions: 1 atm, 25°C”
 Heating value at environment conditions: choose “Environment conditions”
Remark
An exergy calculation can be de-activated temporarily by activating the option “No exergy
calculation”. In that case the definition of the environment is still there.
Just calculation of heating values:

 Heating value at standard conditions: choose “Conditions: 1 atm, 25°C”. This is the
default value.
 Heating value at environment conditions: choose “Environment conditions”, and specify
the required values for pressure and temperature.
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Pre-defined definitions of environment
The following pre-defined definitions of environment are available:
1. Definition of the environment as proposed by Baehr1
Pressure = 1.01325 bar

Temperature = 25 C

Ar 0.9
CO2 0.03
H2O 3.12
N2 75.65
O2 20.30
2. Like 1, but at 15°C
Pressure = 1.01325 bar

Temperature = 15 C

Ar 0.91
CO2 0.03
H2O 1.68
N2 76.78
O2 20.60
Exergy calculation
It is possible to calculate the exergy by determination of the amount of work that is needed
or generated when a fluid comes into equilibrium with the environment. This calculation can
be carried out for the following types of media:
 WATERSTM
 GASMIX
 FUEL
For other media only the thermo-mechanical exergy will be calculated.
1
Baehr, H.D., Thermodynamik, Springer Verlag Berlin, 4th edition (1978)
4
Definition of environment
In order to perform exergy calculations the environment must be defined. Such a definition
is complete if pressure, temperature and chemical composition are known. The environment
must be in equilibrium with itself. This means that liquid water must be in equilibrium with
water vapor: the gaseous environment is saturated with water vapor. Furthermore should
each component of the defined environment fix just one element.
If a definition of the environment is specified, the exergy calculation is carried out. The
calculated exergy of all process streams (kJ/kg) are presented in the table “Data for all
pipes”. The exergy flows (kW) in the pipes, split-up into chemical and thermo-mechanical
exergy, are given in a separate table.
Exergy losses and exergy efficiencies of all apparatuses in the system are calculated and
presented in a separate table.
Calculation of heating values
The ambient pressure and temperature specified can be used to calculate the heating value at
other pressure and temperature than the standard of 25C and 1 atm. The user can indicate
this by choosing “Environment conditions” under “Calculation heating values”. By choosing
“No exergy calculation” the definition of the environment is only used to calculate heating
values.
For all pipes with medium type GASMIX the lower heating value (LHV) and higher heating
value (HHV) are determined. These values (kJ/mole) are given in the table with the gas
compositions. In a separate table these values are given in MJ/kg. In case the gas contains
water vapor, the heating values are also given per kg dry gas.
For pipes with medium type FUEL the LHV must be given by means of “Lower heating
value”. The HHV will be calculated. Both values are given in the table.
The LHV is used to calculate the energy content of incoming fuel flows (at sources,
apparatus type 10) on behalf of the calculation of the system efficiency. If at this source
LHV is given also, Cycle-Tempo will use this value in stead of the calculated value.
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5.3 Additional power consumers
Applications
Power consumers not modeled can be specified with their electricity consumption, on behalf
of the calculation of system efficiencies.
Input parameters
System name = Name of the system or the apparatus which consumes electric
power. This name may not be longer than 16 characters.
Power = The electric power which the system or apparatus consumes (kW)
(default = 0).
6
Calculation settings
Chapter 6
Calculation settings
6.1 General calculation settings
Calculation settings concern the control of the calculation process.
The following parameters are available:
General parameters:
Off-design factor = The off-design factor is only used in off-design

calculations for initial estimates during the first iteration.
The off-design factor should be regarded as the ratio
between the mass flows during off-design and design
(default = 100%)
Net frequency = frequency of the electricity grid (Hz) (default = 50 Hz)
Parameters for iteration procedure
Relative accuracy = relative accuracy required for convergence

(default = 0.0001)
It is recommended that EPS  2.0  10-3 be chosen as the
program uses the value EPS as a break-off criterion for
the internal iteration loops.
Minimum number = minimum number of main iterations

of main iterations (default = 0)
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This option is useful when parameters are calculated for

the first time after a number of main iterations, e.g.
calculations of pressures or temperatures at off-design or
calculations within user subroutines.
Maximum number = maximum number of main iterations

of main iterations (default = 25)
Number of extra = number of extra main iterations

main iterations (default = 0)
This option is meant to perform a number of main
iterations after convergence has been reached. This is
useful for parameters for which a convergence criterion
does not exist, e.g. calculations of pressures or
temperatures at off-design.
Number of iterations = number of main iterations with mass stream under-

with under relaxation relaxation (default = maximum number of main
iterations)
Normally (after the first two main iteration steps) as a
new estimate for a mass flow the average is taken of the
last and last but one mass flow calculated. The under-
relaxation obtained from this has a stabilizing effect
where the iterations are alternated. In situations where
convergence is guaranteed, the calculation time can be
reduced by limiting the number of iterations for which
under-relaxation is applied (e.g. when it is known that the
solution is being approached from one side). It is
recommended that a value only be specified when the
calculation process can be properly looked through.
2
Control of output extent
6.2 Control of output extent
The following parameters are available to control the extent of “Text output”:
 General output control parameter
 Output control parameter for testing purposes
General output control parameter
The following options are available to control the output:

1. Maximum output.
2. Idem, without matrices being printed.
3. Reduced output (suitable for reports).
4. Short output (default).
Output control parameter for testing purposes
With this code additional output can be obtained, which may be important in the analysis of
the calculation process for new cases which are not yet running properly. In addition to the
normal output described above intermediate results are also given. For this code the
following options may be selected:
1. No additional output (default).
2. After each main iteration for all the apparatus the state of the calculation is indicated in
the form of a code (see paragraph 7.3) and the calculated values are given for the flows
in the pipes.
3. The same data as for 2 after each time all the apparatus subroutines have been called
once. Apparatus subroutines are in fact called several times per main iteration.
4. The same data as for 2 after each time an apparatus subroutine has been called.
N.B. Values 3 and 4 should, where at all possible, not be used as this will result in a great
deal of output. In that case it can be recommended to limit the number of main iterations to 1
or 2.
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6.3 Parameter optimization
Cycle-Tempo offers the possibility to optimize input parameters specified by the user for one
or more apparatuses in the system.
To activate the optimization procedure, the apparatus number(s), the name(s) of the input
parameter(s) to be optimized, and the starting value(s) for the input parameter(s) should be
specified. At default the system efficiency will be optimized, but the user can define another
function to be optimized.
Up to 10 input parameters can be optimized at the same time.
Input parameters
App. no. = apparatus number indicating to which apparatus the input

parameter to be optimized belongs (MANDATORY)
Input parameter = name of the input parameter to be optimized. Only names

available in the input parameter list are valid
(MANDATORY)
Starting value = starting value for the input parameter to be optimized

(MANDATORY)
Use user defined = indicates that the objective function of which the
optimization function optimum has to be found, is defined by the user in
subroutine FUNCOP. See part “User Subroutines” of the
manual.
Rounding precision = number of decimals to which the calculated objective

function has to be rounded-off (default = 14)
4
Text output
Chapter 7
Text output
7.1 Introduction
The “Text output” of Cycle-Tempo can be divided into three groups:

1. Output directly related to the input.
2. Output to monitor the iteration process for the compositions and mass flows.
3. Output of the calculated results.
This output can be controlled by two parameters described in paragraph 6.2.
7.2 Output directly related to the input
The following components are printed out:
a. A summary relating to the size of the problem, such as number of apparatuses,

number of pipes, number of cycles etc.
In addition the necessary computer storage, necessary for storing all the important
data, is calculated and printed out. The size calculated is compared with the size
indicated. Where necessary a bigger storage must be specified (see part “User
Subroutines” of the manual).
b. Thermodynamic and typical apparatus data are classified. The pipe input is checked
for permitted connections to apparatuses and the prevention of double pipe
numbers. In addition a table is printed out with the pipe number specified, the
external numbers of the apparatuses at the pipe's inlet and outlet, the pipe code, the
number of the cycle of which the pipe is part, and finally the internal pipe number
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allocated (pipe identification number), which is used in the program. Finally a

summary of the input data of the pipes.
c. A summary of the medium compositions input, if the medium type is GASMIX or
FUEL.
d. A matrix with all the available mass and energy balances. This matrix wilt count
more equations than the number of pipes as one or more further mass balances must
be eliminated to obtain an independent system of equations.
e. For off-design calculations a summary is given of the design data specified for the
surface heat exchangers and turbines.
f. Classified summary of data on generators, turbine driven pumps/compressors and
production functions.
g. A summary of how the number of system equations is built up.
The influence of the general output control parameter on the above components is:
1. Maximum output : a-g
2. Idem, without matrices being printed : a-c, e, g
3. Reduced output : a, c, e, g
4. Short output : idem
7.3 Output showing the course of the iteration process
To calculate the gas compositions and media types in the pipes the procedure described in
part “Technical notes” is carried out. If all the medium types and gas compositions have
been calculated, all the calculated gas compositions are printed out if the output control
parameter for testing purposes (see paragraph 6.2) has the right value.
In addition the number of lines which do not meet the break-off criterion for the composition
of the main iteration is printed out. Also the maximum absolute change in the concentration
with regard to the previous main iteration is printed out indicating the relevant pipe number.
For calling an apparatus subroutine the apparatus number is printed out together with a code
which indicates the state of the calculation for that specific apparatus.
For this code the following convention applies:
2
Text output
Code = 9 initial call of the apparatus subroutine.

= 8 the apparatus subroutine has been called previously, but has not
yet calculated all the inlet and outlet pressures.
= 7 all inlet and outlet pressures of the apparatus have been
calculated.
= 6 all thermodynamic variables from the outlet pipe have been
calculated.
= 0 all thermodynamic variables to the inlet and outlet pipes have
been calculated.
For the apparatus with two media (for example: type 5, 6 and 12) the code consists of two
digits. The first digit refers to the secondary flow, the second digit to the primary flow. If the
total of all the codes is equal to zero, then all the thermodynamic variables are known and
the coefficients of the system matrix can be substituted. In the first main iteration the system
of equations obtained is printed out just before it is solved and the mass flows are calculated.
The complete output of the thermodynamic variables and mass flows for all the pipes can be
obtained by giving the output control parameter for testing purposes (see paragraph 6.2) the
right value.
Furthermore the number of lines which do not meet the break-off criterion of the main
iteration is printed out. In addition the maximum mass flow change, absolute and relative,
with respect to the previous main iteration is printed out indicating the relevant pipe number.
This information indicates whether the calculation process converges and if so, how quickly
the process converges (in the following iteration steps).
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7.4 Output of the calculated results
If the break-off criterion for both the compositions and the mass flows is met, the calculated
results are printed out. The output consists of the following parts:
a. At the very first iteration (iteration 0) a summary is given of the content of the
system matrix, including the vector with the right-hand sides of the relevant mass
and energy equations.
b. A summary of the main iteration process.
c. As a, for the last iteration.
d. A standard calculation of the efficiency of the system in question.
e. A table with the energy exchange with the environment per apparatus and in
addition for apparatus with separate flows the heat transferred in the apparatus.
f. Should the system contain medium type GASMIX or FUEL, a table with the
calculated compositions per pipe, together with lower and higher heating values
(LHV and HHV), and the relative and absolute humidity of the flow in the pipe.
g. A table with for each pipe: medium type, mass flow, molar flow, volumetric flow,
pressure, temperature, enthalpy, entropy, exergy (if applicable), vapor quality and
mass fraction (if applicable).
h. A table with for each pipe: pressure drop, temperature drop, enthalpy difference,
entropy difference and exergy difference (if applicable). Only for pipes where
changes in pressure and/or temperature occur.
i. When an exergy calculation is performed: a table with exergy flows (kW), split up
into thermo-mechanical and chemical exergy. The energy flows are printed also.
j. When an exergy calculation is performed: a table with an exergy balance, exergy
losses and exergy efficiencies of the apparatuses.
k. A summary of the input data of the apparatuses including any calculated apparatus
data.
l. An output of the isentropic efficiencies of turbines, pumps and compressors,
calculated data for fuel cells and the temperature differences for surface heat
exchangers (type = 4, 5, 6, 12, 21, 22 and 23).
m. For design calculations an output of all the relevant data for turbines and surface
heat exchangers for an off-design calculation.
4
Text output
The influence of the general output control parameter on the items mentioned above is:
1. Maximum output : a-m
2. Idem, without matrices being printed : b-m
3. Reduced output : b, d-m
4. Short output . : b, d-j, l-m
The tables from “Text output” correspond with the separate tables available within the user
interface, as described in the next chapter.
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6
Tables
Chapter 8
Tables
8.1 Introduction
The summary below indicates which tables are automatically generated and under which
conditions.
Table 8-7: automatically generated tables
Table name Generated under following conditions

System efficiencies Energy input, energy output, energy consumption > 0
Energy balance Always
Compositions of fluids Number of pipes with medium types GASMIX or FUEL > 0
Heating values Number of pipes with medium types GASMIX or FUEL > 0
Data for all pipes Always
Losses in pipes Number of pipes with losses > 0
Energy and exergy flows Definition of environment specified
Exergy values in the system Definition of environment specified
Rotating equipment Number of turbines (type 3), pumps (type 8) or compressors
(type 29) > 0
Motors and generators Number of generators or electricity driven pumps or
compressors > 0
Heat exchanging equipment Number of condensers (type 4), feed water heaters (type 5),
heat exchangers (type 6,12) or moisture separators (type 22)
>0
In the following paragraphs an example is given of each table. The data presented in the
table, and the conditions under which the table is generated, are explained. The figures
correspond to the simple STAG-unit shown in Figure 8-1.
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A simple STAG unit

p T
h m
44 p = Pressure [bar]
12.00 15.00 T = Temperature [°C]
-3642.08 7.213 h = Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
44
m = Massflow [kg/s]
11.75 1021.25
46
12.00 354.29 42 46 168.04 339.019 P = 80000.00 kW
250.87 331.805
42 48
1.028 530.00
40
1.013 15.00 50 -423.41 339.019
42.00 253.24
-98.84 331.805 40 40.00 450.00
2799.39 43.831
3331.22 43.831
17
1 P = 39621.41 kW
H
42.00 253.24 1.023 469.76
15
1526.05 177.322 51 -492.17 339.019 2
42.00 253.24 1.018 269.27 0.02700 22.36
1101.60 177.322 21 -714.09 339.019 2303.64 36.462
18
14 2 3.000 203.45
H 8
2872.62 7.369
12 13
7 5
11 22
5
52 7 3 6
42.00 249.27
6
1082.25 43.831 4
9 3
19 0.02700 22.36
10 4 8
H 93.71 36.462
45.00 134.20 3.000 133.54 5.000 22.39

53 567.06 43.831 561.43 43.831 94.33 36.462
20
1.013 207.28
-780.70 339.019
Figure 8-13: scheme of a simple STAG-unit
2
Tables
8.2 System efficiencies
The table “System efficiencies” contains gross and net energy and exergy efficiencies, and
energy and exergy figures regarding:
 input energy
 energy consumption
 power production
 heat production
The table is generated if one of these items is present.
Exergy figures
The table contains exergy figures if an exergy analysis is performed, i.e. if a definition of
the environment is given and the option “No exergy calculation” is not activated.
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Absorbed power
The table contains the part “Absorbed power” if the system contains one or more boilers
(type = 1), reheaters (type = 2) or fuel sources (type = 10 with 1 out-going pipe containing
GASMIX or FUEL with a calculated or specified LHV > 0).
The exergy of the fuel includes the thermo-mechanical exergy. The energy of the fuel
(heating value) includes the thermo-mechanical energy.
Delivered power
The table contains the part “Delivered gross power” and “Delivered net power” if the
system generates electricity (generators or fuel cells) or mechanical power (turbines not
connected to a generator).
Auxiliary power consumption
The table contains the part “Auxiliary power consumption” if the system contains electricity
driven pumps or compressors, or if additional electricity consumption is specified by the
user (via General Data | Auxiliary Power Consumption).
Delivered heat
If the system contains a “Heat Sink” the item “Delivered Heat” is presented in the table. In
addition, a heat efficiency and a total efficiency are presented also.
Efficiencies
Gross and net efficiencies are presented if absorbed power and delivered power (or delivered
heat) can both be determined.
4
Tables
8.3 Energy balance
In the energy balance the amount of energy exchanged with the environment is presented for
all apparatuses. Pipes in which the medium undergoes changes in pressure and/or
temperature are included also.
The energy balance is always generated after a successful run.
A value greater than 0 represents an energy flow from the system to the environment, a value
less than 0 an energy flow from the environment to the system.
The energy exchange is based on process flows. This means that mechanical and electric
losses are not included.
Besides an energy balance based on enthalpy an energy balance based on total energy is
presented.
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The total energy equals the thermo-mechanical energy augmented with the chemical energy.
The thermo-mechanical energy is the energy which is released when the fluid expands and
cools down to ambient pressure and temperature, respectively. Two definitions are possible.
In the first definition water (in medium types WATERSTM, GASMIX and FUEL)
condenses totally. In the second definition water evaporates totally:
Definition 1: GASMIX: H – Hamb.,H2O(l) + HHV

WATERSTM: H - Hamb.,H2O(l)
FUEL: H - Hamb.,H2O(l) + HHV
Definition 2: GASMIX: H - Hamb.,H2O(g) + LHV

WATERSTM: H - Hamb.,H2O(g)
FUEL: H - Hamb.,H2O(g) + LHV
With medium type FUEL the evaporation heat of the water in the fuel is embedded in the
heating value.
The columns in the table are explained as follows:
 Column “Energy loss (enthalpy)” : energy balance based on enthalpy

 Column “Energy loss (HHV)” : energy balance based on total energy
according to definition 1
 Column “Energy loss (LHV)” : energy balance based on total energy
according to definition 2
6
Tables
8.4 Composition of fluids
In the first column of the table “Composition of fluids” all the components present in the
system are listed. The next columns contain all different compositions for medium types
GASMIX or FUEL the program has found. The table will only be generated if GASMIX or
FUEL is present in the system.
The numbers in column “Medium” of table “Data for all pipes” (see paragraph 8.6) refer to
the composition number mentioned in table “Compositions of fluids”.
For example: “GASMIX 3” in table “Data for all pipes” refers to composition number 3 in
table “Compositions of fluids”.
The compositions are given as mole fractions. If a mole fraction appears to be 0.0000 in the
table, then this means that the component is present, but with a mole fraction less than
0.00005.
The last three rows in the table contain the average mole mass, the lower heating value and
the higher heating value respectively. The heating values are also presented in table “Heating
values”, but there in kJ/kg (see paragraph 8.5).
Note:
In addition to these values the corresponding table in the output file (via View | Text output)
shows the relative and absolute humidity of each gas flow. The absolute humidity is
expressed in grams of water per kg DRY gas. For gas mixtures of 100% water the absolute
humidity is not defined. In the table this is denoted by a number of asterisks. For a gas
mixture with a temperature above the critical temperature of water the relative humidity is
not defined. This is also denoted by a number of asterisks.
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8.5 Heating values
Table “Heating values” contains the lower and higher heating values of media in the system.
The first column refers to the composition numbers mentioned in table “Composition of
fluids” (see paragraph 8.4).
The table will only be generated if GASMIX or FUEL is present in the system.
In the other columns the following figures are given:
 LHV : lower heating value (kJ/kg)

 HHV : higher heating value (kJ/kg)
 LHV (without water) : lower heating value of dry fuel (kJ/kg)
 HHV (without water) : higher heating value of dry fuel (kJ/kg)
The figures for LHV and HHV are also given in table “Composition of fluids”, but there in
kJ/mole (see paragraph 8.4).
8
Tables
8.6 Data for all pipes
Table “Data for all pipes” contains the thermodynamic data for the process streams in the
system. The table is always generated after a successful run.
If the medium type is GASMIX or FUEL, then a number is added representing the
composition number mentioned in table “Composition of fluids”.
For each pipe in the system the table shows two rows, one for the pipe inlet, and one for the
pipe outlet.
If an exergy calculation is performed, a column with exergy values is added.
If the system contains medium types for which two-phase conditions are allowed, a column
named “Quality” is added. A value 0.00 represents saturated or subcooled liquid, a value
100.00 represents saturated or superheated vapor.
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If the system contains binary mixtures (such as NH3-H2O), a column named “Mass
fractions” is added. The values represent the mass fraction of one of the two component in
the mixture. For medium type NH3-H2O this is the ammonia mass fraction.
8.7 Losses in pipes
In table “Losses in pipes” the differences between inlet and outlet conditions in pipes are
presented, but only if the differences in pressure or temperature exceed the value 0.0001.
The pressure loss is the sum of the pressure loss by height and the pressure loss by flow
resistance. If the difference in height equals 0 m (default value), the pressure loss by flow
resistance is set to the value of the total pressure loss.
If an exergy calculation is performed, a column with exergy losses is added.
8.8 Energy and exergy flows
Table “Energy and exergy flows” contains the energy and exergy flows in the pipes. The
table will only be generated if an exergy calculation is performed.
10
Tables
The left part of the table presents energy figures, and the right part exergy figures. Both
types of figures are split into a thermo-mechanical and a chemical part, both given separately
for the inlet and for the outlet of a pipe.
8.9 Exergy values in the system
Table “Exergy values in the system” presents exergy losses in apparatuses and pipes, and
exergy efficiencies of apparatuses. The table will only be generated if an exergy calculation
is performed.
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The table contains the following data:
 Exergy exchange with the environment, split-up into

 Exergy exchange with environment (“Total”)
 Supplied power or heat (“Power/Heat”)
 Exergy loss (“Losses” = “Total”- “Power/Heat”)
 Relative exergy loss (“Rel. Ex. Loss”)
 Universal exergy efficiency (“Univ. Exergy eff.”)
 Functional exergy efficiency (“Func. Exergy eff.”)
Supplied power or heat
“Power” represents:
 mechanical power of turbines
 mechanical power of non-electricity driven pumps or compressors
 electric power of electricity driven pumps or compressors
 electric power of fuel cells
12
Tables
The exergy losses include mechanical and electric losses. Losses in generates are not
included.
“Heat” applies to “Heat Sink” (type = 10, subtype = 1).
Exergy efficiencies
See also part “Technical notes” (chapter 5) of the manual for a detailed description of the
definitions of exergy efficiencies.
The table contains columns for the functional efficiency ex,1, and the universal efficiency
ex,2
ex,1 : gives the ratio between useful outgoing exergy and the incoming exergy flows;
ex,2 : gives the ratio between the outgoing exergy and the incoming exergy:
Generally ex,1 is used. If it is not defined, ex,2 can be used. Table 8-2 gives ex,1 for all
apparatuses for with this efficiency can be defined.
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Table 8-8: exergy efficiencies of apparatuses
Type Name ex,1

1 Boiler
2 Reheater
3 Turbine
4 Condenser
5 Flashed heater
6,12 General heat exchanger
22 Evaporator, heat exchanger
7 Deaerator1)
15 Drum
8 Pump
29 Compressor
13 Combustor, burner
20 Reformer
21 Fuel cell
23 Gasifier
1
) For the deaerator ex,1 equals the exergy increase of the feed water (and condensate flows, if any)
divided by the exergy decrease of the extraction steam (and condensate flows, if any). m,p is the sum of
all inlet flows which undergo an exergy increase, and m,s all inlet flows which undergo an exergy
decrease.
14
Tables
8.10 Rotating equipment
Table “Rotating equipment” shows the efficiencies of rotating machines. The table will only
be generated if the system contains one or more turbines (type = 3), pumps (type = 8) or
compressors (type = 29).
The mechanical efficiency of an electricity driven pump or compressor is fixed at 100% in

the table, since it is part of the total efficiency of the pump/compressor including drive train
(see paragraph 8.11).
8.11 Motors and generators
Table “Motors and generators” contains efficiencies for electromotors and generators. The
table will only be generated if the system contains one or more generators, electricity driven
pumps (type = 8) or electricity driven compressors (type = 29).
If the efficiency of the generator has been specified, only the total efficiency is shown. If this
efficiency has been calculated, the mechanical and electric efficiencies are shown.
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If no efficiency has been specified for the pump or compressor, only the total efficiency is
shown. This efficiency is calculated according to the curve shown in Figure 2-6 and 2-8.
If both the mechanical and electric efficiency have been specified, these values are shown.
If only one efficiency has been specified, the other efficiency is taken as 100%.
8.12 Heat exchanging equipment
Table “Heat exchanging equipment” contains data for heat exchanges. The table will only be
generated if the system contains one or more condensers (type = 4), feed water heaters
(type = 5), heat exchangers (type = 6, 12), or moisture separators (type = 22).
16

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Reference Guide

A program for thermodynamic modeling

Chapter 4 Medium data........................................................................................4-1

Chapter 5 System data...........................................................................................5-1

Chapter 6 Calculation settings..............................................................................6-1

Chapter 7 Text output...........................................................................................7-1

The reference guide has the following contents:

2.1 General apparatus data

The general parameters for the apparatuses are:

No. = identification number of the apparatus (apparatus number).

PIN = inlet pressure (bar)

Table 2-1: summary of available apparatus types

Explanation: M = mass equation, E = energy equation, P = production function

Type Default name System equations Symbol

4 Condenser 2M / (EEQCOD = 2; type 6)

Type Default name System equations Symbol

9,11 Node 1M / (EEQCOD = 2; type 9)

Type Default name System equations Symbol

21 Fuel Cell 2M / (EEQCOD = 2)

23 Gasifier 2M/ (EEQCOD = 2)

Type Default name System equations Symbol

30 Gas turbine 1M if a bottoming cycle is present

Minimum number of inlets = 1

PIN, POUT, DELP, TIN, TOUT and DELT are standard.

ESTMAS = estimated mass flow rate (kg/s) (default = UNKNOWN).

ETHAB1) = thermal efficiency of the boiler (-) (default = 1.0).

LHV1) = lower heating value of the fuel (kJ/kg) (default = UNKNOWN).

EXFUEL1) = exergy of the fuel (kJ/kg) (default = UNKNOWN).

Number of equations for system matrix

This apparatus type adds 1 mass equation to the system matrix.

1. pout = pin - DELP

For performing off-design calculations no extra calculation rules are available.

PIN, POUT, DELP, TIN, TOUT and DELT are standard.

DELE = energy flow released from the reheater (kW)

ESTMAS = estimated mass flow rate (kg/s) (default = UNKNOWN).

ETHAB1) = thermal efficiency of the reheater (-) (default = 1.0).

LHV1) = lower heating value of the fuel (kJ/kg) (default = UNKNOWN).

EXFUEL1) = exergy of the fuel (kJ/kg) (default = UNKNOWN).

Number of equations for system matrix

This apparatus type adds 1 mass equation to the system matrix.

1. pout = pin - DELP

For performing off-design calculations no extra calculation rules are available.

Inlets Outlets Bleeds Shafts

PIN, TIN, TOUT and DELT are standard.

GDCODE = code which indicates the presence (GDCODE = 2) or absence

ETHAI = isentropic efficiency (default = UNKNOWN for TUCODE = 0).

ETHAM = mechanical efficiency (default = 1).

Number of equations for system matrix

This apparatus type adds 1 mass equation to the system matrix.

1. Design load: No relations are available to calculate pressures: the

2. Off-design: The pressures at extraction points are calculated using Traupel’s

Temperature, specific enthalpy and vapor fraction

3. Tout = Tin + DELT

Table 2-2: Input data for the turbine types

Turbine type TUCODE GDCODE ETHAID 1) Required Optional

General turbine 0 1 or 2 not - ETHAI

Intermediate pressure 10000 1 not - -

High pressure section 2f00v 2 0.870 DIAIN POUTDS,

High pressure section 3f00v 2 0.840 - POUTDS,

Turbine without reheater 4f000 2 0.8948 - POUTRT,