Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

As the world slowly crosses the threshold of modernization, people in this generation tend to use

more and more technologies to make things easier. The use of technologies has become more frequent

since it has been a helping hand to everyone in a way that it helps in doing things easier and faster.

According to (Vasfi Tugun, 2020). As technology is developing day by day, it has a more

important place in our lives. Using technology has become a necessity rather than a luxury. In today’s era,

to use technology in an effective manner, it has become important to gain knowledge, habits, and attitude

to understand technology and benefit from it. Technology has revolutionized education and greatly

benefited students in numerous ways. Firstly, it has made learning more accessible and convenient. With

the of technology, students can access vast amounts of information and educational resources online,

allowing them to expand their knowledge beyond what traditional textbooks offer. The 21 st century

emphasizes the role of technology in different facets of life, especially in the educational system, as it

serves as a platform for teachers and students in the delivery of effective teaching and learning process.

(R. Berondo, J. Dela Fuente, 2021)

According to (Orpia, 2021)Digital transformation of Higher Education institutions is a

topical issue that several stakeholders of education must feel concerned about; abilities to apply ICT

in every sphere of life are on an incremental level; thus, universities must be up to the task of preparing

potential professional to be able to face challenges and provide solutions. Therefore, technology plays an

important role to people, nowadays, especially for students. Technologies slowly introduced people to

online platforms which helped in giving information and procedures on different things.

These online platforms have different roles and goals to achieve such as being used for education,

medicine, entertainment, etc. Online platforms have a massive impact on individual users and businesses,
and are recasting the relationships between customers, advertisers, workers, and employers (A.R. Gawer,

2021)

According to (Y.T. Prasetyo, 2021)eLearning has been the medium of delivery of medical

educational institutions to address the scarcity of medical professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The occurrence of COVID19 caused the pandemic that led people into diverging to technology and using

of online platforms that served to education.

The platform allows easier access to the quality-controlled principal surface climate data provided

by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) (M.

Villafuerte II, 2021)The online platforms used by people served as a way for them to easily access and

work on their jobs. Therefore, the emergence of technology has successfully paved its way to thus

generation and to the future. Universities and other facilities also use it for other means aside from

eLearning.

Online registration systems, for instance, seem to have an extreme fit with different companies or

infrastructure’s internal work. Online registration systems in schools have become increasingly popular in

recent years, revolutionizing the way educational institutions manage the enrollment process. This shift

from traditional paper-based registration methods to online platforms has brought about numerous

benefits for both schools and students. By leveraging technology, schools can streamline the registration

process, improve efficiency, and enhance the overall experience for students and parents.

(Hanifa Fissalma, 2019) stated that admission system is a mechanism for selecting a new student

in higher education, including at State University of Jakarta. The mechanism of student admission system

in State University of Jakarta includes a sequence of processes starting from registration, determination of

tuition fees, until students who are accepted to pay the tuition that has been determined. Student

admission system is expected to be able to find out the number and distribution of applicants for new

student registrants, which will have an impact on university accreditation and the increase of new students
who have good quality. So far, the State University of Jakarta has information about each admission. So

that there is an inequality data between one department to another for the total number of new students. In

addition, there is still little information presented to prospective students who are accepted at State of

University of Jakarta regarding campus life, study fees, scholarships and so on.

One of the information systems that must be well designed for State University of Jakarta in

student admission system. State University of Jakarta started PENMABA in 2012 but until now it has

always undergone changes and improvements from year to year, both due to changes in regulations and

changes in system requirements. Based on interviews with head of Student Admission System, Mr. Ifan

Iskandar, the obstacles faced by Student Admission System 2015 versions are.

Moreover, (Istiqomah, 2021) Information technology has changed from time to time. Along with

these changes, it has led to the development of science in various fields of life, including health,

agriculture, government, and education. These changes must be managed or utilized properly so as not to

cause negative changes and can provide benefits to the community. One of the uses of technological

developments is in the field of education, namely, to improve quality and quality services to the

community in obtaining easy access to education.

The Indonesian government takes advantage of the development of information technology by

implementing an online system in the field of education, one of which is designing an online education

application information system (SIAP) which is designed to meet the needs in processing educational data

and information that can be used by all levels of education. The application of the online system issued in

the new student admissions program at the basic education level to the higher education level. The online

system used in the implementation of new student admissions is designed to be able to carry out all

activities automatically starting from the registration process to the announcement of the selection results

online and on a real-time basis.

system. This program is a program implemented by the Education Department of Surakarta to improve

the quality of service to the community. The implementation of online-based new student admissions has

been carried out since 2006 until now for junior high school and senior high school/ vocational school

level. The city of Surakarta is the city that other cities are going to learn about the technical

implementation of the student admission system with an online system. However, starting in 2017 is

based on Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government regarding the division of

government affairs in the education sector for senior high school and vocational school level it was

takeover by the provincial government. In this case, the implementation of online-based new student

admissions for senior high school and vocational school level is carried out by the Central Java

government.

The Education Department of Surakarta does not only accept new students by using the online

system, but also using the off-line system. The admission of new online-based students in the city of

Surakarta is carried out as a form of utilizing the development of website-based information technology.

The Education Department of Surakarta has the authority in implementing new student admissions both

in the implementation of online and offline-based new student admissions. The implementation of online

new student admissions in Surakarta is applied to public and private junior high schools. For the

kindergarten and primary school level, the student admission system is implemented off-line while still

using the principles of admitting new students. However, the implementation of the admission of new

students at the junior high school level is not entirely implemented by using the online system and the off-

line system is also applied to special provisions that have been regulated in the guidelines for the

admission of new students in the city of Surakarta.

Implementing the online-based admission of new students, it cannot be separated from the

problems. This shows that management is needed in the implementation of online-based new student

admissions. Management is used to compile program planning to program evaluation. Program planning
is the base for implementation and will become a reference during activities and program evaluation. The

implementation of online-based new student admissions in the city of Surakarta inseparable from program

planning which is expected to be able to achieve the effectiveness of implementing online-based new

student admissions as a program to improve the quality of service to the community. In addition,

evaluation is needed to determine the progress of activities and as a mining material for the continuation

of the implementation of activities because the use of an online system is not a guarantee that a program

that will be implemented runs perfectly, there will be obstacles faced in implementing the program using

the online system. Likewise with the implementation of online-based admissions of new students, there

are various obstacles that hinder the smooth implementation of the program.

The study of (Salamat, 2020)The admission system is the process of getting a requirement for

school registration. Previously, admission was a manual process. In this research, we created a

computerized admission system for Grade 10 students at Batasan Hills National High School. As a part of

the admission process, the students will be required to fill out some basic application paperwork, which

will include their personal information and high school activities, such as extracurricular activities they

participated in. An interview will be conducted for admission if necessary. A student may be interviewed

in some cases, but it is generally not required for undergraduate admission. Some schools will be willing

to schedule a student admissions interview upon request. International students may find a student

interview important. The system’s development life cycle for approach and methodology was used in this

study. We gathered the information from Batasan Hills National High School through an interview for

clarification. Thus, we analyzed the process of their admission of the student to ensure that the new

system can meet their expectations. Before implementing our system, we asked them to choose whether

they will use it or if they will stick to their old system. The result of our system was good, and our client

was impressed with our system because using their old system, 1) it is hard to get the information of the

client or students, and 2) processing the requirements takes at least 1 week or more. However, our system

reduced the manpower needed to perform all admission tasks by reducing the paper works needed and
making activities such as updating modification and deleting records easier. We developed the system to

improve the school’s policy and rules in the admission system because Batasan Hills National High

School lacks a security system. The increasing numbers of students seeking admission in academic

institutes are causing tremendous pressure on the administrative body to manage and arrange the

admission process manually. In our system, we prepared a backup for the new data in case our system has

an error. As a rule, no public schools shall refuse admissions or shall allow delisting of Filipino

pupils/students for any of the reasons cited above.

Statement of the Objectives

The study aims to design and develop an Online ICAT Web Application. Specifically, the study is

intended to meet the following:

1. To determine the currently existing procedures of the ISPSC College Admission Test.

2. To determine and develop the features to be included in the proposed.

3. To determine the level of acceptability test using software evaluation in terms of…

a. Efficiency;

b. Functionality;

c. Usability;

d. Maintainability;

e. Reliability

Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to develop the College Admission Test of ISPSC Main-Campus- a systematic and

efficient control of the creation, maintenance, and disposing of the College Admission Test records of

applicants in an organized way. The study focuses on the design and development of a system that can

replace the manual system of College Admission. The system features an Online Registration that allows
the ISPSC Main- Campus to receive applicants for the College Admission Test (CAT) online, it also

benefits the applicants especially those who are incapable of visiting the school because they can just fill

out the online application or admission form and submit it online. The system can also be programmed to

electronically notify the applicants about the outcome of the application or admission process using email.

Conceptual Framework

According to (Swaen, 2022), a conceptual framework illustrates the expected relationship

between your variables. It defines the relevant objectives for your research process and maps out how

they come together to draw coherent conclusions.

In other words, the Conceptual Framework is the researcher’s understanding of how the variables

in his study connect with each other. Thus, it identifies the variables required in the research investigation.

It is the developer’s “map” in pursuing the investigation.

The study aims to develop Web-Based ICAT Application. The researchers will be going to use the

Input Process Output (IPO) model to illustrate the conceptual framework of the study.

(Canonizado, 2021) stated that The Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model refers to the representation

of all factors that make up a process. The input consists of the profile of the respondents and the factors

connected with the dependent and independent variables of the educational research. Usually, all details

specified in the statement of the problems are stipulated here. The processing step includes all the tasks

required to effect a transformation of the inputs. The outputs are the data and materials flowing out of the

transformation process. This model is used in developing the Web-Based ICAT Application.

The researchers will use the Input-Process-Output (IPO) as shown in Figure 1.1.

The inputs are the existing procedure of College Admission, the features of the proposed system

and its level of acceptability.

Process. The model is divided into four phases namely, Inception, Elaboration, Construction, and

Transition. Consequently, the Output of the study would be the Web- Based ICAT Application.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 The existing
procedures of the
ISPSC College
Admission Test.
 The features to be
included in the
proposed.
Unified Process
 Level of
acceptability test  Inception
using software  Elaboration
WEB- BASED ICAT
evaluation in  Construction
APPLICATION
terms of…  Transition
A. Efficiency
B. Functionality
C. Usability
D. Maintainability
E. Reliability

Feedback
 Figure 1.1 Research Paradigm

Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined to understand the content of the study better.

Admission. It is a process of admitting new students and allowing them to register and enter an

educational institution.

Applicant. It refers to anybody who formally asks for admission to a college.

College Admission Test. This refers to the examination designed to identify students suitable for

admission into an undergraduate curriculum.

Existing procedure of the College Admission. It refers to the current practice of the College Admission

Test of ISPSC Main Campus which is manual.

Features. It refers to the information on the capabilities of the Web-Based ICAT Application.

Level of Acceptability. It is used by researchers to measure the user’s satisfaction whether the system has

met the required features given by the users and if it functions properly.

Online. It refers to the condition of being connected to a network of computers and other devices.

Online Registration. It refers to the system for subscribing or registering through the internet as a user.
 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The researchers will use the descriptive and developmental type of research design.

Descriptive research aims to describe a population situation or phenomenon accurately and

systematically. It can answer what, where, when, and how questions, but not why questions. A descriptive

research design can use a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or more variables (Combes,

2020)

Likewise, (Lynn, 2019) noted that descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning

the status of the phenomena and to describe “what exists” with respect to variables or conditions in a

situation.

The descriptive research is used to describe data gathered to further understanding of the study

and it will also be used be the researchers to answer; what is the existing procedure of the web-Based

ICAT Application; and to gather information and determine the acceptability of the system.
 Meanwhile, according to (Klaassen, 2015), developmental research is a particular way of

addressing the basic questions of why and how to teach what to whom. It involves a cyclical process of

small-scale in-depth development and evaluation, at a content-specific level, of exemplary teaching-

learning sequences. It aims to produce an empirically supported justification of the inner workings of

such a sequence, which is claimed to be an important contribution to the expertise of teachers, curriculum

developers, and educational researchers.

The researchers will be going to use developmental method for the system development being

guided by the Unified Process Methodology. This methodology has the following phases:

The researchers will use the Unified Process Model by Rynda Maala as a method in the conduct

of the study.

The unified process, as defined by (Maala, 2019), is a popular use-case driven, architecture-

centric, iterative, and incremental software development process framework.

The researchers will be going to use Unified Process Model as the system developmental

methodology because they find it suitable for the system. The goal is to ensure the production of high-

quality software with the help of each phase.

The Unified Process Model has four phases namely Inception, Elaboration, Construction and

Transition.
 Figure 2.1 The Unified Process Model

Inception Phase. It is the first phase of UP Model. According to (Pedamkar, 2023), it is the phase

in which the project’s basic ideas and structure will be determined to prepare a business suite, the team

will decide the purpose of the project, success criteria, estimated cost risk, and resources required to

complete it.

During this phase, the researchers will be going to conduct a structure interview in the office of

Student Affairs and Services. The Researchers will ask for the records and the process of Admission that

are needed in the development of the proposed system. In this phase, the problem is defined and then

came up with the objectives of the new system.

Elaboration Phase. It is the second phase of the UP Model. In this phase. A (Cresswell, 2023)

(Istiqomah, 2021)according to (Pedamkar, 2023), it is the phase in which are going to analyze the

project’s requirements and necessary architecture, review the problems, develop the project plan, and

eliminate the high-risk elements form the project.

During this phase, the researchers will be going to analyze and evaluate the data being gathered

using the use case. This is to identify system requirements needed for the proposed system.

Construction Phase. Third Phase of UP Model. (Pedamkar, 2023) stated that construction phase

involves developed and completed.

In this phase, the researchers performed the developmental process of the proposed system and

testing to verify if there ae some revisions to make. This phase focuses on the design and implementation

of the system.
 Transition Phase. Final Phase of the UP Model. As pointed out by (Pedamkar, 2023), it will be

updated or changed based on end-user’s feedback. It is the process of deployment.

During the transition phase, the beta testing will be conducted by the researchers to determine if

the developed system meets the requirements given by the users and satisfies their expectations.

Population of the Study

The primary source of data was gathered the needed information from an interview with the

Student Affairs and Services (SAS) Director and Guidance Office Staffs.

The study utilized

Data Gathering Instrument

Interview Guide. According to (Bird, 2016), an interview guide is simply a list of the high-level

topics that you plan on covering in the interview with the high-level questions that you want to answer

under each topic.

Questionnaires. It is the most frequency used instrument of data gathering across disciplines,

particularly in social science and humanities. A questionnaire is a set of questions address to the sample

respondents. It can e self-administered by the respondents or read to the respondents by the interviewer.

The instrument was adopted from the study of (Suwawi, 2015)

The researchers will be going to float a survey questionnaire to determine the level of

acceptability of the proposed system.

Flowchart. A flowchart is a graphical or symbolic representation of a process. Each step in the

process is represented by a different symbol and contains a short description of the process step. (Hebb,

2014)

The researchers will be going to use a flowchart in the study to understand and determine present

existing procedure of ICAT.

Entity- Relationship Diagram (ERD). It is a visual representation of underlying data model in

the database (Mehta, 2019)

The relationship between entities system’s database was illustrated with the use of the Entity

Relationship Diagram. It helped the developers to have a perfect view of all database elements.

Use Case Diagram. It is a graphic deception of interactions among the elements of a system. A

use case is methodology used in system analysis to identify, clarify and organized system requirements.

(Rouse, 2015)

The researchers will use the use case diagram to illustrate and identify, classify, and organize

system requirements through the set of possible sequence of interactions between systems and users in the

environment. It showed the view of the system from the user perspective, and describing what a system

does without describing how the system does it.

Hierarchical Input Process Output (HIPO). This is a tool for planning and/or documenting a

computer program, A HIPO model consists of hierarchy chart that graphically represents the programs

control structure and asset of IPO (Input-Process-Output) charts that describes the input to, the outputs

from, and the functions (or processes) performed by each module on the hierarchy chart.

The researchers will be going to use the HIPO to obtain a high-level view of the system

functions.
 Data schema. It is a visual that outlines the architecture of a database. It contains a list of tables,

the fields those tables contain, database users, stored procedures, and other pieces of information about a

database. (Gallagher, 2020)

Database Schema will be used to present the data stored in the database of the system using tables

wherein the data types of length are specified.

Data Gathering Procedure

Interview.

In this study, an interview guide is used to determine the process of record management of the College

Admission. The researchers will be going to interview Mr. Vic Gacula to gather information about the

current procedure of record management of the College Admission.

Internet Research.

The researchers will use the internet to gather additional information relevant to the study.