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 AL 345 Machinu
UNIT T
nhocuc fton to lachina

1.What Machi o aAning

Madine o.anning c pons tiia tligna
whit Combina dala wita. Stanhcal Jooi to pdict a
Output whik can ba Mud to maka actonabla insiqhbs.
Tsoa ysa Compul alauthms ha
Cor mNoMpla tRrough imp imp Rovumnt
wthout bulng expJiu ta Cod by a PupLamma.

Ma Uhnu Janing sd algsitt

J
Jpuo yA thi patatmanaP
at 30ma task T
with eKperine E

wll oAmmd Juarnin9 Aon k is 9An Ju

P, T, F>
A apica maui na Jualntng ashs o puovids
nommundotion. et Rropo, fn shas Who h o n
a

al commundakons movies/Seies
aGLLr acount,
on Jk wev's iataica dala
data.
a bap

MaOin so ning V Tkoa ditona ofeamin

Aaditiona PAOowmmi n , apAogtam
al ulo u Comsultation witk an eapeAt t e
Co d

d t
dust whi h ssfto ane huing duilopad. Fach u
a dbgica udation; k nachine wil
bad
Ra Jesica) &tatimun.
neul an output flo uin
uls naad o
wen s9m gno ws omplux, meee
KT

baRitu. + con dky be cw ma wn&ustainabl

 Ruls
(
CompuliT
Dala CJhadi tiona outpwt
PAOgaumi ng
Owome Jhis imu
Mathina Juwning suppe4 dala a s
T ma chima Juarns o w infPut and output
CevelalA and it wils a ul. Ta pueRmmirs dn t
A ch Ruly tima Thn u n w dato. T t
ed o wwi w

adapt insponsa w dal an

alaetitms

expenienna impaoua t Lun

n y o Hme.

Compuls
CMachina leauningD >Ralas
Oukpu FIL

3 How does Machine ondn wk

ma chin2 Jaalning pAow starls usitk

dala inbs J h zelacla tgaukm.
iputin Ralning
ralning
dala t i dualep
nknown
da ban Known or
Tzainin
Izainin
algelitRm. Tu pA
JUT i n a Machina Juaming
dalz input does impact i algeuRm and
xoining
Jhar Con
capt ill ba CoULd moantaiy

Nw input dala b d jnls h ma china

algritkm to ut wRetu J algsuiHn
Jnin and Aesull a tu
wws cemtty. Jho adichon
dncka agains Lach olka.

T J paadicHon uland don't matc

algithm Ao-tRains mulhple tims wci
Jla d a gas Juissowkuo mu
 This nablus ma china Jnnin alaeittm s
Own and pooluca J opkima
Coninuowsly Joar OA
ace a O l fme
ans u , tacually in MLasint
Juaanin1 Pogam Con b
Jhe machina
Bummaniga4 i stlowing
Dsina a uion
Collact dala
3. Visualige d o l
. uaining algsitm
Jest i Ageufm
5
Collect e d back
Ra-HRain dk
algeritm
7.
8 oop A-7 ttil sotyi
s u l l a ama Satdyin
Dse J moclul to Vaka aDuditio.
1

4. whon do we ma achin aouning

M ud win
Human Raparti s donsf RE (Navigading. on Mars)
0
Humann Cant 2Kplain thain epei se ( Spach Aacognihon,
,
viion)
fUo dls must he Custommgad (pedonali gad madi una)

odls a basd on nge amou da (Genomia

Anin nsf alucus
Joon col t payLell

5 Appuiadion
Aumation: Mackira laaning, w amu Kumans wit

day doy-Jo dloy asks, pssonally

-

wihout Commaially
Aowin compl contuat outp outpu .*ud madina uaning
w dient waa aud o valia
Latninr
A&sutant, Daa analyris
8tw åsthtiem
 Aulo mation: Nathina Juoaning, wt dh wts entian
twilko uut e a n human
aub no mous ant
s b o l Patetming k Adtia
inli union. Rmpa,
PAOS s l p s i MOLe cilnina plans.
Health ndwsla leul}kCaks was ona J ias+ indusb
o we machina uaRning wit mage dshckion
ankmunk ali es
Maukatin9: wi J u boom dala, manking dap
oh AT opbmgs ha cusloman alationmhip anod maukui
Campag
Supply Cain. Ja dhinau Laning Tane33ul
eViAuad palun Alegnition ponirg up may poirdio
appli ations p i ea irupachon maintan e aKg
JkT r t i o Auppd dhain nutwenk.

W &madhina pahnin Smpettout?

J a mat JLann Camtak hajon with mini ma
HA invnion.
vs antinpais.as a vás tunds in ons ma
bahowi oA and bwsinass opkatio na Pata, wl a
Suppo& J duuslop mant nw pJoducs.

T. Madninu 0in9 AlgautRms:

Jha madhins Janing s a

C) SupanMi aniny
Onsupvi sa aunin
QU) Rinccarmant Jaunun

Thu o w diagam
imstaa J didhuant
Lalaoukm wit dk caqories:
 Machin laanhin

Reinfenamanh
SupAvisa4 Un Supnui
G am AX
cutaiwin Robo4
Rgessien SvD navigafon
eina PCA Si\
Potynomiap K-M0an a Caiti Fon

Anoiation
Dacigon Jkoe agRysis
Apai
Random fotst
FP-GuwA
elaif atron Hd dun Maakov Madu
KNN

Natue Bays
SVM
 eaanina Vs Oupvid aning Vs
Supavisad
Rinteant o n ing

i.SupAius duatnina
hat t + ?
wiutt nput ovidad as a Job daaset,
Canuan Am it. beh daaseE means
a modus

dals çet an anuiRA A 85te i t

aA
e
Th wo uld mo dl in Jzasni na
Cs
amd na pLovi de A pkoblam eastu

ampva
A JableAaast a m a j UmagRs uwoul
J J moda wwwn an Lage a da, a Cat
Dd gels aajnina, ad &0
ec.Usina Wic
whm eua M
a imaa coms wp m o d u , It_ca
Compone kat imaq wi tRa daba dalacet
udicina Jke CecJaha.

Supekvisad acaning

Supuuisor output

(sainina Dsiuad oP *
dals
Trput Raw dala

>

Ayovitin PAoCoin
 Tys Pastkm
JhaL aKo Jwo UDblums

c claitication Pustims
AsR a al qeuikm DALdici di raitvaa
Jtat Can idunti J r Rput data mumbu

pant c u l o clas ot goup J a J Ouni m o

dalaseE, 2ad ps ho baar Jsbas
plots
h olqei tm Js o t
dog, a Cat etc., and
tmag Ano any dtiu Jabah cahgei es
d) Ragussion Puoblms
h ABponmibh Con hinuows dala, .?7
PAdicting k pala a pieu dand au
avun GLa Jocotion ete., AA J inDut s rt
JJ matuhina PALdich na Piu accedin
pALViOWs instan CAs .
dno Jk m acina duamins
n chon dhat woud map a p aùrs Ii i+
M a PJovide acwnot Asul, backw a
s wd5 Apeat J Whst dwcho
pJobogotion
aivs 8atisfacbr Asul.
i

. Uupeh vind o 0

wihat it ?
U u p Rvi Sad

Jpanin a t l p s n PALUiOuBly k no
wn pallin
pAL-esistin Naba's.
dala sus wihou
k dilttena bdwan Supel visa
maie
wupvi Jaln Kat o Compll

0d dan Job ase umupetvi szluannng.

 Hen, mudu Ae Coiv0 dalo cot 1 pidrg
ahy instoucttona Also, don' Hnou
an
9t om Jki m
outpu

Unpupe ui e o aning

Hgniln Oust

nknown o/p
Notkairng
dalaset
A DA

rir phtron

ECam
Consi da ha aima phsts Riompl uad n Supawie

dab al data e puovida.Thn

porin Suppet o u
Aning.
ro

i m a u a cat a dsz
ow Con mod nd out an

&abid

modl ho baan PAD viddAoma intsm a ton 8uh as

TJa
n oinmol n os fos, a baak, winq4, efc, it á a biad
9n i 8aun wa anuma eons
a cn toil, cnd moybe oma po i+i a oog and So On,

Han, acMdinq Jk intesmakon JL moclu

Con disiuguish J0nmods u
 Suponui and Onsupr¥so Lo 0ri ng:

iloni a Supenvige Jeox ning

Mttod pud and outut yaAlab | Ony inpui dalo u

Analysi Us tiu nalyiu USs a mo Avol

he o is pudicla n olp
Ctoa ba on 9anuns
abakf i/p das

3 Raint ocemont oouning :

TFa p Janing Ucat bomd on inachon

with ki enuiADnMad

To b wih K u alwaa astaa and an eud

Statr Oh aaent ( AT-dniun S y m ) , Aouu

e m f ba dithuort Palu Kea irg Jta Ana sta

i k a mase. Thia b s Cnoni o heKA in ALinfe amit

akring as ind a shdion a p s b m .

ccm uanYS diuuw cas atc.

Su-nowigodiv Va

Rnetcamut eaarun*
Trpu awdota Agsim Outpu

12od Bat
Acthon

Sl chion
Aqoi Ln
 d
1
8upowi Ovposvi o rd 1s rjGons}

itua Chupeuhsd oorir | Pa:vomus orvix

Supeivi sd ooning
gh mahinn loAns Tho macin t2ainad An
Dapini Hon aqpst i o
wing lablu On wnhahaked dala w nviaDnmsr+
dala witkout on guidana
0
p rina
acions wnins
o m 2rror: ozucnds
Asoiodkon <
puoblumy Olassifi action RusO - b o s
csv
TyA label dalaU labad dala No paadsiinnd dala

E nad supehvirion No guNiRon No upwidon

AsproochMaps JJabul Undastanding pal ows i a l -

inpu s J Ond ds coi n and - C Y s L m t o d

n oup Output
 . Vapyik - Chervonkis (vc) Jimasi on.
Vc dimunsion
i mod.
nantih* o pogu
Tn a Roal- w e u
app ona OL nod
sn qivan da Sat an nd JU ac
ah mod.
moda 9uy k ighwt acua pot
modul.
moda. But San Js tawticap
Corns3 Mahina Jaai na
.

vC damunsions Wad
in i h nmodul o
Vcdimans ion cA m o d Moimum o- Poinz
h a an b SapanalA by oa mo
d te auu peible
CohiMation.

3 poins nuan modss:

I h n poins a dihs aways owA

powsibG w sapaal JM.(Uomi * kim).
poinks insalmodius
Not ab parak

a l peiblk onyuaw

ovin ha Lctannale ohtapt pae shattess at loogA.

t
 (1
ean Jha inn tan Shattir
T+ Can ba aight
3 poinls but it Can WF shalt 4 p n . Thy VC

dimunyion modul StAalht 2 D plans 3.

Tko vc dimnsion a moda di hu eis

SomeAumpla Isl =4 i h Can he Shator

o d s l. Thi dou nstF that alu Ramp Sisa

dns shattud by A model.

. w w omidu imp bin CRowaicadion

Modu, which Atals Jkat det ot poinls (a,b

t h ha a x <b, Jab al em as , Otaa wiu

Jobal Jm s O. nd VC ollmansion.

h Cx) = , i a x<b

hCul =
O o auwi sa
(a,b)e I
t dinct Jabuls bin my daifi cation.

htm -O h) D
2. h (m) O hn)=
2
h (m) = h (h)= o
3
3.
A h (m) h (h) I

Ow mwdy
ucLest y hattid wit point
d dal get
 13
Paobally AppAotimatil Coct:(PAc) luaaning
Psobably appoximai Ce cf CPAC)aaning ua

Aseneticas tamewotk cnalyging Jkz genuolisztion

algeitm in ums 4i *r7
a ttaning sct and maas Complaxilq Ta goal

pically o sho that an, algeitm- achv low

Gnnaleration wi t hi pusbalalib
PAC oalning BARJUiKSs,
. wU pustaluklr a Just (1-S), w 8
Sius pusbaiii a na.
with a
mt -E), whne E s

pp bound on Ja Rror

t erample ,

Cons du J Puoblam N umba a howin

pAic P and anainspo u e. us aaining s t (Lee)

and tind k ca damily cal or nst.

An ageitRm IS uwkall Jk
ans w n Ca
tamil

Intan wiin
ntanql C
penls famiy cos an
6utsid nf
dawiy CnS an ypo thuish ú clal
ppoi mat C uin me
ugio

4
+

P
 fake Ntg afivs and foke Piliva

C Cx)= c (L) O
olalk ahe Ac) =
h r ) =o
Laie psiba

is shadsc
Insanus
acoAding b
sn

acal
gion piangahu
w n chdn C , but Ree a a

nuadiva/poxbu baud n Ja patkasis . Honca

o dalse hagaiie pihe.

fae nagative agabv elampla otin a t .

Falce psiia Pesiia esamplu is darsTfe a s - Ve.

m ion:
The errA Aen can ha cundad wit
PCC1oR h). Always i+ should ba Small

Eror Auion P(c xOR h ) = E.

Pual
AppAOTimoliu u t ;
Juu p oBuu , that ppoumalam COYA C

dnd r Jus ha ual E

P(COh) <= E
PAC an ba da4inaa
P((errenCA) <= £)) <= 1-S

P(P (C® )< =E)) =

PAC Lnalulily
ais alismod
Achangta:
hs hlattat prsible
Astanqla aours a ek
E
pifv Faoiina adampla
hs C, Heru
C-h.
Apottusis doas nst, teudh ay LA Asa
ALgi on u aiur kan nd
apporimatz Ceeet
ypo.tuas ha aad RTTAS wit
pAct PAi
van 1o 0mpuy wiH OO5 nd S0.2
an Ere(h) errna)
O.oo
0 02S 025

(O 0T) -071
: OD
O-Do3 (0 0b3)Sibution
O-035 0 03 3and gi valuus au
O Ous O 0S E
O 021
O-027
Co 0b5) (O 079
O O12 O 012
2. 0 2
O 03 0.03

nu h pwtal

app oi twret
Sahion

S 2

Ha ha t PAsalappumal e c t
 . Hypothasis Spau
n mauhinu Ja'na aleihm
nd out a posible ypotkust s fzom
O main
oal
spau Jkat Co uld pesibly map Out
Ja ypo.fksis
o Ji pUbpr Outpu.
inguts
Jha foflowing n shows Jh tommon mthod s

nd out dkz posib la po.tkusis om JJ po s s

Spao
unknown
TOnt fndon

Torin ina
Samp us
pokisis

Hypothasis

Space4)
Hypotus
Hypo thsi spaa ú a et h al dk Posibla

dhaal uypottasts . Tka Jä set vom Wich Ua macin

doring alaitm woul4 dalamina i but poiba

wth woul4 buyt dosuniba J k tng
(Onhr oa)
d n c i on a outpu.

Hypokss Ck
A ypoku su s a uncio JKat but
J taugu in &upaied mauina sonih
das hibs
wowl om p dpan ds pon DAx dals, Jpanks
pM J i utichos aA biog
Examp: Lat s ndustau po ta ( ) Oxd
po tes Cpau (4 i th o - di m oro
(oedinali plans showina Js diArib ut < on

dals as stlowS

Now um w Aovs s0m t dala b w

rut o
ML olasuttms pudict ous pu
Ftlws:

diu do dis Coetdina plo tn 3uch

otput er
Cwa at it tn yAu pAdi t
TLs ult o ollows: (Ditaunt waa)

Wih J uou xanplk an conusin

J
Compiion
Hupo h Spau (H
s

al aal buyt pexib we olivi d

co s dirok plane So at i+ bust maps

pwput
 bu posiblu wo
(18
, 20h indivi dual

call4 a
hypokays ( h) ,
hnu poJkL Ps ad
ypoltusis S p o Lo wowld ha ik ti

Poxsibl
pottts

poku
Spaa

V 2nducHw ias

A JLanina algeithm's n cucHi a bios, (luauning

bios eollectien P aumpions dwd y
JLoan fucan+ Owt cos ivan inpulg that
TEo fav Saen bafea

Pstbla Modils
Chypot spaa) pdi cHors
nput Mo dal

odal wn Saan
dala Y
dala

Lttnt mdils Can hba ba con a

AAo na dala
A thbr mods wil hehane
w wleh dlala
 2

ML:
yonpdu Jnduchvs i o u.

ous
ans
hphn phsRnirt bio
utain on us" ar in duthvs
ol viswirg
wn
VA modil ho obio 4
bias ns Jilzs hulou :
In duchve

mo dul pA Supp
Ja
2
Jh Jinaa

chana chrisHa
and J biep
input
Cenne CHon.

nods Cersrast
a indirnolina tai

Tt a -
baud sAua Conu6uton
nea atwetk impees C bias towa iuaitca
Pro CasiN
O Y R an mo ding Th priets

Cn naatly AULaA bi os Cu lls a

app a n s whun r th d a
mod uhatF

anvailab )
Jhi mo dl assumy a
Sn
gn Jinual e
Aatio ns hip htaan k ouipu o
JUT
nai a
bu, and LT in don dund
dapndart
VoialA
Th mecl a s ar inou t

bl this

Bio nME:
nponto

w wou ot

ip u mit Auults OMy Oukp ud valuz Th

cant ba As ofua 4 without
PR asumpHons.
 hsds Uha bt
Occam's aa07, wi Uh (20
kogpoktasis abou

Occam's Aano
wo mods wif }ha s ama
firstaag or: Givan
no hould
genenalihaion
hi pufenad hec
cae Simpiuly i dasi v abl in

Se Cond a g e Givan dwo medab wi tRs 2ama

S e e Y r e , J i 3)p
ar On g houlA br
tAaing i ti k shoNL
PAe fesMd bRcaue

Jpu anualigoion ev7e.

Jao models hav kSamo pefaman u

)T
on Jua validatsn sing data set salsct
Ja implu mod hecau it msL UKag
to nnaut Well.

Bias ML:
yps Tncdu ch ua
. lean nizkbons:
In a Small naishborkoed
.Mamum Condona in dependana Anasonall 5
eal Spa co i t
aims mazinmin akuma
ataMe cleu 6 GAL
Conditiona indepandsne b tk
Typ anothar typically bilona
pothuuu can be &amt cdas.
RayesjanIndi ch
5. Miniumea wy
within a
fromad B O Un ML
Waiu Unluy a tealun
om Tk Tu
Spponte 4 by å sskd evidanu
Ba da4siter enplay)kia it Showd b Aamoved
. inmimum (r0m-yaidhon erro. niruum sipdon g
J
T4 picks potku vita the
hu wken omulating
doust CAo-vakidahon evr6
Whan tyina
daudi
botuann-
Apothas, male
Ran Despita An qdact
that cres-
b k s a p UT
Vokdakon may appeal
fa be biag-sL
dusnip Hon sbo)a
3. Maxumum mongin peasib
WhLndividan quo up studuns, t
maka Jki bouwn day as wida as pmibl
 VT. Grenxalirgoicon
(
s i b.o a modal's
um
Gteneali gation a

abilk act Jo w data .

On a Aaindna t a mod
ibaing tai nac
dala
maka acuiaI pudichon.
naw
can diget
s canad JJ
A modl's a bi li J genualine

succeS mode

del has ban tAannzd o ws On

T mo

nab a q e n a i nge
twil)
dala , i t ha
ttaini ng
2Awill make n acuu atr pudli Chons hon gin ra

dal main U moda elhs QVn Io ua it u

abu Jss mal acnalI PALcuctons

dala TR c a l l o i tina
ain
aning
whn a modal has nu-
Undst thna oppens
hen tan eno uah On z tala n this Can

modal ust au s and it is

itmaks J
Copall makur ac a t pALdicHors,
nualdaduchon
wi e tmaing daa 6
fai 5 Maka
Makoaccuna able

PaLdichoO
wil
o

atcunga D

V
D
Unalk
l a
D
Aa

7 Acuatlmodu|s it
ncda tting Solan a o .
OtSpA Qhou aCnakpALchehons
ku

faplmu Ralova
u U

Juoansd ka|). m a
i4
b u t

d a i |

aa,
w i l l

d t
o
 VI. Bias Vanian u aads
hie a Aa da ch bet wan modal's abi il l
miniminA bias and Vantanco wtith feud
as btsuton eeckra a
valua st ogloigahon
Costant.
PAOp-eA wdutanding dh ATeS would alp
Jowsid owfitti na and n dn tittina
dala cet t ninn4 J ageitm.

Bi as

bios mown Ja
a
diaana bduta
PALdi chon Valuos Jy Ua M moda) @hd JUr
Ceet valua

fvAs a ang
dala . H Ae tommaLdac tha
ainin as wall as ting
an alasitm hould aways he dow biau bia t

avid JU PADblamn d r ing.

Jkr á a
B iga bias ,
dal PAdicLa

Saihd Jinaotmat thus nsF Hing aCcunaty

k dala sak Buch

hi Amown a

Undexdin ala T appas wun h

Jo Aimpla oY inaA i nali Raher
upoos
z raph givA balow oun ampe Auc a

O
 n uh a
probum, a ypoasJook Jika
23
ho () o+ D, + 0

Je v'ali ily mo d PAa di cion iuan

dala peint withballs Spaad k Ou cdata
Call JkT vaiiana dka moolal.

Th modul wit Vauian an te

Os a
Vary Complux fit JU dRainina dalz
nst abl s t alnaiy on
dala w h it Aasn't sen hafe
?RFeAm Vuywall n tAaining dala
But hasigh Rre al en Jat data

Whin a moda h on voi an ca, t j 8ald

b ouanina aa
Tha i voi anu Dal dooks Jiko,

suthuch a poblen, a pothe sis daos ke

 Bias Vuan to Thadibt:
T i algeitkm o Simpl (wpolk wit

Jine an equatio n)
Kon it may ha en i b a s and ou
VAi anuL Condi bon and As s

alasui
algitRm t Jzo Compue(Aypotse
with
e9 otie+) a n i t may ba esr
a Cnd o bi os end nw ntTi es
Uai a n
ih
l.
wil ns pRteHm

So, 8 ometkin btwaan bo.t He

or 13a Vaniane
Con oi Hons, TAada- b

Ju pect taa dadt wll ba hk,

optimal
MOdal

Undnitti Compui Oasittng

On

genxaligalian
erd
VaM a n Ce

eTOT

Rouni eoR

Mo dal Compluil
 Problems 9
L peytd
A pAoblem i i l l p o e
A it dous nst
godisht
Sactish

t i 3 o n d itu'on
well po puobum

Exisln n co Jho nis a 3sutts

Soution w b Uniua
UniunaK)
3. Stalility ssuton dapends
ini tal Conoditions.
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