Cantonment English School & College

Chattogram Cantonment
Physics Practical
Class - XII
Experiment no: 01
Verification of function of AND , OR & NOT gate circuit (truth table) using
intergraded circuit (IC)

Theory:
The special electronic circuit by which Boolean algebra can be materialized is known as logic gate. A digital
circuit having one or more input signal but only one output signal is called gate. These circuits are designed
to process digital signals and there are a number of standard unit Logic gates are available. There are 7
(seven) Logic gates viz. AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, X-OR and X-NOR gate. Among them, there are
only 3 (three) basic gates viz AND, OR and NOT gate.
In most cases diodes and transistors are used to construct Logic gates. Using Integrated circuit (i.e.
semiconductor devices), we will describe and working procedure of these three gates (AND, OR and NOT
gate)

A. Verification of AND gate activity (Truth table) using integrated circuit (L.C)
The logic gate which has got two or more inputs but one output and if high voltage is given to both of its
inputs the output voltage will also be high otherwise the output voltage is low, this logic gate is called AND
Gate. If inputs of AND Gate be A & B and output is C, then, C=A.B.

B. Verification of OR gate activity (Truth table) using integrated cireuit (1.C.)

The logic gate which has gate two or more inputs but one output and if any of the input voltage is high the
output voltage will also high, otherwise the output voltage is low, this logic gate is called OR gate. If the
inputs of OR gate be A & B and output is C then, C=A+B. Here, +sign does not mean addition. The meaning
of this +sign is OR operation.
 C. Verification of the operation of a NOT gate by I.C. (7404).
The logic gate which has one input and one output and if high voltage is given to the input low voltage is obtained at
the output and supply of low voltage at the input results in high voltage at the output, this logic gate is called NOT gate
of inverter. If input of a NOT gate is A and output is Y then, Y=Ā. Here Ā is not mathematical mean it means the NOT
operation.

Apparatus and materials:

Digital logic trainer board, two input AND gates IC(7408), two input OR gates IC(7432), one input NOT
gates IC(7404), LED lamp, voltmeter, connecting wire, power supply +5V etc.

Procedure:
For AND gate
1. The 1C (7408) figure and truth table of AND Gate has been shown in fig. In an 1C (7408) of AND
gate there are four AND gates each having fwo inputs and one output. The 1C has 14 pins seven on
each side. Pin no 14 1s connected with +5V power supply and pin no 7 is grounded. The imputs or
tirst AND gate are connected with pin no 1 and2 and the output with pin no 3, Inputs of second AND
gate are connected wih pin no 4 & 5 and output with pin no 6, The inputs ot third AND gate are
connected with pin no 9 and 10 and the output with pin no 8. In a sımilar way the inputs of the fourth
AND gate are connected with pin no 12 & 13 and the output with the pin no 11. Here we shell use the
first AND gate only.
2. IC was placed on the trainer board according to the pin connection. Switches A and B were
connected with pins 1 and 2 and 7 was connected to the base (ground) and pin 14 was connected with
+5V. Pin 3 was connected to the LED or voltmeter.
3. Electric connections in the trainer board were made.
4. Now according to the truth table in case of IC connections states of switches i.e.,ON-OFF states was
made and output i.e., state of LED was observed.
For OR gate
1. The IC (7432) figure and truth table of OR gate have been shown in fig. In an IC (7432) of OR gate
there are four OR gates each having two inputs and one output. The IC has 14 pins seven on each
side. Pn no 4 1s connected with +5V power supply and pin no 7 is grounded. The inputs of first OR
gate are connected With pin no I and 2 and the output is connected with pin no. 3. Inputs of second
OR gate are connected with pin no 4 and 5 and output with pin no 6. The inputs of third OR gate are
connected with pin no 9 and 10 and the output with pin no 8. In a similar way the inputs of the fourth
OR gate are connected with pin no 12 and 13 and the output with the pin no 11. Here we shall use the
first OR gate only.
2. 7432 1C as placed on the trainer board according to figure.
3. Pin nos. 1 and2 were connected with A and B, pin no. 7 was connected with the base (ground), pin
no. 14 was connected with +5V. Pin no. 3 was connected with LED which was on the trainer board
or, voltmeter.
4. By making the switch OFF and ON verification of output was made.
5. In 1 there are four sets (A, B) inputs and four output (C). For any one set the operation of OR gate
was noted by observing the state of LED lamp.
For NOT gate
1. The IC (7404) figure and truth table of NOT gate have been shown in fig. In an IC (7404) of NOT
gate there are six NOT gates each having one input and one output. The IC has 14 pins seven on each
side. Pin no 14 is connected with +5V power supply and pin no 7 is grounded. Inputs are connected
 to pin no 1,3,5,9,11 and 13 respectively and the outputs to the pin no 2,4,6,8,10 and 12 respectively.
Here we shall use only input pin 1 and output pin 2. One LED is connected to the output pin no 2
2. 7404 IC was placed on the trainer board according to the pin connections
3. Pin no. l is connected with switches A and pin no.7 was connected with the base (ground) and pin
no.14 was connected with +5V. Pin no.2 was connected with the LED on the trainer board or a
voltmeter.
4. Now in case of IC connected following the truth table switches were made OFF-ON and state of the
LED lamp was observed.

Logic condition & observation:

Logical condition : ‘0’ = 0V and ‘1’= + 5V

AND gate activity Truth table

A B C=A.B A B C=A.B
Low High LED does not illuminate 0 1 0
High Low LED does not illuminate 1 0 0
High High LED illuminate 1 1 1
Low Low LED does not illuminate 0 0 0

OR gate activity Truth table

A B C=A+B A B C=A+B
Low High LED illuminate 0 1 1
High Low LED illuminate 1 0 1
High High LED illuminate 1 1 1
Low Low LED does not illuminate 0 0 0

NOT gate activity Truth table

A Y A Y
Low LED illuminate 0 1
High LED does not illuminate 1 0

Result:

The AND gate truth table is verified.

The OR gate truth table is verified.

The NOT gate truth table is verified.

Result analyses
 Cantonment English School & College
Chattogram Cantonment
Physics Practical
Class - XII
Determination of Mechanical equivalent of heat.
Theory
When a current of strength i flows for t second through a coil of wire of resistance R producing a drop of potential
V across it, the work done, W=Vit Joule.
If all this work is converted into heat, then from first law
of thermodynamics, we know, Heat and work is
proportional to each other. i.e, W α H
Or, W= JH; where J=a constant of proportionality.
It is called mechanical equivalent of heat.
⸫J = = Joule/cal………….(1)
Let the resistance coil be dipped in a liquid of mass m
and of specific heat s contained in a calorimeter of mass
M with stirrer, then
H= (ms + MS) (Ɵ2-Ɵ1)……..…..(2)
where S = specific heat of the material of the
calorimeter.
From (1) and (2) we get,
J= ………..….(3)

Apparatus:
Joule's electrical colorimeter, ammeter, voltmeter, thermometer, battery, key, stop watch, rheostat, tarpin oil
(turpentine), balance, weight box, connecting wire, sand paper etc.
Procedure:
1. At first the calorimeter was dried, cleaned and then was weighed with the stirrer. Let the mass was m.
2. Now rd of the calorimeter was filled with the liquid and then was weighed. Subtracting the weight M from
this weight, the weight (mass) of the liquid (m,) was obtained.
3. The initial temperature (Ɵ1) of the liquid was determined by a sensitive thermometer.
4. Now the calorimeter was included in the circuit and a key (K), a battery (B), a variable resistance (Rh), an
ammeter all were connected in series. Voltmeter (V) was connected in parallel with coil of the wire.
5. Now let us close the key and a fixed current is passed in the circuit for a certain time (say 15 minutes).
During the flow of current readings of the voltmeter and ammeter are taken. Heat produced due to the flow
of current will be absorbed by the calorimeter and the liquid and their temperatures will rise. For uniform
temperature in the liquid the stirrer is moved vigorously and then the maximum temperature of the
calorimeter and liquid is measured by a thermometer.

Table observation & Calculation:

Table:
No of obs Time t (sec) Ammeter Average Voltmeter Average Temperature Temperature
reading i ammeter reading v voltmeter Ɵ1 °C Ɵ2 °C
(amp) reading i (volt) reading v
(amp) (volt)
Data collection & Calculation:
Mass of the calorimeter, M= ….. gm
Mass of the liquid, m = ….. gm
Specific heat of the calorimeter, S = ….. cal gm-1°C-1
Specific heat of the liquid, s = ……. cal gm-1°C-1
Initial temperature of the calorimeter and the liquid, Ɵ1= ……°C
Flow of current, i =….. A
Potential difference between the terminal of the coil, V = ……volt
Time of flow of current, t= …….. second
Maximum temperature of the calorimeter and liquid, Ɵ2 = ……….°C
Now, Heat absorbed by the calorimeter and the liquid,
H= (ms + MS) (Ɵ2-Ɵ1) cal = …….cal
and work done due to flow of current W=Vit Joule
= ….. Joule
⸫J = = Joule/cal
= ………Joule/cal
Result:

The mechanical equivalent of heat = ………. Joule/cal

% of error= x 100%

Result analyses:
 Cantonment English School & College
Chattogram Cantonment
Physics Practical
Class - XII

Experiment: Determination of specific resistance of a wire using Meter Bridge

Theory:

At specific temperature unit length resistance of a conductor with unit cross-sectional area is the specific
resistance of that conductor at that temperature. We know, if the length of a conductor wire is l, the cross-
sectional area is A and specific resistance of the conductor element is ρ then,
R= or, ρ=
if the cross-sectional radius of the wire is r then A=πr²
So, ρ= ……………………………………(1)
If the resistance of four sides of Wheatstone bridge are P,Q,R & S (Figure-1) then in balance, =
Meter Bridge works according to Wheatstone bridge principle. If the resistance of per cm of wire in Meter
Bridge is σ and the null point is found at l distance from left gap then the resistance of left gap is R= lσ
and resistance of right gap S =(100- l)σ. Therefore, we get, = =
Now, if unknown resistance of left gap of Meter
Bridge is P and known resistance of right gap is
Q
P= ……………………………………(2)
Again, if known resistance of left gap of Meter
Bridge is P, and unknown resistance of right gap
is Q
Q= ………………………………..(3)
Value of resistance R found from the average of
equations (2) and (3) is the true resistance.
Placing the average resistance R, length of the
wire l, radius r in equation (1) we get the value
of resistance.

Apparatus:

Meter Bridge, Wire, Battery, Resistance box, Galvanometer, Plug key, Sandpaper, Screw Gauge etc.

Description of connection:

In figure of Meter Bridge a wooden frame has three copper or brass plates of negligible resistance a, b and c are
placed. With A and C points of a and c plates, a one-meter of uniform cross-section wire is attached. Beside or
under this wire there is a meter scale which can measure the length of any part of the wire. As the length of this
wire is one meter this machine is known as Meter Bridge.

Procedure:

1. First, at the left gap of the Meter Bridge, the wire under investigation and at the right gap the resistor box
(or a fixed resistor) is attached. One end of battery E is connected with the screw of point A of Meter
Bridge and another end is connected with the screw C through plug key K. And one end of galvanometer
G is connected with screw at point B while another end is connected with jockey J.
2. Now, circuit connection should be checked. For this, a resistance is included in resistor box and electricity
is made to flow through it. Now, if the jockey is touched with two ends of the bridge wire and if the
 galvanometer needle deflects at opposite direction of another then circuit connection is correct.
Otherwise, the circuit is to be rechecked and the connection should be fixed.
3. A plug is picked off from resistor box and a resistor is included. This is known as resistance P. Now, the
jockey is touched with various points of the wire and a point is found where there is no deflection in
galvanometer needle. This is null point. The distance from left gap of the bridge wire is measured with
meter scale. It is l .
4. Now, using equation (2) unknown resistance P is determined.
5. Known resistance Q is changed at least three times and the average value of P is determined in this
process.
6. Now, in the right gape the unknown resistance is placed in the left gape. Using the above-mentioned
method and equation (3) unknown resistance is measured three more times.
7. Average value of P is measured from the values found in the experiment.
8. Length of the wire under investigation l and radius r are determined using meter scale and screw gauge
respectively.
9. The data are then placed in the chart and after necessary calculations specific resistance of the wire ρ is at
last determined from equation (1).

Observation and Data collection:

(a) Length of wire, l = ……..m

(b) Least count of Screw Gauge:
Pitch of Screw gauge, s = …….mm
Total divisions of circular Scale, n = …….
:. Least count, C= =……mm
Table 1: Determining the unknown resistance
Position of Obs no Known Position of null Unknown Average
unknown resistance point resistance resistance
resistance Q P= R
Ω cm Ω
Ω
Left gape 1
2
3
P Q=
Ω
Ω
Right gape 1
2
3

Table 2: Determining the radius of the experimental wire:

No of obs Linear Circular Least Total Average Radius (r) Radius (r)
scale scale count(LC) L+C x LC diameter
reading(L) reading(C)
mm mm mm Mm mm M
1
2
3

Calculation:

Specific resistance of the element (wire) is , ρ= = ………..Ωm

Result:

Specific resistance of the wire is = ………..Ωm

Result analyses:
 Cantonment English School & College
Chattogram Cantonment
Physics Practical
Class - XII
Experiment no:
Experiment Name: Determination of resistance using Post office Box

Theory:
The property of any conductor which is responsible for obstruction of electric current flow is resistance.
Resistance is the ratio of the potential difference between two ends of the conductor and electric current
flow. If the resistance of four sides of a Wheatstone
bridge are P, Q, R and S, (Figure- Wheatstone Bridge )
then in balance,

The unknown fourth resistance can be determined if

other three of these four resistances are known. Post
office box operates based on Wheatstone bridge
principle. The unknown resistance is to be added to the
fourth side of the bridge. So, S= ………..(1)
Now, after knowing P, Q, and R, the unknown S, can
be determined

Apparatus:

Post office Box, Two resistor, Galvanometer, plug key, connecting wire etc

Description of connection:

Post office box is another practical form of Wheatstone bridge principle. In the past, it was used to
determine resistance of telephone and telegraph wires in post offices. That is why it is known as Post
office box. Figure shows a post office box. It is a special kind of resistor box. Resistances of this box are
divided into three parts AB, BC and AD. AB and BC parts consist of three spiral resistors of 10, 100 and
1000 ohm each. These portions act as first two sides of Wheatstone bridge that is P and Q resistances.
These are also known as ratio legs. In AD there are many spiral resistors starting from 1 to 5000 ohm
connected in series combination. This is the third leg of the bridge that is resistance R. The gaps in
between spiral resistors are closed with plugs. If plug of any resistor is pulled off then that resistor is
included in the circuit. In the third leg from 1 to 11110 ohm any resistance can be included. Also, there
are two keys K1, and K2. K1 key's A' point and K2 key's B' point are internally connected with points A
and B respectively.

Procedure:

1. All the connections were made as in the figure and the unknown resistance S was placed in the
fourth arm.
2. To check the connections, the resistance plugs 10, 10 are taken out from the arms P and Q. At that
time the resistance on the third arm was kept zero. Now the circuit was completed and the
deflection of the galvanometer was observed. Then the plug key marked infinity was removed
 from the third arm and the deflection of the galvanometer was again observed. If the two
deflections were in opposite directions, then the connections were all right
3. Keeping 10, 10 ohms in the P and Q arms, alternately a high and low resistance were unplugged
from the third arm (R) and the deflection of the galvanometer in opposite directions were
observed. The process was continued till two values, which differ by one ohm, were found for
which the galvanometer deflects in opposite directions.
4. Now unplugging 100 and 10 ohms from the arms P and Q respectively, the operation (3) was
repeated. Since in this case the resistance of the arm P is increased 10 times that of the arm Q, the
resistance in the third arm (R) will also to be increased by 10 times.
5. Unplugging 1000 and 10 ohms from the arm P and Q respectively, the operation (3) was repeated.
Since in this case the resistance of the arm P was increased 100 times that of the arm Q, the
resistance in the third arm (R) will also to be increased by 100 times. Final reading was taken by
removing the shunt. The value of unknown resistance was known upto 00th. of an ohm.
6. Last of all, the unknown resistance was calculated. The value was determined correct up to third
decimal place by the principle of proportional parts.

Data & table

Ratio P:Q Resistance in 3rd arm R Deflection Inference

Ω (left or right)

10:10

∴ S lies between …. Ω & ….Ω

100:10

∴ S lies between …. Ω & ….Ω

1000:10

Calculation:
Unknown resistance S = ……Ω
Result :

Result analyses :
 Cantonment English School & College
Chattogram Cantonment
Physics Practical
Class - XII

Rectifying an Alternating Current to a Direct Current Using Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
Theory
The conversion of alternating current to direct current is called rectification, and the device with which the conversion
occurs is called a rectifier.
We know that current flows through a p-n junction during forward bias, and the current flow is stopped during reverse
bias. When a single diode is used in a circuit, current flow occurs during half of the time period and current flow stops
during the next half of the time period. This type of rectifier is called half wave rectifier. A full wave rectifier can be
made by using four diodes D1, D2, D3, and D4, that are connected according to the given figure like a bridge.

When the primary winding of the transformer is connected to the alternating source, it is transformed to the secondary
winding. During the positive cycle of the alternating current, A terminal is positive and the C-terminal is negative, so
D1 and D3 remain in forward bias. In this case, the current flows through the path ABRLDCC'AA'. Again, during the
negative cycle of the alternating current, A terminal is negative and the C-terminal is positive, so D2 and D4 remain in
forward bias. In this case, the current flows through the path CBRLDAA'CC'. Therefore, it is seen that, for both the
positive and negative cycles of the alternating current applied at the input, current flow is obtained through load
resistor RL at the same direction. Hence, the current that flows through RL is always direct.

Apparatus: A step down transformer, four diodes, a load resistor (high resistance), an oscilloscope, connecting wires
etc.

Procedure:
1. At first. four diodes D1, D2, D3, and D4, are connected according to the given figure like a bridge ABCD.
2. The A and C points of the bridge are connected to the secondary winding of a step down transformer whereas a
load resistor is connected between the points the B and D.
3. Now, the primary winding of the transformer is connected to the alternating source.
4. The two ends of the secondary winding A' and C' are connected with an oscilloscope to observe the input
signal. The voltage vs time graph of the input signal, that is, the variations of voltages with time, will be seen
in the oscilloscope monitor. This will show alternating voltage.
5. Then, the oscilloscope is connected with the two ends of the load resistor P and Q to observe the output signal.
The voltage vs time graph of the output signal, that is, the variations of voltages with time, will be seen in the
oscilloscope monitor. This will show direct current.

Data collection :

Table observation & Calculation:

Result:

Discussion