Chapter 2 PDF

Quality in Construction
Chapter 2: Quality Management System
Date : 2080/05/10
Chapter 2
Quality Management Systems (4 hrs)
1. 1. Roles and responsibilities of a quality manager

2. Introduction and Implementation of QMS in construction projects
1. Total Quality Management (TQM): Overview, principles and its

application in construction projects
Roles and Responsibilities of Quality Manager
Quality Manager has the following roles & responsibilities
 Preparation & implementation of quality mgmt. plan (project-
specific) in coordination with PM
Effective interaction with other departments and suppliers
Inspection of raw material & review of materials test certifications
(70% from raw material & 30% is from design & workmanship
Deployment of eligible, qualified QA/QC staff for the project
Teamwork within & outside the organization
Effective communication & active listening is essential during
teamwork
He should have sound technical knowledge on the subject matter
He should have knowledge bank & it should be open to everyone
of the project
 Inspect and supervise all inspection activities like civil and
structure tests, inspection such as soil compaction, moisture
content, gradation, concrete slump, concrete compression, survey
line and grades etc
 Ensure the requirements of the company QMS in accordance with
ISO 9001:2015
He must encourage education & training for his staffs
He should obey/adhere to the concept of “do right the first time”
No scope should be left for repair or re-do
He must have sound judgment and decision-making capacity
 Frequent site visit to ensure the compliance of QAP/PQP
Effective use of data analysis tools eg root cause analysis, pareto
chart
Ability to manage multiple priorities
QMS in the construction industry refers to
 Quality Planning
 Quality assurance
and
 Quality Control
QMS structure is based largely on the plan-do-check-act

(PDCA) cycle and allows for continuous improvement to both
the product and the QMS.
Benefits of QMS
• Meeting the customer’s requirements,

• Meeting the organization's requirements,
• Defining, improving, and controlling processes
• Reducing waste
• Preventing mistakes
• Lowering costs
• Facilitating and identifying training opportunities
• Engaging staff
• Setting organization-wide direction
• Communicating a readiness to produce consistent results
4 steps of Quality Planning
 Identify your customers
 Determine costumer’s need
 Develop/design activity/product to meet the customer’s need
 Establish quality goals that meet the needs of the customer

Basic steps to implement QMS
Design and Build
The design and build portions serve to develop the structure of a
QMS, its processes, and plans for implementation.
Senior management should oversee this portion to ensure the

needs of the organization and the needs of its customers are a
driving force behind the systems development.
Deploy
Deployment is best served in a granular fashion by breaking
each process down into subprocesses and educating staff on
documentation, education, training tools, and metrics.
Basic steps to implement QMS
Control and Measure
Control and measurement are two areas of establishing a QMS that
are largely accomplished through routine, systematic audits of the
QMS
The specifications vary greatly from organization to organization

depending on size, potential risk, and environmental impact
Review and Improve

Review and improve in detail how the results of an audit are handled.
The goals are to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of each
process toward its objectives and
to develop new best practices and processes based on the data
collected during the audit
Quality Assurance (QA) in construction projects
Quality Assurance (QA) is a systematic approach that determines
 if a product meets specific requirements and specifications

 It also focuses on improving processes
 It gives confidence of both customer & manager that all quality
requirements are made
 so that the organization can deliver better-quality products to its customers
ISO 9000 defines Quality Assurance as: “Part of quality management

focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled.”
Aim of Quality Assurance (QA)
 the aim of QA is to ensure that mistakes are not passed on to the

customer.
 The responsibility of the QA team is to find and report any problems or
issues within the process
Quality Assurance (QA) tools
QA Vs QC
• Quality assurance is a way to avoid mistakes in the product or service whereas
Quality Control is the capacity to achieve the goal
• QA is software QC is hardware
• QA is process-oriented on the other side QC is a work-oriented
• The difference between quality assurance and quality control is subtle (thin)
but significant
• There are two principles of quality assurance:

One is “Fit for purpose,” which means the product or service meets its
intended purpose. The other is “Right first time,” in which any mistakes are
immediately dealt with.
Quality Assurance(QA) in Construction
It includes
• Training Programs for Workers and Employees

• Efficient Safety Program
• Effective Procurement system to obtain quality resources & suppliers
• Reward scheme for innovative works
• A competitive career progress scheme
Quality Control(QC) in Construction
Quality control focuses on
• Setting and Practicing specific standard for construction

• Determining the deviations from the standards
• Bringing and taking corrective measures to reduce variation
• Standard Improvement with time
Elements of Quality in Construction
The basic elements of quality in construction are:
• Quality characteristics
• Quality of design
• Quality of conformance
Quality characteristic is related to the parameters w r t which quality–control

processes are judged. Quality characteristic includes strength, colors, texture,
dimension, height etc.
Examples are compressive strength of concrete, setting time of cement,
usability of concrete in slump, etc.
Quality of Design: It refers to the quality with which the design is carried out
It is primarily related to meeting the requirement of the standard, functionally
efficient system and economically maintainable system
Quality of conformance
• It is referred to the degree to which the constructed facility conform the

design and specification
• Quality of conformance is affected by field construction methodology and
Inspection
Quality Management System (QMS)
Inspection
In general
 inspection involves checking against what is required
(for any parameters) it could be strength, it could be
geometrical tolerance, it could be roughness, it could be
setting time of cement or whatever
 A clear procedure for measuring and determining the

characteristics (of a product or service). Only then a
comparison with the requirement can be made
Audit
 It is another important aspect of QC & QA
It is a systematic & independent examination to determine
 Whether the quality activities comply with the planned

arrangements, that is they meet the expected values
 Whether these arrangments are implemented effectively & are

suitable to achieve objectives &
 Whether the quality policy is understood & implemented properly
 This is mandatory requirement laid down in ISO 9000

Types of Audit
First party audit
 This is conducted by, or on behalf of, the organization itself for an

internal purpose (internal audit)
Second party audit
 Conducted by customers of the organization or by other persons

on behalf of the customer
Third-party audit
 The customer may hire an independent audit, which is called 3rd

party audit
 3rd party audit is conducted by external independent organizations

& provided certification or registration of conformity with
requirements such as ISO 9001 (more common in construction
projects)
Types of Audit
So clients & contractors agreed there will be a mutually agreed third

party that will
 Inspect the works regularly
 Submit its report &
 These reports will become the feedback to both of them to improve
the quality further as the project progress
Cost of Quality
Quality of cost
Quality control cost Failure cost
Prevention Appraisal External Internal

cost cost Failure cost Failure Cost
Quality control office: They will be given salary

Cost of Quality
Failure cost decreases as quality level increases & finally, we

have zero defects
prevention cost will increase if we move to the zero defects
Now it is us to decide what is quality level we want to keep

Quality control tools
7 basic tools of Quality control
1. Checklist
2. Cause & effect diagram
3. Pareto’s Chart : It is a graph that indicates frequency of defects
as well as their cumulative impact, It is useful to find the defects
to prioritize improvement
4. Stratification
5. Scatter Diagram
6. Histogram
7. Control Charts
Assignment2
Classroom Presentation on 2080/05/11, Monday by
Roll No 1,2,3 and 4 on the following tools of QC

 Checklist & Cause & Effect diagram : RN 1 &2
 Stratification & Scatter diagram : RN 3 & 4
 Histogram & Control Chart : RN 5 & 6

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Quality in Construction

Chapter 2: Quality Management System

Quality Management Systems (4 hrs)

1. 1. Roles and responsibilities of a quality manager

1. Total Quality Management (TQM): Overview, principles and its

QMS structure is based largely on the plan-do-check-act

• Meeting the customer’s requirements,

 Identify your customers

 Determine costumer’s need

 Develop/design activity/product to meet the customer’s need

 Establish quality goals that meet the needs of the customer

Senior management should oversee this portion to ensure the

The specifications vary greatly from organization to organization

Review and Improve

Quality Assurance (QA) is a systematic approach that determines

 if a product meets specific requirements and specifications

 so that the organization can deliver better-quality products to its customers

ISO 9000 defines Quality Assurance as: “Part of quality management

Aim of Quality Assurance (QA)

 the aim of QA is to ensure that mistakes are not passed on to the

• QA is process-oriented on the other side QC is a work-oriented

• There are two principles of quality assurance:

• Training Programs for Workers and Employees

Quality control focuses on

• Setting and Practicing specific standard for construction

Quality characteristic is related to the parameters w r t which quality–control

• It is referred to the degree to which the constructed facility conform the

 A clear procedure for measuring and determining the

 It is another important aspect of QC & QA

It is a systematic & independent examination to determine

 Whether the quality activities comply with the planned

 Whether these arrangments are implemented effectively & are

 Whether the quality policy is understood & implemented properly

 This is mandatory requirement laid down in ISO 9000

 This is conducted by, or on behalf of, the organization itself for an

Second party audit

 Conducted by customers of the organization or by other persons

 The customer may hire an independent audit, which is called 3rd

 3rd party audit is conducted by external independent organizations

So clients & contractors agreed there will be a mutually agreed third

Quality control cost Failure cost

Prevention Appraisal External Internal

Quality control office: They will be given salary

Failure cost decreases as quality level increases & finally, we

Now it is us to decide what is quality level we want to keep

7 basic tools of Quality control

Classroom Presentation on 2080/05/11, Monday by

Roll No 1,2,3 and 4 on the following tools of QC

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