M.V.P’s K.T.H.

M College, Nashik
Dept of Electronic Science.

Title: Identification of Components.

Aim: To identify the components and study their technical specification using datasheet.
Objectives:
[1] To identify various electronic components and tools.
[2] To draw the circuit symbols of the components.
[3] To study the information printed on the components.
[4] To study the information of components from the data manual.
Components: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, Transformer, Diodes, BJT, Display, Battery, Switches,
Fuse, Bread board etc.
I) RESISTOR: Resistor is an electronic component whose function is to limit the flow of current in an
electronic circuit. Its unit is ohm (Ω-omega). They are available in different values, shapes and sizes.
Every material has some resistance. Some materials such as Rubber, Glass and air have very high
opposition to current flow .These materials are called insulators. Other materials such as Copper,
Silver and Aluminum etc, has very low resistance, they are called Conductors. And Some materials
have moderate resistance to flow of current called as Semiconductors e.g. Si,Ge etc.

Resistor types:

Fixed Resistor Variable Resistor

Carbon Wire wound Metal Film Preset Trimmer Potentiometer

Circuit Symbol:

Fixed Resistor Variable Resistor

F.Y.B.Sc (Comp. Sci): Electronics Practical: Prof.Y.R.Bhamare & Prof.S.S.Watpade

 M.V.P’s K.T.H.M College, Nashik
Dept of Electronic Science.

Observation Table:
Sr.No. Type of Resistor Specified Value Value using Tolerance
Multimeter
1. Carbon Composition Resistor
a)O,O,Br,Gold
b)Br,Bl,R,Silver
c)Y,V,Y,No colour
d)Gn,V,O,Gold
2. Potentiometer

II) Capacitor: A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electronic

component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. By contrast, batteries
store energy via chemical reactions. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all
contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example,
one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating
film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical
devices.

Circuit Symbol:

Ceramic Capacitor Electrolytic Capacitor

F.Y.B.Sc (Comp. Sci): Electronics Practical: Prof.Y.R.Bhamare & Prof.S.S.Watpade

 M.V.P’s K.T.H.M College, Nashik
Dept of Electronic Science.

Observation Table:
Sr.No. Types of Capacitor Specifications Maximum operating
voltage
1. Ceramic Capacitor
a) 101
b) 102
c) 103
2. Electrolytic Capacitor
a) Capacitor-1
b) Capacitor-2

III) Diode: A popular semiconductor device called a diode is made by combining P & N type
semiconductor materials. The doped regions meet to form a P-N junction. Diodes are
unidirectional devices that allow current to flow through them in one direction only.
The schematic symbol for a semiconductor diode is shown below. The P-side of the diode
is called the anode (A), while the N-side of the diode is called the cathode (K).

Testing of diode:
a) Using an ohmmeter: when using an ohm meter, check the resistance of the
diode in one direction then reverse the meter leads and measure the resistance of the diode
in the other direction. If the diode is good it should measure a very high resistance in one
direction, and a low resistance in the other direction.
b) Using a DMM: Most digital multimeters provide a special range for testing
the diodes. This range is called the diode range. This is the only range setting on the DMM
that can provide the proper amount of forward bias for the diode being tested.

F.Y.B.Sc (Comp. Sci): Electronics Practical: Prof.Y.R.Bhamare & Prof.S.S.Watpade

 M.V.P’s K.T.H.M College, Nashik
Dept of Electronic Science.

Observations:
Sr.No. Type of Circuit Symbol Forward Reverse Remark
Diode Resistance Resistance

1 Rectifier
diode

2 Zener Diode

3 LED

IV) BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR (BJT): A transistor has three doped regions there are
two types of transistors one is NPN and other is PNP. Notice that for both types, the base is narrow
region sandwiched between the larger collector and moderate emitter regions. In NPN transistors, the
majority current carriers are free electrons in the emitter and collector, while the majority current
carriers are holes in the base. The opposite is true in the PNP transistor where the majority current
carriers are holes in the emitter and collector, and the majority current carriers are free electrons in the
base.

Transistor leads Identification:

There are three leads in a Transistor called Collector, Emitter and Base. When the leads of a transistor
are spaced around the circumference of a circle, the three leads are generally in E-B-C order
clockwise from a notch.

F.Y.B.Sc (Comp. Sci): Electronics Practical: Prof.Y.R.Bhamare & Prof.S.S.Watpade

 M.V.P’s K.T.H.M College, Nashik
Dept of Electronic Science.

Testing of BJTs:
a) Checking with an ohmmeter: To check the base-emitter junction of an NPN transistor, first
connect the ohmmeter and then reverse the ohmmeter leads. The resistance indicated by the ohmmeter
should be low since the base emitter junction is forward biased.
b) Checking a transistor with a Digital Multimeter (DMM): Insert the transistor in the provided
slots, position the knob of DMM in hFE mode and check the hFE value.
Observation Table:

Sr. No. Transistor Name Type(NPN/PNP)

1. BC-107
2. 2N2222A
V) Breadboards: Bread board is used to construct a circuit without damaging the components. Bread
board is a sort of a platform that will both hold the components in place and provide the needed
electrical connections.

A real breadboard is shown in Fig. 1(a) and the connection details on its rear side are shown in Fig.
1(b). The five holes in each individual column on either side of the central groove are electrically
connected to each other, but remain insulated from all other sets of holes. In addition to the main
columns of holes, however, you'll note four sets or groups of holes along the top and bottom. Each of
these consists of five separate sets of five holes each, for a total of 25 holes. These groups of 25 holes
are all connected together on either side of the dotted line indicated on Fig .1(a) and needs an external
connection if one wishes the entire row to be connected. This makes them ideal for distributing power
to multiple ICs or other circuits.
VI) Transformers:
The transformer is one of the most common devices found in electrical
system that links the circuits which are operating at different voltages
.These are commonly used in applications where there is a need of AC
voltage conversion from one voltage level to another. It is possible
either to decrease or increase the voltage and currents by the use of
transformer in AC circuits based on the requirements of the electrical
equipment or device or load.
The transformer is a static device (means that has no moving parts) that consists of one, two or more
windings which are magnetically coupled and electrically separated with or without a magnetic core.
It transfers the electrical energy from one circuit to the other by electromagnetic induction principle.

F.Y.B.Sc (Comp. Sci): Electronics Practical: Prof.Y.R.Bhamare & Prof.S.S.Watpade

 M.V.P’s K.T.H.M College, Nashik
Dept of Electronic Science.

The winding connected to the AC main supply is called primary winding and the winding connected
to the load or from which energy is drawn out is called as secondary winding. These two windings
with proper insulation are wound on a laminated core which provides a magnetic path between
windings.

VII) Inductor: Inductor is a passive two-terminal component that temporarily stores energy in the
form of a magnetic field. It is usually called as a coil. The main property of an inductor is that
it opposes any change in current.
According to the Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic induction, When the current flowing
through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor.
According to lens law, the direction of induced EMF opposes the change in current that created it.
Hence, induced EMF is opposite to the voltage applied across the coil. This is the property of an
inductor. The standard unit of inductance is the Henry, abbreviated H.

Circuit Symbol

VIII) 7-segment Display:

The 7-segment display, also written as “seven segment display”, consists
of seven LEDs (hence its name) arranged in a rectangular fashion as
shown. Each of the seven LEDs is called a segment because when
illuminated the segment forms part of a numerical digit (both Decimal and
Hex) to be displayed. An additional 8th LED is sometimes used within the
same package thus allowing the indication of a decimal point, (DP) when
two or more 7-segment displays are connected together to display numbers
greater than ten.

The following are the types of seven segments.

 Common Anode (CA)

 Common Cathode (CC)

F.Y.B.Sc (Comp. Sci): Electronics Practical: Prof.Y.R.Bhamare & Prof.S.S.Watpade

 M.V.P’s K.T.H.M College, Nashik
Dept of Electronic Science.

Result: Thus Various Electronic components are identified & studied.

F.Y.B.Sc (Comp. Sci): Electronics Practical: Prof.Y.R.Bhamare & Prof.S.S.Watpade

 M.V.P’s K.T.H.M College, Nashik
Dept of Electronic Science.

Title: Study of CRO, Signal generator and DMM.

Aim: To study the operation of CRO, Signal generator, DMM and its applications.
Objective:
1. To study the operation of CRO and its applications.
2. To get familiar with the various functions of a function Generator.
3. To measure frequency and voltage of a various signals.
Instruments: An oscilloscope, BNC Connector Cable, Function Generator, DMM, Breadboard etc.
Theory:
I) Signal Generator/Function generetor:
A function generator is an instrument that delivers a choice of
different waveforms whose frequency is adjustable over a
wide range. The most common output waveforms are sine,
square, triangular, pulse-train wave’s etc. The frequency of the
waveforms may be adjusted from a fraction of 0.01Hz to
several hundred MHz.

II) Cathode Ray Oscilloscope:

The cathode ray oscilloscope is an electronic test instrument, it
is used to obtain waveforms when the different input signals are
given. The oscilloscope observes the changes in the electrical
signals over time, thus the voltage and time describe a shape and
it is continuously graphed beside a scale. By seeing the
waveform, we can analyze some properties like amplitude,
frequency, rise time, distortion, time interval and etc.

Important front panel controls of a CRO:

1. Power ON: Put the instrument to main supply with LED indication.
2. Intensity: Turning this knob clockwise, brightness is increased.
3. Focus: Controls the sharpness of the display.
4. Trace Rotation: Used to correct the horizontal trace when it becomes slanted with
respect to the horizontal scale.
5. Time Base: Selects sweep speed from 0.1u Sec/div to 0.2 Sec/div in 20 Calibrated steps
6. Time Base: In calibrated position the selected Sweep speed holds indicated Calibration
Clockwise, it extends the Sweep sipped by 2.5 times approx. with LED indication.
7. Position: Used to move the CH1 or CH2 trace up or down on the CRT screen.
8. (X5) Push Button: When this control is pulled it magnifies the sweep 5 times, with
LED indication.
9. Level: Variable control, selects the trigger point on the displayed wave form.
10. INT/EXT: INT or EXT display triggers from signals derived from any other external
source fed Though EXT TRIG BNC socket.
11. CH1/CH2: Signal applied to CH1 and CH2 are displayed on the screen.
12. Dual: When both CH1 and CH2 buttons are pushed in, the signals applied to CH1 and
CH2 input are displayed simultaneously.

F.Y.B.Sc (Comp. Sci): Electronics Practical: Prof.Y.R.Bhamare & Prof.S.S.Watpade

 M.V.P’s K.T.H.M College, Nashik
Dept of Electronic Science.

13. ADD: Displays the algebraic sum of CH1 and CH2 input voltage.
14.0.5V, 1 KHz: 500mV Peak to peak 1 KHz Rectangular wave for Calibrating probes.
15. Horizontal Position: The trace can be moved in a horizontal direction. This is used for
measuring waveform time duration.
16. AC/DC/GND: Selects input coupling/grounding.

Procedure
 Turn on the Oscilloscope
 Adjust the intensity and the focus of the trace.
 Use the X & Y knobs to center the trace horizontally and vertically.
 Connect the cable from Ch1 of the CRO to Function generator.
 A signal will appear on the screen.
 Make sure that the inner red knobs of the Volt/Div and the Time/Div are locked
clockwise.
 Set the frequency of the generator to 100 Hz.
 Adjust the Volt/Div and the Time/Div knobs so that you get a suitable size signal.
 Count the number of vertical squares lying within the signal, then calculate the peak
to peak value as:

 Count the number of horizontal squares lying within the one Duty Cycle, then
calculate time value as:

 Calculate the Frequency of signal by using the formula:

Freq = 1 / Time

F.Y.B.Sc (Comp. Sci): Electronics Practical: Prof.Y.R.Bhamare & Prof.S.S.Watpade

 M.V.P’s K.T.H.M College, Nashik
Dept of Electronic Science.

Observation Table:
Voltage and Frequency Measurement:
Frequency from Period(T)= Frequency Voltage(Vp-p)=
Type of signal No. Horizontal Div F=1/T(Hz) No. Vertical Div X
waveform generator(Hz) X Time/Divs Volt/Divs
(Sec.) (Volt)

Sine 1) 100 Hz
2) 200 Hz
Triangular 1) 300 Hz
2) 400 Hz
Square 1) 500 Hz
2) 1 K Hz

III) Digital Multimeter (DMM): A Multimeter is an electronic device that is used to make
various electrical measurements, such as AC and DC voltage, AC and DC current, and resistance. It is
called a Multimeter because it combines the functions of a voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter.
Multimeter may also have other functions, such as diode test, continuity test, transistor test, TTL logic
test and frequency test.
Parts Of Multimeter: A Multimeter has three major parts:
i) Display: The display usually has four digits and the ability to
display a negative sign. A few multimeters have illuminated
displays for better viewing in low light situations.
ii) Selection Knob: The selection knob allows the user to set the
multimeter to read different things such as milliamps (mA) of
current, voltage (V) and resistance (Ω).
iii) Ports: All multimeters come with two probes. They are to be
connected to the terminals on the meter itself. The Black probe is
to be connected to the COM terminal. Red probe is to be
connected to terminal marked with:
 V- for voltage measurement.
 mA or 20A for current measurement (there are two
terminals, one for 2A range and the other for 20A range)
 V- for resistance measurement.

Result: Use of CRO and Function Generator are studied.

F.Y.B.Sc (Comp. Sci): Electronics Practical: Prof.Y.R.Bhamare & Prof.S.S.Watpade