MID-TERM TEST

Day/Date : Friday, November 11, 2022 Semester : Odd

Course : English for Health Analysts Time Allotment : 60
minutes

Name : Mohammad syahreza Achyadi

NIM : 3K221273

PART A
Read the following article and answer the questions related to it.

The Human Body: Anatomy, facts &

functions

By Scott Dutfield, Rachael Rettner

The human body is everything that makes up, well, you. What decides and regulates
the physical form and function of the human body is our genetic information,
however, external environments and behaviours can alter the way our bodies look
and how well they function, according to Human Growth and Developments. The
human body is made up of all the living and non-living components that create the
entire structure of the human organism, including every living cell, tissue, and organ.

On the outside human anatomy consists of the five basic parts, the head, neck,
torso, arms and legs. However, beneath the skin there are countless biological and
chemical interactions that keep the human body machine ticking over.

Our bodies consist of a number of biological systems that carry out specific
functions necessary for everyday living.

The job of the circulatory system is to move blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and hormones, around the body. It consists of the heart, blood, blood vessels,
arteries and veins. According to the Cleveland Clinic(opens in new tab), the human
body's network of blood vessels, veins and capillaries is over 60,00 miles (around
96,560 kilometres) long.

The digestive system consists of a series of connected organs that together,

allow the body to break down and absorb food, and remove waste. It includes the
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The
liver and pancreas also play a role in the digestive system because they produce
digestive juices filled with enzymes to break down the components of your food, such
as carbohydrates, fats and proteins, according to the National Institute of Diabetes
and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

The endocrine system consists of a network of glands that secrete hormones

into the blood. These hormones, in turn, travel to different tissues and regulate various
bodily functions, such as metabolism, growth and sexual function, according to
Johns Hopkins Medicine(opens in new tab). For example, one of the glands in the
pancreas - called the endocrine gland - releases hormones called insulin and
glucagon to regulate blood sugar.
 The immune system is the body's defense against bacteria, viruses and other
pathogens that may be harmful. The immune system is activated when antigens
(proteins on the surface of bacteria, fungi and viruses) bind with receptors on
immune cells, alerting the body to their presence and kicking the immune system
into gear, according to Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care
(IQWiG)(opens in new tab). The system is made up of I lymph nodes,the spleen, bone
marrow, lymphocytes (including B-cells and T-cells), the thymus and leukocytes,
which are white blood cells.

The lymphatic system includes lymph nodes, lymph ducts and lymph vessels, and
also plays a role in the body's defenses. Its main job is to make and move lymph, a
clear fluid that contains white blood cells, which help the body fight infection,
according to the Cleveland Clinic. The lymphatic system also removes excess lymph
fluid from bodily tissues, and returns it to the blood.

The nervous system controls both voluntary action (like conscious movement)
and involuntary actions (like breathing), and sends signals to different parts of the
body. The centralnervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral
nervous system consists of nerves that connect every other part of the body to the
central nervous system, according to the National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development.

The body's muscular system consists of about 650 muscles that aid in
movement, blood flow and other bodily functions, according to the Library of
Congress. There are three types of muscle: skeletal muscle which is connected to
bone and helps with voluntary movement, smooth muscle which is found inside
organs and helps to move substances through organs, and cardiac muscle which is
found in the heart and helps pump blood.

The reproductive system allows humans to reproduce. The male reproductive

system includes the penis and the testes, which produce sperm. The female
reproductive system consists of the vagina, the uterus and the ovaries, which
produce eggs. During conception, a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell, which creates
a fertilized egg that implants and grows in theuterus.

Our bodies are supported by the skeletal system, which consists of between
206 and 213 bones in an adult human body, which are all connected by tendons,
ligaments and cartilage, according to the journal StatPearls(opens in new tab). As
infants, humans have 270 bones, before some fuse together during growth. The
skeleton not only helps us move, but it's also involved in the production of blood cells
and the storage of calcium. The teeth are also part of the skeletal system, but they
aren't considered bones.

The respiratory system allows us to take in vital oxygen and expel carbon
dioxide in a process we call breathing. It consists mainly of the trachea, the
diaphragm and the lungs.
 The urinary system helps eliminate a waste product called urea from the
body, whichis produced when certain foods are broken down. The whole system
includes two kidneys, two
ureters, the bladder, two sphincter muscles and the urethra. Urine produced by the
kidneys travels down the ureters to the bladder, and exits the body through the
urethra.

The skin, or integumentary system, is the body's largest organ. It protects us

from the outside world, and is our first defense against bacteria, viruses and other
pathogens. Our skin also helps regulate body temperature and eliminate waste
through perspiration. In addition to skin, the integumentary system includes hair and
nails.

Answer the following questions.

1. What is human body made of?

Answer :
The human body is made up of all the livingand non-living components that create the
entire structure of the human organism, including every living cell, tissue, and organ.

2. What does the outside human body anatomy consist?

Answer :
On the outside human anatomy consists of the five basic parts, the head, neck, torso, arms
and legs.

3. What is the function of circulatory system in our body?

Answer :
The job of the circulatory system is to move blood, nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
hormones, around the body.

4. Why are liver and pancreas important for our digestive system?
Answer :
The liver and pancreas also play a role in the digestive system because they
produce digestive juices filled with enzymes to break down the components of
your food, such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins, according to the National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

5. When is the immune system activated?

Answer :
The immune system is activated when antigens (proteins on the surface of bacteria, fungi
and viruses) bind with receptors on immune cells, alerting the body to their presence and
kicking the immune system into gear, according to Institute for Quality and Efficiency in
Health Care (IQWiG)(opens in new tab).
PART B

Fill in the gap with the correct form of verbs in the brackets.

Anatomy of the brain

The cerebrum (1) IS (to be) the largest part of the brain, accounting for 85
percent of the organ's weight. The distinctive, deeply wrinkled outer surface is the
cerebral cortex. It's the cerebrum that makes the human brain—and therefore
humans—so formidable.Animals such as elephants, dolphins, and whales actually (2)
HAVE (have) larger brains,
but humans have the most developed cerebrum. It's packed to capacity inside our
skulls, with deep folds that cleverly maximize the total surface area of the cortex.

The cerebrum (3) HAS (have) two halves, or hemispheres, that are further
divided
into four regions, or lobes. The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, (4) ARE
(to be)
involved with speech, thought, learning, emotion, and movement. Behind them are the
parietal lobes, which process sensory information such as touch, temperature, and
pain. At the rear of the brain are the occipital lobes, dealing with vision. Lastly, there
(5)ARE (to be) the temporal lobes, near the temples, which are involved with hearing
and memory.

The second-largest part of the brain is the cerebellum, which sits beneath
the back ofthe cerebrum. It (6) PLAYS (play) an important role in coordinating
movement, posture, and
balance.

The third-largest part is the diencephalon, located in the core of the brain. A
complex of structures roughly the size of an apricot, its two major sections are the
thalamus and hypothalamus. The thalamus (7) ACTS (act) as a relay station for
incoming nerve impulses from around the body that are then forwarded to the
appropriate brain region for processing.

The hypothalamus (8) CONTROLS (control) hormone secretions from the

nearby pituitary gland.These hormones (9) GOVERN (govern) growth and
instinctual behaviors, such as when a new mother starts to lactate. The
hypothalamus is also important for keeping bodily processes liketemperature,
hunger, and thirst balanced.

Seated at the organ's base, the brain stem (10) CONTROLS (control) reflexes
and basic life functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure. It also
regulates when you feelsleepy or awake and connects the cerebrum and cerebellum
to the spinal cord
PART C
Make 10 sentences of simple present tense by using the words below.

Organ lungs torso blood cells toxic

chemicals
Laboratory research explosion blood sample rubber gloves

ANSWER :

PART C
1. I habe healthy organs
2. Take care of your lungs by not smoking
3. The torso is mantained so that the foam activites
4. Eat nutrivioys food the keep your blood cella awake
5. Use persinal protetive equipment to be safe from toxic chemical
6. Laboratory is used to analyze various du seases
7. Reserch is done to add information
9.Blood samples are used when you want to do an exampiration
8.exposion can occur due to presure differenses
10.rubber gloves are used cuken in can tact the sample