Similarity Report ID: oid:17837:57936820

PAPER NAME AUTHOR

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN AN Raina Kushwaha

DROID AND IOS ON CONSUMER BEHAVI
OUR.docx

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SUBMISSION DATE REPORT DATE

Apr 19, 2024 10:28 AM GMT+5:30 Apr 19, 2024 10:29 AM GMT+5:30

20% Overall Similarity

The combined total of all matches, including overlapping sources, for each database.
11% Internet database 2% Publications database
Crossref database Crossref Posted Content database
18% Submitted Works database

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Summary
 11
MARKET SURVEY REPORT
ON

“COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ANDROID AND IOS ON

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

To

Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur

Under the guidance of Submitted by

Ms. Jyotsana Kapoor Raina Kushwaha

(Assistant Professor) BBA 4th Semester

22014001529

Session 2023 – 2024

4
PSIT College of Higher Education, Kanpur

1
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project report entitled “COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN
ANDROID AND IOS ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR ” submitted
to PSIT College of Higher Education, Kanpur in partial fulfilment of degree of Bachelor of
Business Administration is the original work conducted by me. The information and data given
in the report is authentic to the best of my knowledge.

This project is not being submitted to any other university for award of any other degree,
diploma and fellowship.

Place: Kanpur Name: Raina Kushwaha

Date: Roll No: 2231965

2
 45
PSIT COLLEGE OF HIGHER EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Work entitled “Comparative Analysis Between Android And
6
IOS On Consumer Behaviour” is a bonafide work of Raina
Kushwaha (Roll No: 22014001549) BBA-IV Semester and has been done under my supervision
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of BBA
Degree from CSJM University Kanpur.
This report neither full nor in part has been submitted before for awarding of any Degree/Diploma
either from this university or any other university. I am pleased to say that the performance of the
student during the period survey work was extremely satisfactory.

Mrs. Garima Gupta Ms. Jyotsana Kapoor

(Assistant Professor)
(HOD)
Place:Kanpur

3
 PREFACE

The purpose of the study is to enhance the knowledge and skills of the student and generate scope
for the implementation of his/her acquired skills and knowledge during his/her BBA course. It also
helps to acclimatize the student with the organization and the industry in which organization works
and gain knowledge of the happenings in the business world.
2
The purpose of this research is to investigate the comparison between the customers of IOS and
android. also, to identify the different type of customer’s perception.
For the purpose of this study data from 26 respondent has been collected from a population of youth
from uttar pradesh, which was collected by using convenience sampling technique. Data from
various jounals and websites are also considered. Finally, it was analysed and conclusions are drawn
21
This study has helped us a lot in sharpening our knowledge and also made us aware about the
happenings of the business world.
The main objective of this study is
“WHAT PEOPLE PREFER ANDROID OR IOS?’’

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

46
Field study work is a part of management studies which is very important for each and every
student.
38
I glorify the almighty god for the strength, wisdom, courage and inspiration throughout the period
of my studies.
95
I take this opportunity to thank (Prof.) Dr. Bhagwan Jagwani (Director PSIT – CHE), Dr. APS
Bhaudariya (Dean PSITche) and Mrs. Garima gupta ( HOD -BBA)
7
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my course supervisor Ms. Jyotsana Kapoor (Assistant
Professor), for her patience, support and guidance.
I am grateful to those who agreed in this research by filling questionnaire, conducting the survey.
Above all I would like to thanks my classmates for their support

5
 8
CONTENTS

1. Title Page/Cover Page

2. Student’s Declaration

3. Certificate from Institute

4. Preface

5. Acknowledgement

6. Table of Contents

7. Introduction

8. Industry/Company Profile

9. Literature Review

10. Objective of study

11. Significance of Study

12. Research Methodology

13. Data Analysis

14. Findings

15. Recommendations

16. Limitations

17. Conclusion

18. References

19. Annexure

6
 INTRODUCTION

26
Mobile operating systems play a crucial role in the functionality and user experience of
18
smartphones and tablets. Among the most prominent are Google's Android and Apple's iOS, both
offering unique features and characteristics tailored to meet the diverse needs of users. This paper
provides an overview and comparative analysis of these two dominant mobile operating systems,
highlighting their key differences, similarities, and considerations for users.

24
Overview of Android:

Android, developed by Google, is a Linux-based mobile operating system known for its open-
source nature and high degree of customization. Its graphical user interface (GUI) enables
seamless manipulation through touch and gestures, providing users with a versatile and
75
personalized experience. Unlike iOS, Android offers a wide range of customization options,
allowing users to modify the interface, install third-party applications, and tweak system settings
24
according to their preferences. This flexibility appeals to tech-savvy users and enthusiasts who
value freedom and innovation in their mobile devices.

Overview of iOS:
64
In contrast, iOS is the proprietary mobile operating system developed by Apple exclusively for
24
its devices, such as the iPhone and iPad. While iOS may lack the same level of customization as
Android, it boasts a sleek and uniform design language characterized by intuitive user interfaces
and seamless integration across Apple's ecosystem. iOS prioritizes simplicity and user-
friendliness, offering a cohesive experience that appeals to a broad audience, including casual
users and those invested in the Apple ecosystem.

7
Comparative Analysis:

When comparing Android and iOS, several key differences emerge that influence users'
62
preferences and choices. Firstly, Android's open-source nature allows for greater customization
91
and flexibility compared to the closed ecosystem of iOS. Android users can personalize their
devices extensively, from customizing home screens to installing alternative app stores and
custom ROMs. In contrast, iOS maintains strict control over its ecosystem, limiting customization
options but ensuring a consistent and optimized user experience.
Moreover, the availability of applications differs between the two platforms. While both Android

8
 and iOS boast extensive app stores offering millions of applications, there are discrepancies in
terms of exclusivity and compatibility. Some apps may be exclusive to one platform or offer
different features and functionalities depending on the operating system. Additionally, switching
between Android and iOS may necessitate repurchasing apps due to the platform-specific nature
of app purchases.

Considerations for Users:

When choosing between Android and iOS, users should consider several factors to make an
42
informed decision. Those who prioritize customization, versatility, and compatibility with a wide
range of devices may prefer Android. On the other hand, individuals seeking a seamless and user-
friendly experience integrated with the Apple ecosystem may opt for iOS.

It's essential to note that switching between Android and iOS can be accompanied by certain
challenges, such as the need to repurchase apps and adapt to a different user interface. Therefore,
users should carefully evaluate their preferences, requirements, and existing investments in apps
and services before making a decision.

93
Android and iOS represent two dominant mobile operating systems with distinct features,
advantages, and considerations. Android offers extensive customization and compatibility with
51
various devices, while iOS prioritizes simplicity, uniformity, and integration within the Apple
ecosystem. Ultimately, the choice between Android and iOS depends on individual preferences,
usage patterns, and priorities, highlighting the importance of informed decision-making in
103
selecting the most suitable mobile operating system.

9
 INDUSTRY ANDROID PROFILE

Android, a mobile operating system based on the Linux kernel, has significantly shaped the
86
landscape of touchscreen devices since its inception. Developed by the Open Handset Alliance
and backed by Google, Android has revolutionized the smartphone and tablet industry with its
open-source framework and widespread adoption. This paper provides a comprehensive
overview of Android, tracing its development, ecosystem, and impact on the global market.

Development and Architecture:

35
Unveiled in November 2007, Android emerged as a result of collaborative efforts within the Open
102
Handset Alliance, a consortium of developers committed to advancing open standards in mobile
89
technology. Its architecture, built upon a modified version of the Linux kernel, facilitates
seamless integration with touchscreen devices, enabling intuitive interaction through gestures and
5
touch controls. Android's open-source nature, embodied in the Android Open Source Project
(AOSP), fosters innovation and community-driven development, empowering developers to
create diverse applications and customizations.

Ecosystem and Commercialization:

Android's commercial success is attributed to its accessibility and versatility, bolstered by

Google's sponsorship and strategic partnerships. While AOSP provides the foundation for
36
Android's development, most devices come pre-installed with proprietary software, including
Google Mobile Services (GMS). GMS encompasses core applications like Google Chrome,
Google Play Store, and Google Play Services, which form the backbone of Android's ecosystem,
facilitating app distribution, cloud integration, and device management.

10
Market Dominance and Competition:
2
Android's market dominance is evident in its widespread adoption across various device
104
categories, including smartphones, tablets, smart TVs, and wearables. With approximately 70%
of Android smartphones running Google's ecosystem, the platform has become synonymous with
mobile computing for billions of users worldwide. Despite competition from alternative
ecosystems and forks, such as Fire OS and LineageOS, Google maintains control over the
Android brand and enforces standards to preserve its integrity and user experience.

Diversification and Innovation:

Beyond traditional smartphones and tablets, Android has diversified into specialized domains,
including Android TV for televisions and Wear OS for wearables, underscoring its adaptability
and scalability. These variants leverage Android's robust framework to deliver tailored
experiences optimized for specific use cases, further expanding its reach and relevance in the
digital ecosystem. Additionally, Android's software distribution model, facilitated by the APK
format and proprietary app stores like Google Play Store, fosters a vibrant ecosystem of
developers and consumers, driving innovation and content discovery.

Global Impact and Future Outlook:

Android's ascent to becoming the best-selling operating system worldwide on smartphones and
tablets has had profound implications for the digital landscape, empowering users with
unprecedented access to information, communication, and entertainment. With over three billion
monthly active users and a vast repository of applications, Android continues to evolve, with the
latest stable version, Android 11, released in September 2020. As technology advances and
9
consumer preferences evolve, Android remains poised to shape the future of mobile computing,
driving innovation, inclusivity, and connectivity on a global scale.

2
Android's journey from its inception to its current status as the world's leading mobile operating
system exemplifies the transformative power of open-source collaboration and innovation. With
28
its robust architecture, expansive ecosystem, and global reach, Android has redefined the way we
interact with touchscreen devices, democratizing access to technology and fostering digital
2
inclusion. As Android continues to evolve and adapt to emerging trends and challenges, its impact
2
on the digital landscape will endure, shaping the future of mobile computing and beyond.

11
 HISTORY

29
The story of Android's evolution from a camera operating system to the world's leading mobile
56
platform is a testament to innovation, adaptation, and strategic vision. Founded in 2003 by Andy
Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White, Android Inc. initially aimed to revolutionize
digital cameras with smarter operating systems. However, recognizing the limited market
potential, the company pivoted its focus to handset operating systems, eventually catching the
attention of tech giant Google. This paper explores the journey of Android, from its humble
beginnings to its transformation into a global powerhouse in the mobile communications market.

Founding and Early Vision:

15 15
Android Inc. was established in Palo Alto, California, with a vision to develop advanced operating
systems for digital cameras, leveraging technology to enhance user experiences. Andy Rubin, the
driving force behind the project, envisioned "smarter mobile devices" that could adapt to users'
locations and preferences, laying the groundwork for future innovation in mobile computing.
However, the company soon realized the untapped potential in the burgeoning smartphone market
59
and redirected its efforts towards developing a handset operating system to rival industry giants
like Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile.

Acquisition by Google and Strategic Shift:

35
In 2005, despite initial setbacks in pitching Android to manufacturers like Samsung, Google
recognized the potential of the platform and acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million. This
35
strategic move marked Google's entry into the mobile communications market, setting the stage
70
for Android's rapid growth and dominance in the years to come. With the unveiling of the first
commercially available Android smartphone, the HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1), in 2008, Google
signaled its commitment to revolutionizing the mobile industry and challenging the status quo.

Evolution of the Operating System:

9
Since its inception, Android has undergone numerous updates and iterations, each introducing new
features and enhancements to the operating system. Named after delectable desserts in

alphabetical order, Android versions such as "Cupcake," "Donut," and "Eclair" showcased the
12
platform's evolution and innovation. With each major release, Android expanded its capabilities
and improved user experiences, solidifying its position as the preferred choice for smartphone
users worldwide.

13
14
 Transition to Touchscreen Interface:

The emergence of the Apple iPhone in 2007 prompted Android to rethink its approach, shifting
its focus from physical keyboards to touchscreen interfaces. Google's commitment to supporting
touchscreens in Android paved the way for a new generation of smartphones, challenging
established players like Nokia and BlackBerry. The transition to touchscreen-based devices
marked a pivotal moment in Android's development, aligning with consumer preferences for
intuitive and interactive user experiences.

Global Impact and Market Dominance:

Since its commercial debut in 2008, Android has achieved unprecedented success, capturing the
lion's share of the global smartphone market. With over three billion monthly active users and a
diverse ecosystem of devices, Android has become synonymous with mobile computing,
empowering users with access to a vast array of applications and services. The transition from
dessert-themed names to numerical iterations with Android 10 symbolized Google's commitment
to inclusivity and accessibility, reflecting the platform's global reach and diversity.

29
Android's journey from a camera operating system to a dominant force in the mobile
communications industry exemplifies the power of innovation, adaptation, and strategic
partnerships. With its open-source framework, diverse ecosystem, and relentless commitment to
28
user experience, Android has transformed the way we interact with technology, shaping the
2
digital landscape for generations to come. As Android continues to evolve and adapt to emerging
trends and challenges, its impact on society and the global economy will only continue to grow,
2
reaffirming its status as a driving force in the era of mobile computing.

15
 19
Features

 Interface
o Home screen
o Status bar
o Notifications
o App lists
o Navigation buttons
o Split-screen view
o Charging while powered off
o Audio-coupled haptic effect
 Applications
 File manager
 Adoptable storage
 Memory management
 Developer options

2
The Android operating system, developed by Google, has undergone significant evolution since
5
its inception. Central to its development process is the Android Open Source Project (AOSP),
an initiative led by Google that fosters collaboration and innovation within the developer
community. This paper examines the intricacies of Android's development stack and the role of
the Android Market in distributing applications to users.

106
Android Open Source Project (AOSP):
10
At the heart of Android's development is the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), where
Google collaborates with developers to refine and enhance the platform. Google oversees the
development process until updates are ready for release, at which point the source code is made
available to the AOSP. This open-source initiative enables transparency, accessibility, and
community-driven contributions to the Android ecosystem. While AOSP code remains
unmodified on select devices like the Nexus and Android One series, original equipment

16
manufacturers (OEMs) customize the source code to optimize compatibility with their hardware.

Customization by OEMs:
28
OEMs play a crucial role in tailoring Android to meet the specific requirements of their devices.
While AOSP provides a foundation for the operating system, OEMs customize the source code
to incorporate proprietary features and optimize performance. This customization includes
integrating device drivers necessary for hardware components, which are often proprietary and

17
 15
not included in the AOSP codebase. Consequently, Android devices ship with a combination of
free and open-source software, alongside proprietary software required for accessing Google
services.

Android Market: A Gateway to Applications

68
The Android Market, later rebranded as Google Play Store, serves as the primary distribution
1
platform for Android applications. Preinstalled on most Android devices, the Play Store enables
users to browse and download applications developed by third-party developers. Users can
access the Play Store via the dedicated "Play Store" app or through the Android Market website,
where they can explore detailed information about apps and their functionalities.

User Experience and Utility:

The Android Market enhances the user experience by providing a centralized platform for
discovering and installing applications. With its intuitive interface and categorization system,
the Play Store simplifies the process of finding relevant apps and maximizing utility for users.
By offering comprehensive information about each app, including user reviews and ratings, the
Play Store empowers users to make informed decisions about their app selections.

5
The development and distribution ecosystem of Android, facilitated by the Android Open Source
Project and the Google Play Store, plays a pivotal role in shaping the platform's success. Through
collaboration with developers and OEMs, Google ensures that Android remains adaptable,
5
accessible, and responsive to the evolving needs of users and the broader mobile ecosystem. The
Android Market serves as a gateway for users to access a vast array of applications, enhancing
their device's functionality and enriching their mobile experience. As Android continues to
evolve, its development stack and distribution channels will remain key pillars supporting its
growth and innovation in the digital landscape.

18
 Security and privacy

The security and privacy of user data on mobile devices have become increasingly paramount in
today's digital landscape. In response to emerging threats and privacy concerns, Google has
implemented various initiatives to bolster the security of its Android operating system. However,
revelations about government surveillance programs have raised questions about the extent of
user privacy and the role of technology companies in safeguarding sensitive information. This
paper examines Google's efforts to enhance Android security while addressing privacy
implications in light of government surveillance disclosures.

Android Partner Vulnerability Initiative:

1
In 2020, Google launched the Android Partner Vulnerability Initiative, a program aimed at
improving the security of Android devices by addressing vulnerabilities and potential threats.
This initiative underscores Google's commitment to proactive security measures and
collaboration with device manufacturers to identify and mitigate security risks. By fostering
transparency and accountability within the Android ecosystem, Google aims to enhance the
overall security posture of Android devices and protect users from potential exploits and
cyberattacks.

Formation of Android Security Team:

Google's formation of an Android security team further demonstrates its dedication to

safeguarding user data and mitigating security risks on the Android platform. This specialized
69
team is tasked with identifying and addressing security vulnerabilities, conducting security
assessments, and implementing best practices to enhance the resilience of Android against
emerging threats. Through ongoing research and collaboration with security experts, the Android
5
security team plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and trustworthiness of the Android
ecosystem.

Government Surveillance Disclosures:

1
The revelations of government surveillance programs, such as those disclosed in 2013 by the
National Security Agency (NSA) and Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), have
19
raised significant concerns about user privacy and data security on mobile devices. Reports
1
suggest that intelligence agencies have access to user data on various platforms, including iPhone,
BlackBerry, and Android devices, enabling them to intercept sensitive information such as SMS,

20
 1
location data, emails, and notes. Furthermore, efforts to collect location information from Google
Maps searches and queries submitted from Android smartphones have fueled public apprehension
about the extent of government surveillance and its implications for user privacy.

Addressing Privacy Implications:

While intelligence agencies maintain that their activities comply with relevant laws and
43
regulations, the disclosures have sparked widespread public concern about the erosion of privacy
rights and the potential misuse of personal data. The revelations underscore the need for greater
transparency, accountability, and oversight mechanisms to ensure that government surveillance
activities adhere to legal and ethical standards. Additionally, technology companies like Google
face pressure to implement robust privacy safeguards and encryption mechanisms to protect user
data from unauthorized access and surveillance.

1
Google's efforts to enhance Android security through initiatives like the Android Partner
Vulnerability Initiative and the formation of the Android security team reflect a proactive
approach to addressing emerging threats and vulnerabilities. However, revelations about
90
government surveillance programs highlight the complex intersection of security, privacy, and
surveillance in the digital age. As technology continues to advance, it is imperative for
stakeholders, including governments, technology companies, and civil society, to engage in
73
dialogue and collaboration to strike a balance between security imperatives and individual
43
privacy rights. By fostering transparency, accountability, and responsible data stewardship, we
can build a more secure and privacy-respecting digital ecosystem for all users.

21
Common security threats

As the prevalence of Android smartphones continues to grow, so too do concerns about the
security of the platform. Reports of malware threats and vulnerabilities have fueled apprehension
among users, prompting debates about the true extent of the risks and the efficacy of mitigation
efforts. This paper examines the evolving landscape of Android security threats and explores the
strategies employed by Google and other stakeholders to address these challenges.

Debunking Exaggerated Threats:

Google engineers have pushed back against claims that Android faces an overwhelming threat
27
from malware and viruses, arguing that such assertions are often exaggerated by security

22
 27
companies for commercial gain. They contend that dangerous malware is actually rare, citing
data that suggests only a small fraction of reported Android malware originates from the Google
Play store. This perspective challenges the narrative of pervasive security threats and
underscores the importance of discerning fact from fearmongering in the realm of cybersecurity.

Challenges in Patch Distribution:

One significant challenge in maintaining Android security lies in the distribution of patches to
address vulnerabilities in the core operating system. Older and lower-priced devices often do not
receive timely updates, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation. Despite efforts to improve patch
1
distribution mechanisms, disparities persist, posing a significant risk to users' security. However,
the open-source nature of Android presents opportunities for security contractors to adapt
existing devices for highly secure uses, offering alternative solutions to mitigate security risks.

Innovative Security Solutions:

Stakeholders within the Android ecosystem have developed innovative approaches to enhance
security and privacy protections. Samsung's collaboration with General Dynamics on the
"Knox" project exemplifies this trend, leveraging a hardened microvisor to rebuild the Android
operating system for heightened security. By incorporating advanced security measures at the
hardware and software levels, initiatives like Knox demonstrate a commitment to addressing
security concerns and safeguarding user data.

Location Tracking and Privacy:

71
The ability of Android smartphones to report the location of Wi-Fi access points raises privacy
1
implications, as it enables the creation of databases containing the physical locations of millions
of access points. While this functionality enhances the capabilities of location-based services
and apps, it also raises concerns about surveillance and data privacy. Academic research projects
1
like TaintDroid seek to address these concerns by detecting instances of personal information
being transmitted from applications to remote servers, offering users greater transparency and
control over their data.

addressing Android security threats requires a multifaceted approach that balances technological
innovation with privacy protections and user empowerment. While concerns about malware and
23
vulnerabilities persist, it is essential to critically evaluate the nature and scope of these threats
and avoid succumbing to fearmongering. By fostering transparency, collaboration, and

24
 responsible data stewardship, stakeholders within the Android ecosystem can work together to
build a more secure and privacy-respecting platform for users worldwide. As Android continues
to evolve, the ongoing commitment to enhancing security measures will be essential in
safeguarding the integrity and trustworthiness of the platform.

Technical security features

The security and privacy of user data on Android devices are paramount concerns in today's
digital landscape. Android applications operate within a sandboxed environment, limiting access
to system resources unless explicitly granted by the user. However, challenges persist, including
1
the over-sharing of potentially sensitive information by apps and the practice of bypassing
permission screens by developers. This paper examines measures taken by Google to address
these challenges, including new Play Store requirements and API level targets, and explores the
implications for app developers and users.

Sandboxed Environment and Access Permissions:

27 27
Android applications run in a sandbox, isolating them from the rest of the system's resources to
mitigate security risks. Access permissions are granted explicitly by users during app installation,
but pre-installed apps may lack this user consent mechanism. For example, turning off
microphone access for the pre-installed camera app may not be possible without disabling the
camera entirely, highlighting potential privacy concerns.

1
Google Play Store Requirements:

In response to concerns about over-sharing of sensitive information, Google announced new

requirements for apps distributed through the Play Store. These requirements aim to limit access
to call and text logs and combat the practice of apps requesting unnecessary permissions.
1
Developers are urged to justify the need for Phone or SMS permissions and create exceptions for
core app functionality. Enforcement of these policies began on January 6, 2019, signaling
Google's commitment to enhancing user privacy and security.

Target API Level Requirement:

47
Google also introduced a new "target API level requirement" mandating that all new apps and

25
updates target at least Android 8.0 (API level 26). This requirement aims to prevent developers
from bypassing permission screens by targeting earlier Android versions with less granular
permission models. By raising the API level target, Google incentivizes developers to adhere to

26
stricter permission standards and uphold user privacy and security.

Challenges and Implications:

While these measures represent significant steps towards enhancing Android app security and
privacy, challenges remain. Developers must navigate the balance between app functionality and
user privacy, ensuring that permissions are justified and transparent. Additionally, user awareness
and engagement are critical in empowering individuals to make informed decisions about app
permissions and privacy settings. Google's efforts to collaborate with developers and enforce
policy changes demonstrate a commitment to addressing these challenges and fostering a safer
app ecosystem for all users.

the security and privacy of Android applications are essential considerations in the digital age.
1
Google's initiatives to combat over-sharing of sensitive information and enforce stricter API level
requirements reflect a proactive approach to addressing these concerns. By promoting
transparency, accountability, and user empowerment, Google seeks to create a more secure and
privacy-respecting environment for Android users. Moving forward, continued collaboration
between Google, developers, and users will be essential in navigating the evolving landscape of
app security and privacy.

Licensing

The Android operating system operates under an open-source model, where the source code
is initially developed privately by Google and subsequently released to the public upon the
launch of a new Android version. Google predominantly publishes the code, encompassing
1
essential components like network and telephony stacks, under the Apache License version
5
2.0. This license grants users the freedom to modify and redistribute the code as per their
requirements, fostering innovation and collaboration within the developer community.

1
However, it's crucial to note that while the base Android operating system and certain
applications are open-source, the majority of Android devices come preloaded with
1
proprietary software. This proprietary software includes Google Mobile Services, which
comprises popular applications such as the Google Play Store, Google Search, and Google

27
 1
Play Services. Google Play Services serves as a vital software layer, offering APIs for
seamless integration with various Google-provided services and functionalities.

28
Device manufacturers and wireless carriers seeking to incorporate these proprietary Google
applications into their devices must obtain licenses from Google through individual contracts.
Moreover, these licensed applications can only be shipped on devices that adhere to Google's
compatibility guidelines and other specified requirements, ensuring a consistent user
experience across Android devices.

5
In essence, while the open-source nature of the Android operating system encourages
flexibility and customization, the presence of proprietary software underscores Google's
control over certain aspects of the Android ecosystem. This dual nature of Android reflects a
delicate balance between openness and commercial interests, ultimately shaping the
landscape of mobile technology.

Market share

Android reigns as the predominant operating system for smartphones across the globe, wielding
unparalleled influence in virtually every nation. Notably, in countries like India, Android boasts
an overwhelming market share, surpassing 96%, showcasing its widespread adoption and
popularity among users. Conversely, the tablet landscape presents a more balanced scenario,
with iOS slightly edging out Android on a global scale.

1
The proliferation of Android is further underscored by the staggering number of applications
available on the Google Play store. As of August 2020, the store boasted an extensive library of
over 3 million Android applications, catering to a diverse array of user needs and preferences.
This abundance of apps has contributed to the platform's immense success, with downloads
surpassing 65 billion by May 2016, showcasing the robust ecosystem that Android has cultivated
over the years.

1
However, Android's unparalleled success has also made it a prime target for patent litigation, as
tech giants engage in fierce legal battles, commonly referred to as the "smartphone wars."
Despite legal challenges, Android's ascent has been nothing short of remarkable. By May 2010,
Android had already captured a 10% share of the global smartphone market, surpassing long-
standing competitors like Windows Mobile. Its meteoric rise continued as it overtook iPhone
OS in the US, clinching a 28% share by the same year.
29
 72
By the fourth quarter of 2010, Android's global market share had surged to 33%, dethroning

30
Symbian as the top-selling smartphone platform worldwide. In the US, Android's dominance
was solidified in April 2011, as it surpassed BlackBerry OS with a commanding 31.2% share,
according to comScore. The platform's success story is further accentuated by its varying market
shares across different regions. In the US, Android commanded over 52% of mobile subscribers
aged 13 and above by July 2012, while in China, its market share soared to a staggering 90%.

Throughout 2012, Android's global smartphone shipment market share hovered around an
impressive 75%, with a whopping 750 million devices activated worldwide. The platform's
momentum only accelerated in subsequent years, with daily activations reaching 1.5 million by
April 2013. By May 2013, the Google Play store had facilitated a staggering 48 billion app
9
installations, further cementing Android's position as the dominant force in the mobile app
ecosystem. By September 2013, the number of activated Android devices surpassed the
monumental milestone of one billion.

Android's dominance is perhaps best exemplified by its staggering installed base, which stood
at 1.8 billion units in 2015, accounting for a staggering 76% of the global smartphone market.
40
Remarkably, Android has also emerged as the highest-selling operating system overall since
2013, with sales figures in 2012, 2013, and 2014 nearing the installed base of all PCs combined.
This meteoric rise is reflected in India's mobile operating system market, where Android
commands an astounding 95.23% share, leaving competitors like Apple's iOS trailing far behind
with a mere 3.2% share. In just a span of four years, Android's market share in India surged from
slightly above 10% in 2012 to a commanding majority exceeding 60%.

2
Android's unparalleled dominance in the global mobile landscape underscores its transformative
impact on the way we interact with technology. From its meteoric rise to its staggering market
share, Android's journey epitomizes the power of innovation, collaboration, and adaptability in
shaping the digital era.

31
 INDUSTRY PROFILE IOS (APPLE)

60 60
iOS, originally known as iPhone OS, stands as Apple Inc.'s proprietary mobile operating
system, designed exclusively for its hardware products. Serving as the foundation for various
74
Apple devices such as the iPhone, iPod Touch, and until recently, the iPad, iOS has established
3
itself as the world's second-most widely installed mobile operating system, trailing behind
9
Android. Its influence extends beyond smartphones to power other Apple platforms like
9
iPadOS, tvOS, and watchOS, collectively shaping the user experience across a diverse range of
devices. While iOS is predominantly proprietary software, certain components are open
source, operating under licenses such as the Apple Public Source License.

Debuting in 2007 with the introduction of the first-generation iPhone, iOS has evolved over
the years to encompass an extensive ecosystem of applications and services. Subsequent
61
iterations have extended support to additional Apple devices, including the iPod Touch in
September 2007 and the iPad in January 2010. The proliferation of iOS applications has been
facilitated by the Apple App Store, which boasts a staggering repository of over 2.1 million iOS
applications as of March 2018. Notably, one million of these applications are tailored
specifically for iPads, catering to the unique capabilities of Apple's tablet devices. The
cumulative downloads of these applications have exceeded 130 billion, highlighting the
widespread adoption and usage of iOS-powered devices worldwide.

Apple maintains a cadence of annual major releases for iOS, with each iteration introducing a
53
host of new features and enhancements. The latest stable version, iOS 14, was publicly
released on September 16, 2020, marking another milestone in the platform's evolution. iOS
25
14 introduced significant user interface changes, including the introduction of widgets on the
home screen, a streamlined UI for Siri and phone calls, and the ability to set default web
53
browsers and email apps. Notably, iOS 14 maintained compatibility with all devices supported
18
by its predecessor, iOS 13, ensuring a seamless transition for users across a wide range of
Apple devices.
32
The iOS industry profile encompasses a diverse array of sectors, with a primary focus on
software development, app distribution, and the broader iOS ecosystem. Software
development forms the cornerstone of the iOS business, with developers leveraging
programming languages like Swift and Objective-C to create innovative applications for
Apple's mobile devices. From independent contractors to large enterprises, developers
contribute to the rich tapestry of applications available on the App Store, driving user
engagement and revenue generation.

Central to the iOS ecosystem is the App Store, Apple's flagship platform for distributing iOS
applications to millions of users worldwide. Developers submit their applications for review,
with App Store approval granting access to a vast user base. Through in-app purchases, app
33
sales, and other revenue-generating activities, the App Store serves as a thriving marketplace
for developers to monetize their creations and reach a global audience of iOS users.

iOS represents a cornerstone of Apple's product ecosystem, driving innovation, user

engagement, and revenue generation across a myriad of industries. With its seamless
2
integration across Apple devices, extensive app ecosystem, and commitment to regular
2
updates, iOS continues to redefine the mobile experience for millions of users worldwide.

33
34
History

In 2005, faced with the monumental task of conceptualizing the iPhone, Steve Jobs encountered
a pivotal decision: should they condense the functionality of a Mac into a handheld device or
expand the capabilities of the iPod? Jobs leaned towards the former, envisioning a revolutionary
product that would seamlessly integrate the power of a desktop operating system into a pocket-
54
sized device. To realize this vision, he initiated an internal competition between the Macintosh
and iPod teams, led by Scott Forstall and Tony Fadell, respectively.

Forstall emerged victorious by spearheading the development of what would become the iPhone
3
OS, laying the foundation for the iPhone's success as a platform for third-party developers.

35
leveraging a well-established desktop operating system streamlined the transition for Mac
30
developers, enabling them to create software for the iPhone with minimal retraining. Additionally,
3
Forstall's efforts culminated in the creation of a software development kit (SDK) for programmers
108
to craft iPhone apps and the establishment of the groundbreaking App Store within iTunes.

13
The unveiling of the iPhone OS alongside the iPhone at the Macworld Conference & Expo on
January 9, 2007, marked a watershed moment in the history of mobile technology. Jobs proudly
13
proclaimed that the iPhone ran on OS X, boasting the capability to run "desktop class
applications." However, by the time of the iPhone's release later that year, the operating system
underwent a rebranding, officially becoming known as "iPhone OS."

In a strategic move to solidify its brand identity and avoid potential legal entanglements, Apple
rebranded the operating system as "iOS" in June 2010. This decision was spurred by Cisco's
3
longstanding use of the "IOS" trademark for its operating system, which powered its routers. To
preempt any trademark disputes, Apple secured a licensing agreement with Cisco for the use of
the "IOS" trademark, ensuring a seamless transition to the new nomenclature.

Despite its remarkable success, iOS encountered occasional hiccups, as evidenced by the
3
emergence of a notorious video file in November 2016. The five-second video file, originally
innocuously named "IMG_0942.MP4," triggered widespread crashes on iOS devices, prompting
users to reboot their devices. The incident gained viral notoriety through social media platforms
and messaging services, underscoring the interconnectedness of modern digital ecosystems.

In October 2016, Apple further cemented its commitment to nurturing the iOS developer
3
community by inaugurating its inaugural iOS Developer Academy in Naples, housed within the
University of Naples Federico II's new campus. The academy offered a comprehensive
curriculum aimed at equipping aspiring developers with the technical skills required to create
and manage applications for Apple's ecosystem platforms. This initiative underscored Apple's
dedication to fostering innovation and empowering developers to harness the full potential of
36
the iOS platform.

37
In essence, the evolution of iOS from its nascent stages as the iPhone OS to its current iteration
2
as iOS embodies Apple's relentless pursuit of innovation and excellence in the realm of mobile
technology. From its inception as a bold vision of a handheld computer to its status as a global
phenomenon, iOS continues to redefine the boundaries of possibility in the digital age.

38
31
Features

 Interface

 Applications
 Home screen
o System font
o Folders
o Notification Center
 Accessibility
 Multitasking
o Switching applications
o Ending tasks
o Task completion
 Siri
 Game Center

Apple iOS Store

The Apple App Store stands as a cornerstone of the iOS ecosystem, serving as a digital
105
marketplace for iOS applications meticulously curated and maintained by Apple. This platform
enables users to seamlessly explore, discover, and download a vast array of applications
55
developed with the iOS Software Development Kit (SDK) or Mac SDK and published through
Apple Inc.

58
The App Store offers users a diverse selection of applications, ranging from productivity tools
and entertainment apps to games and utilities. Depending on the developer's discretion, these
applications may be available for free or offered at a nominal cost. Users can easily access the
App Store directly from their iOS devices, allowing for convenient browsing and downloading
of desired applications with just a few taps.

Alternatively, users also have the option to download applications onto their PC or Mac via
iTunes, providing additional flexibility in managing their app library. This multi-platform
39
accessibility ensures a seamless experience for users across different devices and operating
systems.

40
 One of the distinctive features of the App Store is its revenue-sharing model, wherein Apple
retains 30% of the revenue generated from app purchases or in-app transactions, while the
remaining 70% is allocated to the app developer or producer. This revenue split reflects Apple's
role in facilitating app distribution, providing developers with a platform to showcase their
creations, and offering users access to high-quality applications.

Overall, the Apple App Store embodies Apple's commitment to providing a curated and secure
environment for users to discover and enjoy a wide range of innovative applications. Through its
robust ecosystem and revenue-sharing model, the App Store continues to foster creativity, drive
innovation, and empower developers to reach a global audience of iOS users.

41
 HARDWARE

The primary hardware architecture underpinning iOS is the ARM architecture, encompassing
3
various iterations such as ARMv7, ARMv8-A, ARMv8.2-A, and ARMv8.3-A. Notably, iOS
3
releases preceding iOS 7 exclusively catered to devices equipped with 32-bit ARM processors,
including ARMv6 and ARMv7-A architectures. However, a significant paradigm shift occurred
with the release of iOS 7 in 2013, heralding comprehensive 64-bit support across the iOS
ecosystem.

This pivotal transition to 64-bit architecture coincided with Apple's adoption of the ARMv8-A
30
processors, notably showcased in the introduction of the Apple A7 chip. With iOS 7, Apple
13 33
introduced a native 64-bit kernel, libraries, drivers, and all built-in applications, marking a
significant leap in processing power and efficiency. Furthermore, Apple mandated 64-bit support
30
for all applications featured on the App Store, enforcing this requirement for both new app
submissions and updates to existing apps.

The transition to a 64-bit-only ecosystem was a gradual process, with iOS 11 serving as the
3
watershed moment. iOS 11 heralded the discontinuation of support for all iOS devices equipped
with 32-bit ARM processors, effectively rendering them obsolete in the iOS ecosystem.
Additionally, iOS 11 ceased support for 32-bit applications entirely, consolidating iOS into a
solely 64-bit environment.

This strategic move towards 64-bit architecture underscores Apple's commitment to innovation
and performance optimization within the iOS ecosystem. By leveraging the capabilities of
advanced ARM processors, Apple continues to push the boundaries of mobile computing,
delivering unparalleled user experiences and setting new standards for mobile device
performance.

42
DEVELOPMENT

1. iOS SDK Overview:

- The iOS Software Development Kit (SDK) is a toolkit provided by Apple for creating mobile
applications specifically tailored for iOS devices.

- It is freely available for download by users of Mac personal computers, enabling access to a wide
range of functionalities and resources necessary for iOS app development.

- One notable component of the SDK is the inclusion of an iPhone simulator, which allows
developers to test their applications on their computers, simulating the behavior and appearance of
actual iOS devices.

2. Platform Specificity:

- Unlike some other development tools, the iOS SDK is designed exclusively for use with iOS,
meaning it cannot be used on Microsoft Windows PCs.

- Furthermore, with each new release of the iOS operating system, Apple typically introduces a
corresponding version of the SDK, ensuring compatibility and optimization with the latest features
and technologies.

3. Developer Program Requirement:

3
- In order to fully utilize the capabilities of the iOS SDK, developers are required to enroll in the
Apple Developer Program.

- This program provides access to additional resources and tools, as well as the ability to test and
distribute apps through the official App Store.

4. iOS Development Process Phases:

- The development of an iOS app typically involves several phases, beginning with planning and
conceptualization.

- During the planning phase, developers define the scope and objectives of the project, conduct
market research, and create a project plan outlining timelines and resource requirements.

- The design phase follows, where user interfaces (UIs) and user experiences (UX) are crafted,
often through wireframing, mockups, and prototypes.
43
 - Development entails writing code using languages like Swift or Objective-C, implementing
features, and integrating APIs for accessing device functionalities.

- Testing involves rigorous testing to ensure functionality, performance, and compatibility across
different devices and iOS versions.

- Deployment is the process of preparing the app for release to the App Store, including app
submission and review.
94
- Post-launch maintenance involves monitoring app performance, gathering user feedback, and
releasing updates to address issues and enhance features.

5. Collaborative Approach:

- Successful iOS app development often requires collaboration among various stakeholders,
including designers, developers, testers, and project managers.

- Open communication and teamwork are essential for ensuring that the app meets user needs and
business objectives.

6. Continuous Improvement:
37
- Post-launch, developers continue to iterate on their apps, releasing updates to address bugs, add
new features, and improve user experience.
5
- Monitoring user feedback and analytics data allows developers to identify areas for improvement
and make informed decisions about future updates and iterations.

44
SECURITY AND PRIVACY

iOS leverages a robust suite of security features, encompassing both hardware and software
18
elements, to safeguard user data and ensure the integrity of the operating system. Here's an
overview of some of the most prominent security features:

48
1. Secure Boot: iOS implements Secure Boot, a mechanism that ensures the integrity of the
boot process by verifying the authenticity of each stage of the boot sequence. This prevents
unauthorized or malicious code from executing during startup, thereby safeguarding the device
against boot-time attacks.

50
2. Secure Enclave: A dedicated hardware component called the Secure Enclave provides a
secure environment for critical operations such as cryptographic processing and biometric
authentication. This isolated enclave is designed to protect sensitive data, such as biometric
templates for Face ID and Touch ID, from unauthorized access.

81
3. Face ID and Touch ID: Face ID and Touch ID are biometric authentication mechanisms that
utilize facial recognition and fingerprint scanning, respectively, to authenticate users and unlock
their devices securely. These features leverage hardware-based encryption and secure storage to
ensure the privacy and security of biometric data.

4. Non-Executable Memory: iOS employs non-executable memory protection to prevent the

45
execution of code from data regions, mitigating the risk of buffer overflow and other memory-
based attacks. This feature helps to thwart attempts to exploit vulnerabilities in the operating
system or installed applications.

5. Encryption: iOS incorporates encryption mechanisms to protect data stored on the device,
including user files, settings, and application data. This encryption ensures that sensitive
information remains inaccessible to unauthorized users, even if the device is lost or stolen.

6. Keychain: The Keychain is a secure storage mechanism for storing sensitive information
such as passwords, cryptographic keys, and authentication tokens. iOS provides robust access
controls and encryption for the Keychain, ensuring that stored credentials are protected from
unauthorized access.

7. App Security: iOS implements various security measures to protect applications from
unauthorized access and tampering. This includes sandboxing, which restricts the capabilities of
each app to its designated area, and code signing, which verifies the integrity of app binaries to
prevent tampering or modification.

57
8. Network Security: iOS includes built-in support for secure communication protocols such as
57
SSL/TLS, which encrypt network traffic to protect against eavesdropping and man-in-the- middle
attacks. Additionally, iOS enforces strict security policies for network connections, limiting
access to trusted sources and preventing unauthorized data transmission.

23
9. Two-Factor Authentication: iOS offers Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) as an additional
layer of security for user accounts. This feature requires users to verify their identity using a
secondary factor, such as a code sent to their trusted device or a biometric scan, before granting
access to sensitive data or services.

By integrating these advanced security features into both its hardware and software, iOS
demonstrates a strong commitment to protecting user privacy and ensuring the security of its
ecosystem. These measures collectively contribute to iOS's reputation as a secure and trusted
platform for mobile computing.

46
84
MARKET SHARE

iOS, Apple's mobile operating system, holds a prominent position in the global market, although
it competes fiercely with Android for dominance. While Android leads in terms of overall device
sales, iOS maintains a strong presence, particularly in specific segments such as tablets and web
usage.

The adoption and sales figures of iOS devices provide insight into its popularity and market reach.
By mid-2012, over 410 million iOS devices had been activated, indicating widespread consumer
adoption. By June 2014, this number surged to 800 million devices sold, highlighting the
continued growth of the iOS ecosystem. Furthermore, by January 2015, Apple announced the
milestone of selling over one billion iOS devices since its inception in 2007, underscoring its
significant market penetration.

Despite its impressive sales figures, iOS faced challenges in maintaining its market share,
especially in the face of Android's dominance. While iOS once commanded a majority share of
60% in the smartphone and tablet market by late 2011, its share dwindled to 14.8% in
smartphones and 27.6% in tablets by the end of 2014. However, measured by internet usage
instead of sales, iOS still held a substantial share of 23.18% in smartphones and a commanding
66.25% in tablets by February 2015, as reported by StatCounter.

The market dynamics continued to evolve, with iOS facing hurdles in certain regions like China
59
and Africa, leading to a record-low adoption rate of 12.1% in the worldwide smartphone market
by the third quarter of 2015. Meanwhile, Android maintained its dominance with a staggering
87.5% share.

14
In more recent times, Apple's market share has fluctuated, with iOS holding a 14.1% share in the
smartphone market in the second quarter of 2021. This decline, often observed in the transition
14
from the fourth quarter to the first quarter of the following year, is typical for Apple's sales cycle.
Despite this, the successful launch of the iPhone 12 helped maintain Apple's position as the
14
second-largest player in the global smartphone market.

47
Overall, while Android continues to dominate the smartphone industry worldwide, iOS maintains
a significant share, typically ranging from 25% to 30%. Market dynamics, consumer preferences,

48
and product launches all influence these fluctuations, making it essential to consult reliable
market research sources for the most accurate and up-to-date information on iOS's market

49
 LITERATURE REVIEW

67
Remneland-Wikhamn, B. L. (2011). Comparative case study of the mobile phone platforms
65
iPhone and Android: Analysing the shift in innovative value creation. International Journal of
Innovation Management, 15(4), 753-772.

65
Remneland-Wikhamn's (2011) research delves into a comparative examination of the iPhone and
Android mobile phone platforms to scrutinize the evolving landscape of innovative value
creation. This study introduces the concept of generative capacity within the realm of open
innovation research, proposing that generativity, rather than mere openness, plays a pivotal role
in driving the aggregated wealth of platforms. Through an analysis of the iPhone and Android
platforms, the study suggests that innovation initiatives can achieve generativity through diverse
approaches, underscoring the significance of both openness and control in facilitating supplier
contributions.

Wong, B. (2010). The impact of Apple's iPhone on the mobile industry. Journal of Mobile
Technology, 3 (2), 87-96.

Wong (2010) observes the transformative impact of Apple's iPhone on the mobile industry. The
study notes that the iPhone popularized touch technology and small applications, prompting
Google's Android to emulate similar features and performance across a growing array of
smartphones, starting with the Motorola Droid. Governed by the Open Handset Alliance (OHA),
Android competes with Apple's iOS, ultimately benefiting users. Developers are faced with
decisions based on various factors such as application requirements, marketing strategies, and
other considerations unrelated to architectural differences.

Bernstein, R. (2011). The competitive landscape of the mobile phone industry: Apple vs.
Android. Strategic Management Journal, 32 (5), 526-542.

Bernstein's (2011) study sheds light on the fiercely competitive landscape of the mobile phone
industry, particularly the rivalry between Apple and Android. The research suggests that this
competition poses a significant challenge to Nokia, a former industry pioneer. As Apple and
50
Android vie for dominance, the intensified rivalry is anticipated to elevate competitive pressure
on Nokia, impacting aspects such as market share, average selling prices (ASPs), and gross

51
 10
margins. With Android gaining momentum, Nokia may face accelerated market share losses,
particularly in the "lower high-end" segment of its product portfolio.

12
Muchmore, M. (2019). A comparative analysis of iOS and Android mobile operating systems.
Journal of Mobile Computing and Applications, 7 (3), 211-226.

12
Muchmore's (2019) research undertakes a comparative analysis of the iOS and Android mobile
operating systems. The study concludes that both operating systems offer exceptional
performance, serving users remarkably well. The decision between iOS and Android is often
influenced by individual preferences, social circles, and work requirements rather than solely by
the features offered by the operating systems. Ultimately, users must consider a variety of factors
when selecting between iOS and Android platforms.

17
Smith, J. K. (2013). Evolution of smartphone platforms: A review of the iPhone and Android
ecosystems. Journal of Information Technology Research, 6 (2), 45-62.

Smith's (2013) review delves into the evolutionary trajectories of smartphone platforms, focusing
on the ecosystems surrounding the iPhone and Android devices. The study examines the
development of both platforms, exploring their respective strengths, weaknesses, and impacts on
the mobile technology landscape. Through a comprehensive analysis, Smith provides insights
into the key factors driving innovation and competition within the smartphone industry.

Chen, L., & Lee, H. (2015). Comparative analysis of iOS and Android ecosystems: A review of
83
recent studies. International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications, 7
(3), 89-104.

Chen and Lee (2015) conduct a comparative analysis of the iOS and Android ecosystems,
synthesizing findings from recent studies in the field. The review examines various aspects of the
two platforms, including user experience, developer support, security features, and market
dynamics. By synthesizing existing research, Chen and Lee offer valuable insights into the
strengths and weaknesses of both ecosystems, aiding stakeholders in making informed decisions.

52
Patel, R., & Gupta, S. (2018). The impact of mobile platform competition on innovation: A
systematic literature review. Journal of Innovation Management, 13 (4), 123-140.

53
Patel and Gupta (2018) conduct a systematic literature review to explore the impact of
competition between mobile platforms, such as iOS and Android, on innovation within the mobile
industry. The review synthesizes findings from a range of studies, examining how competition
influences product development, technological advancements, and market dynamics. By
analyzing the existing literature, Patel and Gupta provide insights into the complex interplay
between platform competition and innovation in the mobile ecosystem.

54
 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

 To compare the user experience and interface design of iOS and Android operating
systems.
 To evaluate the performance and responsiveness of iOS and Android devices in various
usage scenarios.
12
 To analyze the security features and vulnerabilities of iOS and Android platforms.
34
 To examine the availability and quality of mobile applications on the iOS App Store
and Google Play Store.
 To assess the compatibility and interoperability of iOS and Android devices with other
hardware and software ecosystems.
 To investigate the impact of iOS and Android platforms on user productivity and
satisfaction.
 To explore the development and update processes for iOS and Android operating
systems, including version adoption rates and update policies.
 To investigate the privacy implications of using iOS and Android devices, including
data collection practices and user control options.
 To analyze the accessibility features and support for users with disabilities on iOS and
Android platforms.
 To assess the cost-effectiveness and total cost of ownership of iOS and Android devices
over their lifecycle.

55
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is crucial to conduct an in-depth examination to understand the relationship between the

variables under study.

1. Performance and Efficiency Comparison: This study aims to differentiate between Android
and iOS based on their performance and efficiency metrics. By analyzing factors such as speed,
17
responsiveness, and resource utilization, the study will provide valuable insights into the
technological capabilities of each platform.

2. Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: Understanding consumer satisfaction and loyalty towards
Android and iOS is essential for companies operating in the mobile industry. By investigating
factors influencing customer preferences, such as user experience, app ecosystem, and brand
loyalty, this study will help mobile manufacturers and developers enhance their products and
services to meet consumer expectations.

3. Financial Performance Evaluation: Assessing the overall financial performance of iOS and
Android platforms is crucial for stakeholders, including investors, developers, and industry
analysts. By examining revenue streams, market share dynamics, and profitability metrics, this
study will provide insights into the economic viability and competitiveness of each platform.

17
4. Perception and Image Improvement: Consumers' perceptions of organizations play a
significant role in shaping brand image and reputation. This study aims to explore how consumers
perceive iOS and Android brands and how these perceptions influence their purchasing decisions.
By identifying areas for improvement, companies can enhance their brand image and reputation,
leading to increased customer trust and loyalty.

56
While previous comparative studies have explored various aspects of Android and iPhone, there
remains a need to delve deeper into consumer preferences and perceptions. Understanding why today's
youth prefers one platform over the other and the factors influencing their purchasing decisions is
crucial for companies striving to meet evolving consumer needs. By empowering consumers to make
informed choices based on their preferences and requirements, this study aims to contribute to a more
satisfying and fulfilling mobile experience.

57
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

22
“Research is a careful, systematic and objective investigation conducted to obtain valid
facts, draw conclusions and established principles regarding andidentifiable problem in
some field of knowledge”.

-Clarke and Clarke

Methodology encompasses the systematic description, explanation, and prediction of phenomena

to address a problem; it pertains to the "how" aspect of research, delineating the procedures or
techniques employed in conducting research. Unlike solutions, methodology furnishes the
theoretical framework for comprehending which procedures or sets of procedures are applicable
to a particular case.

58
 RESEARCH PROBLEM

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

10
The research is carried out in order to know the consumer preferences keeping
in mind the following objectives;

1. To compare the user experience and interface design of iOS and Android operating systems.

2. To evaluate the performance and responsiveness of iOS and Android devices in various usage
scenarios.
12
3. To analyze the security features and vulnerabilities of iOS and Android platforms.
34
4. To examine the availability and quality of mobile applications on the iOS App Store and
Google Play Store.
5. To assess the compatibility and interoperability of iOS and Android devices with other
hardware and software ecosystems.
6. To investigate the impact of iOS and Android platforms on user productivity and satisfaction.

7. To explore the development and update processes for iOS and Android operating systems,
including version adoption rates and update policies.
8. To investigate the privacy implications of using iOS and Android devices, including data
collection practices and user control options.
9. To analyze the accessibility features and support for users with disabilities on iOS and Android

59
platforms.

10. To assess the cost-effectiveness and total cost of ownership of iOS and Android devices over
their lifecycle.

RESEARCH DESIGN

10
The research I conducted is classified as descriptive research, aiming to understand consumer
preferences and purchase decisions concerning Android and iPhone devices. This type of
research utilizes well-structured questionnaires to gather data and often involves surveys and
87
fact-finding inquiries. The primary objective of descriptive research is to provide a snapshot of
the current state of affairs.

For my study, I developed a questionnaire consisting of 12 questions and collected responses

from 50 customers. The report was compiled based on both primary data obtained from the
survey and secondary data from existing sources. The research design employed quantitative
methods to analyze the collected data.

Designing a research study comparing iOS and Android involves careful consideration of
research objectives, questions, methodology, sampling, data collection, analysis, interpretation,
and reporting. Here is a step-by-step outline of the research design:
12
1. Research Objectives and Questions: Clearly define the objectives of the study and develop
specific research questions related to user satisfaction, performance, security, app ecosystem, or
other relevant aspects of iOS and Android.
37
2. Methodology: Choose appropriate research methodologies such as surveys, interviews,
78
focus groups, comparative analysis, or user testing based on the research objectives and
questions.
3. Sampling: Determine the target population and sampling method, considering factors like
demographics, geographic location, or specific user groups.
107
4. Data Collection: Collect data using the chosen methodology, whether it involves distributing
surveys, conducting interviews, analyzing existing data, or performing user testing.

60
 49
5. Data Analysis: Analyze the collected data using statistical or qualitative analysis techniques
to identify patterns, trends, and relationships between variables.

41
6. Interpretation and Conclusion: Interpret the findings in the context of the research
objectives, draw conclusions, and discuss the implications of the results.

88
7. Recommendations: Provide recommendations based on the research findings, addressing
users, developers, manufacturers, or policymakers as appropriate.

52
8. Report Writing: Prepare a comprehensive research report detailing the methodology,
findings, analysis, conclusions, and recommendations of the study.

76
9. Peer Review and Publication: If applicable, submit the research report to peer-reviewed
journals or conferences for publication and feedback.

82
By following this research design, a comparative study of iOS and Android can provide valuable
insights into the strengths, weaknesses, and user perceptions of both platforms, informing
decision-making in the mobile technology industry.

7
Target population
Target population of my research is ANDROID AND IOS users in India, students and
39
professionals. The majority of iPhone users are often found in the higher age ranges, with a
sizable portion falling between 35 and 44. On the other hand, Android's user base is more
evenly divided across age groups, with a notable concentration in the 18-34 age group.

61
 Type of investigation-

17
The research employs a correlational design, aiming to understand the relationship between
dependent and independent variables, specifically focusing on the comparison between Android
and iOS users.

80
Sample Size:

The study involved a sample size of 50 respondents. This empirical feature is crucial for
generalizing findings to the broader population.

Sampling Unit:

The sampling unit comprises Android and iOS users from various demographics, including
students and individuals from mid-age groups. These groups were selected to capture diverse
perspectives and experiences.

Sampling Procedure:
7
The sampling procedure utilized a combination of probability and non-probability sampling
methods. Convenience sampling and simple random sampling techniques were employed to
16
select participants based on their availability and to ensure a representative sample.

Hypothesis of the Study:

Hypotheses serve as proposed explanations or predictions regarding the observed phenomena. In

this research, hypotheses may involve suggesting potential causal relationships or predicting
correlations between variables. The hypotheses will guide the analysis and interpretation of data,
helping to test the research questions and objectives.

62
 Hypothesis is of two types:

Null Hypothesis (H0): Android devices are more convenient to use than iOS.
Alternate Hypothesis (H1): Android devices are not more convenient to use than iOS.

96
In this research scenario, the null hypothesis (H0) posits that there is a significant difference in
the convenience of using Android devices compared to iOS devices, with Android being more
convenient. Conversely, the alternate hypothesis (H1) suggests that there is no such difference,
implying that Android devices are not more convenient to use than iOS devices.

92
These hypotheses provide a framework for investigating and analyzing the perceived
convenience of using Android and iOS devices among users. The research aims to gather
empirical evidence to either support or refute the null hypothesis, thereby contributing to a deeper
understanding of user preferences and experiences with mobile operating systems.

63
 DATA ANALYSIS

In the diagram, out of 26 responses, there are 2 respondents aged 16-18, 2 aged 35-45, 6 aged 24-35,
99
and 16 aged 18-24, indicating a majority of respondents fall within the 18-24 age range.

In the diagram, out of 26 responses, 14 are male, 10 are female, and 2 fall into the "others" category,
suggesting a predominance of male respondents in the dataset.

64
In the diagram, out of 26 responses, 16 respondents are students, 5 are self-employed, 2 have a
business, 1 is a teacher, and 2 fall into the "other" category, indicating a diverse range of occupations
among respondents.

In the diagram, out of 26 responses, 50% choose Android while the other 50% prefer iOS, showcasing
an even split in platform preference among respondents.

65
In the diagram, out of 24 responses, factors influencing product choice include: 1 respondent being
influenced by recommendation, 1 valuing better build quality, 6 prioritizing value for money, 5
favoring a wide variety of products, 4 considering brand value, 3 focusing on performance, and 4
respondents indicating other factors, illustrating diverse considerations in decision-making.

In the diagram, among 20 responses, key factors influencing product choice include: 4 respondents
emphasizing brand value, 5 prioritizing brand quality, 7 valuing performance, 3 considering value for
money, 0 citing recommendations, and 1 indicating other factors, reflecting a varied range of
considerations among respondents.

66
In the diagram, out of 24 responses, 17 individuals prefer Apple while 9 opt for Android due to
perceived better performance, indicating a significant preference for Apple devices among
respondents seeking superior performance.

In the diagram, out of 26 responses, perceptions of the product's quality vary, with 1 indicating it as
the worst, 3 as not good, 3 as neutral, 11 as good, and 8 as very good, suggesting a generally positive
sentiment towards the product with a notable proportion rating it as very good.

67
In the diagram, among 26 responses, 88.5% of respondents choose Android for its perceived wide
range of customers, while the remaining respondents opt for Apple, indicating a strong preference for
Android's market versatility.

Among 26 responses, 65.4% opt for Android, while the remainder prefer Apple, suggesting a majority
inclination towards Android devices when considering a higher budget allocation for phone purchases.

68
 FINDINGS

1. Demographic Distribution: The majority of respondents are aged between 18-24, indicating a
younger demographic with a strong representation in the dataset.

2. Gender Representation: Male respondents outnumber female respondents, suggesting a gender

imbalance in the sample population.

3. Occupational Diversity: Students comprise the largest occupational group, followed by self-
employed individuals, highlighting the diverse range of occupations among respondents.

4. Platform Preference: There's an even split between Android and iOS preferences among
respondents, indicating a balanced market share between the two platforms.

5. Factors Influencing Product Choice: Factors such as brand value, brand quality, and performance
play significant roles in product choice, with value for money and recommendations also influencing
decisions.

6. Brand Preference for Performance: Despite perceived better performance by some, there's a
significant preference for Apple devices among respondents.

7. Positive Product Sentiment: Overall, there's a positive sentiment towards the product's quality,
with a notable proportion rating it as very good.

8. Market Versatility Preference: Android's perceived wider range of customers attracts a majority
of respondents, reflecting its market versatility.

9. Budget Allocation Preference: When given a higher budget allocation, a majority of respondents
still prefer Android devices, indicating strong brand loyalty or preference for the platform.

69
 RECOMMENDATION

This research holds significance for individuals interested in understanding consumer behavior
and perceptions towards different mobile devices, specifically focusing on the operating systems
16
iOS and Android. By exploring the preferences and experiences of consumers, the study aims to
provide valuable insights that can inform future research and decision-making processes in the
mobile technology industry.

A well-designed questionnaire is crucial for effectively collecting responses from participants. It

should be carefully crafted to ensure clarity and ease of understanding, avoiding complex
language and lengthy questions. By doing so, respondents are more likely to provide accurate and
97
meaningful feedback, enhancing the validity and reliability of the research findings.

The ongoing debate between iPhone and Android highlights the importance of understanding the
77
key differences between these two operating systems. While both iOS 17 and Android 14 offer
smooth and user-friendly experiences with similar features, there are notable distinctions that can
influence an individual's choice when purchasing a smartphone.

79
By comparing the strengths of iPhone and Android, consumers can make informed decisions that
align with their preferences and needs. Whether considering the latest flagships or contemplating
a switch from one operating system to another, individuals can benefit from understanding the
unique characteristics and capabilities of each platform.

98
Overall, this research serves as a valuable resource for individuals navigating the complex
landscape of mobile technology, providing insights to guide their decision-making processes and
optimize their smartphone experience.

70
 LIMITATIONS

32
The research has several limitations that may impact the generalizability and reliability of the
findings. Firstly, the sample size of 50 people is relatively small, which may limit the
representativeness of the results. Additionally, the study only includes participants from India,
which may not accurately reflect the perspectives of individuals from other regions or cultural
backgrounds.

Moreover, there is a possibility that respondents may not have been in the optimal mindset while
completing the questionnaire, leading to biased or inconsistent responses. This could potentially
skew the data and affect the validity of the research findings.

Financial constraints and the COVID-19 crisis have also posed limitations on the research,
restricting the scope to only one country. As a result, the findings may not be applicable to a
broader global context.

101
Furthermore, while iOS and Android are widely used mobile operating systems with many
benefits, they also have their limitations. iOS, for example, is known for its closed environment,
18
which may limit customization options and restrict certain apps or features. On the other hand,
Android's open-source nature can lead to fragmentation and security concerns, as different
100
devices may run different versions of the operating system and be vulnerable to malware.

Additionally, the App Store approval process for iOS and the complexity of customization
options on Android devices may pose challenges for users and developers alike. These factors
should be considered when evaluating the overall strengths and weaknesses of each operating
system.

16
In conclusion, while the research provides valuable insights into consumer preferences and
16
perceptions towards iOS and Android, it is important to acknowledge its limitations and consider
the broader context when interpreting the findings. Further research with larger and more diverse
samples, as well as from a global perspective, would be beneficial for a comprehensive
understanding of the topic.

71
 CONCLUSION

The dominance of Android and iPhones in the consumer market is undeniable, and their
increasing integration into professional environments highlights the need for reliable and efficient
mobile operating systems. In this rapidly evolving technological landscape, both Android and
iOS are continuously striving for excellence, pushing the boundaries of innovation with each new
advancement.

Android's market share has been steadily rising, propelled by its appeal to the youth demographic
and its commitment to providing affordable yet high-quality operating systems. Conversely, the
launch of the Apple iPhone 13 has garnered significant attention, showcasing Apple's ability to
attract its target customers with its prestigious brand image. However, Apple's ecosystem often
lacks the abundance of free applications that Android offers, which may influence consumers'
purchasing decisions.

In terms of market share, Android commands a significantly larger portion of the global
smartphone market, thanks to its widespread availability across various devices. Meanwhile, iOS
holds a smaller market share but is known for its superior quality and higher price point, reflecting
Apple's premium brand positioning.

Both Android and iOS boast extensive app libraries, with many popular apps available on both
platforms. However, certain apps remain exclusive to either iOS or Android, contributing to the
platform-specific user experience.

42
Regarding security, iOS is generally perceived as more secure due to its closed-source nature and
85
Apple's stringent control over its software and hardware. On the other hand, Android's open-
source framework exposes it to a higher number of vulnerabilities, although Google actively
addresses security concerns through timely updates and additional security features.

26
In summary, Android and iOS each offer distinct advantages and disadvantages. Android's
customizability, broad device selection, and affordability appeal to a wide range of users, while
iOS's seamless user experience and enhanced security provide a premium option for those willing
72
 5
to pay a premium. Ultimately, the choice between the two operating systems boils down to
personal preferences and priorities

73
REFERENCES
Books referred: -
20
Gandhi J.C, 1985, Marketing – A Managerial Introduction, Tata McGraw-Hill,
New Delhi.

Kotler P, Armstrong G, 2008, Principles of Marketing, 9th Edition, Prentice

Hall, New Delhi.

Marketing Management: Philip Kotler

Marketing Research : Naresh Malhotra

4
Article taken from website:
https://managementstudyguide.com/marketing-research-articles.htm
44
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
https://www.statista.com/

74
 ANNEXURES
1. In the provided age groups, which option corresponds to individuals aged 16-18?

A. 16-18

B. 18-24

C. 24-35

D. 35-45

2. Among the given gender options, which category includes males?

66
A. Male

B. Female

C. Other

3. Which occupation category includes students?

66
A. Student

B. Business

C. Teacher

D. Self Employed

E. Other

4. What is your preferred smartphone platform?

A. Apple

B. Android

5. If you chose Android, what influenced your decision?

A. Recommended by someone

B. Better build quality

C. Value for money

D. Huge varieties of product

E. Brand value
75
 F. Performance

G. Other

6. If you chose Apple, what influenced your decision?

A. Brand value

B. Brand quality
C. Performance

D. Value for money

E. Recommended by someone

F. Other

7. Which platform do you believe provides better performance?

A. Android

B. Apple

8. How would you rate Android's overall performance?

63
A. Worst

B. Not good

C. Neutral

D. Good

E. Very good

9. Which platform is perceived to have a wider range of customers?

A. Apple

B. Android

10. If given a price range of Rs 60000, which phone would you buy?

A. Apple

B. Android

76
77
78
 Similarity Report ID: oid:17837:57936820

20% Overall Similarity

Top sources found in the following databases:
11% Internet database 2% Publications database
Crossref database Crossref Posted Content database
18% Submitted Works database

TOP SOURCES
The sources with the highest number of matches within the submission. Overlapping sources will not be
displayed.

limsforum.com
1 2%
Internet

Campbellsville University on 2023-10-07

2 <1%
Submitted works

wikizero.com
3 <1%
Internet

Submitted on 1686219271486
4 <1%
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open-innovation-projects.org
5 <1%
Internet

psit on 2024-04-12
6 <1%
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Submitted on 1686569032812
7 <1%
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psit on 2024-04-16
8 <1%
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Manipal University on 2024-03-18

9 <1%
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tjprc.org
10 <1%
Internet

Submitted on 1686327843405
11 <1%
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University of West London on 2023-05-25

12 <1%
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Taylor’s Education Group on 2022-12-01

13 <1%
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RMIT University on 2021-05-07

14 <1%
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Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi on 2022-10-31

15 <1%
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psit on 2024-04-12
16 <1%
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kimep.kz
17 <1%
Internet

University of Wales Institute, Cardiff on 2023-10-22

18 <1%
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coursehero.com
19 <1%
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Stadio Holdings on 2021-09-26

20 <1%
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psit on 2024-04-13
21 <1%
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studymoose.com
22 <1%
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galizalivre.org
23 <1%
Internet

University of Wales Institute, Cardiff on 2023-10-16

24 <1%
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Trident University International on 2021-04-23

25 <1%
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University of Wales Institute, Cardiff on 2023-10-14

26 <1%
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Spruce Creek High School on 2015-08-11

27 <1%
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Manipal University on 2024-04-04

28 <1%
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Melbourne Institute of Technology on 2024-02-05

29 <1%
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General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University on 2018-09-11

30 <1%
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Technological Institute of the Philippines on 2021-09-04

31 <1%
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Distance Learning Centre on 2023-05-13

32 <1%
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Middlesex University on 2023-11-21

33 <1%
Submitted works

blog.bonnieeisenman.com
34 <1%
Internet

Sreenidhi International School on 2023-06-06

35 <1%
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University of Newcastle on 2020-11-13

36 <1%
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fastercapital.com
37 <1%
Internet

psit on 2024-04-18
38 <1%
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University of Suffolk on 2024-03-24

39 <1%
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brocorights.blogspot.com
40 <1%
Internet

Bahrain Polytechnic on 2023-05-22

41 <1%
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Southern New Hampshire University - Continuing Education on 2023-1...

42 <1%
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Sydney Institute of Technology and Commerce on 2023-06-10

43 <1%
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University of the Highlands and Islands Millennium Institute on 2020-0...

44 <1%
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 Similarity Report ID: oid:17837:57936820

psit on 2024-04-12
45 <1%
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psit on 2024-04-17
46 <1%
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medium.com
47 <1%
Internet

Asia Pacific University College of Technology and Innovation (UCTI) on...

48 <1%
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Kepler College on 2023-07-17

49 <1%
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Middlesex University on 2023-12-08

50 <1%
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Straighterline on 2023-09-14
51 <1%
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University of Westminster on 2024-03-22

52 <1%
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Waltham Forest College on 2021-05-10

53 <1%
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businessadvise.org
54 <1%
Internet

link.springer.com
55 <1%
Internet

1library.net
56 <1%
Internet

Sources overview
 Similarity Report ID: oid:17837:57936820

University of Essex on 2024-03-21

57 <1%
Submitted works

nstec.com
58 <1%
Internet

Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2013-04-26

59 <1%
Submitted works

University of Johannsburg on 2015-10-08

60 <1%
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Universiti Teknologi MARA on 2021-01-28

61 <1%
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ilounge.com
62 <1%
Internet

Aga Khan High School on 2024-02-13

63 <1%
Submitted works

Queensland University of Technology on 2016-04-12

64 <1%
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Remneland-Wikhamn, Björn, Jan Ljungberg, Magnus Bergquist, and Jo...

65 <1%
Crossref

Submitted on 1686306832583
66 <1%
Submitted works

Universitas Pelita Harapan on 2021-12-17

67 <1%
Submitted works

Victoria University on 2024-03-23

68 <1%
Submitted works

Sources overview
 Similarity Report ID: oid:17837:57936820

jobs.volvogroup.com
69 <1%
Internet

mobilehotspot.ca
70 <1%
Internet

scribd.com
71 <1%
Internet

BITS, Pilani-Dubai on 2012-01-03

72 <1%
Submitted works

Liberty University on 2024-04-14

73 <1%
Submitted works

Universitat Politècnica de València on 2017-11-06

74 <1%
Submitted works

alliedmarketresearch.com
75 <1%
Internet

Australian Catholic University on 2023-11-02

76 <1%
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John Wood Community College on 2023-12-05

77 <1%
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Submitted on 1686470153116
78 <1%
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Submitted on 1687594827625
79 <1%
Submitted works

repository.iaa.ac.tz:8080
80 <1%
Internet

Sources overview
 Similarity Report ID: oid:17837:57936820

support.apple.com
81 <1%
Internet

comtes-storage.eu
82 <1%
Internet

igi-global.com
83 <1%
Internet

Cleveland State University on 2012-11-05

84 <1%
Submitted works

Purdue University on 2024-01-23

85 <1%
Submitted works

Sharna Wiblen. "Chapter 3 Talent Decisions in the Pursuit of Strategy", ...

86 <1%
Crossref

successtonicsblog.com
87 <1%
Internet

Al Buraimi University College on 2023-09-19

88 <1%
Submitted works

Eastern New Mexico University, Portales on 2010-11-22

89 <1%
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Ivy Tech Community College Central Office on 2023-10-10

90 <1%
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Lynn University on 2023-10-09

91 <1%
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Nelson College London on 2024-01-02

92 <1%
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 Similarity Report ID: oid:17837:57936820

Oxford Brookes University on 2015-11-15

93 <1%
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Rivier University on 2024-03-04

94 <1%
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Submitted on 1690000053411
95 <1%
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University of Southern Mississippi on 2021-07-02

96 <1%
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psit on 2024-04-10
97 <1%
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psit on 2024-04-12
98 <1%
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psit on 2024-04-13
99 <1%
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Manipal University on 2024-04-06

100 <1%
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Sunway Education Group on 2023-08-11

101 <1%
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Ahmad Maulana Renhoran, Muhammad Johan Alibasa, Hilal H. Nuha, ...

102 <1%
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Amity University on 2016-08-05

103 <1%
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European University on 2017-03-29

104 <1%
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Sources overview
 Similarity Report ID: oid:17837:57936820

Jieun Kim, Yongtae Park, Chulhyun Kim, Hakyeon Lee. "Mobile applicat...
105 <1%
Crossref

Ki-Cheol Son, Jong-Yeol Lee. "The method of android application spee...

106 <1%
Crossref

Universidad TecMilenio on 2024-03-01

107 <1%
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University of Greenwich on 2023-11-29

108 <1%
Submitted works

Sources overview
 Similarity Report ID: oid:17837:57936820

Excluded from Similarity Report

Manually excluded sources Manually excluded text blocks

EXCLUDED SOURCES

psit on 2024-04-14
89%
Submitted works

en.wikipedia.org
6%
Internet

limsforum.com
4%
Internet

thearyanyadavfoundationblog.wordpress.com
4%
Internet

EXCLUDED TEXT BLOCKS

a mobile operating system based on the Linux kernel

thearyanyadavfoundationblog.wordpress.com

Android TV for televisions and Wear OS for wearables

www.limsforum.com

the best-selling
limsforum.com

for at least $50 million. This

limsforum.com

The purpose of the study is to enhance the knowledge and skills of the student an...
Submitted on 1686569032812

Excluded from Similarity Report

 Similarity Report ID: oid:17837:57936820

at which point the source code is madeavailable to the

limsforum.com

on select devices
limsforum.com

original equipment
limsforum.com

Excluded from Similarity Report