Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

8-53 Hot air enters a sheet metal duct located in a basement. The exit temperature of hot air and the rate of
heat loss are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air is 1
atm.
Properties We expect the air temperature to drop somewhat, and evaluate the air properties at 1 atm and
the estimated bulk mean temperature of 50°C (Table A-15),
T∞ = 10°C
ρ = 1.092 kg/m 3 ; k = 0.02735 W/m.°C
υ = 1.797 × 10 -5 m 2 /s; C p = 1007 J/kg.°C Air duct
20 cm × 20 cm
Pr = 0.7228
Analysis The surface area and the Reynolds number are
As = 4 aL = 4 × (0.2 m)(12 m) = 9.6 m
Air L = 12 m
4 Ac 4a 2 60°C ε = 0.3
Dh = = = a = 0.2 m 4 m/s
p 4a
Vm Dh (4 m/s)(0.20 m)
Re = = = 44,509
1.797 × 10 −5 m 2 /s
υ
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
L h ≈ Lt ≈ 10 D h = 10(0.2 m) = 2.0 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed turbulent
flow for the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
hDh
Nu = = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023(44,509)0.8 (0.7228)0.3 = 109.2
k
and
k 0.02735 W/m.°C
h= Nu = (109.2) = 14.93 W/m 2 .°C
Dh 0. 2 m
The mass flow rate of air is
m& = ρAcV = (1.092 kg/m 3 )(0.2 × 0.2)m 2 (4 m/s) = 0.1748 kg/s
In steady operation, heat transfer from hot air to the duct must be equal to the heat transfer from the duct to
the surrounding (by convection and radiation), which must be equal to the energy loss of the hot air in the
duct. That is,
Q& = Q& = Q&
conv,in = ∆E&
conv+rad,out hot air

Assuming the duct to be at an average temperature of Ts , the quantities above can be expressed as
Te − Ti Te − 60
Q& conv,in : Q& = hi As ∆Tln = hi As → Q& = (14.93 W/m 2 .°C)(9.6 m 2 )
 T − Te   T − Te 
ln s 
 ln s 

T
 s − T i   Ts − 60 

Q& conv+rad,out :
( )
Q& = ho As (Ts − To ) + εAs σ Ts4 − To4 → Q& = (10 W/m 2 .°C)(9.6 m 2 )(Ts − 10)°C
[
+ 0.3(9.6 m 2 )(5.67 × 10 −8 W/m 2 .K 4 ) (Ts + 273) 4 − (10 + 273) 4 K 4 ]
∆E& hot air : Q& = m& C p (Te − Ti ) → Q& = (0.1748 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.°C)(60 − Te )°C
This is a system of three equations with three unknowns whose solution is
Q& = 2622 W, T = 45.1°C, and T = 33.3°C
e s

Therefore, the hot air will lose heat at a rate of 2622 W and exit the duct at 45.1°C.
8-54 "!PROBLEM 8-54"

"GIVEN"

8-32
 Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

T_i=60 "[C]"
L=12 "[m]"
side=0.20 "[m]"
Vel=4 "[m/s], parameter to be varied"
"epsilon=0.3 parameter to be varied"
T_o=10 "[C]"
h_o=10 "[W/m^2-C]"
T_surr=10 "[C]"

"PROPERTIES"
Fluid$='air'
C_p=CP(Fluid$, T=T_ave)*Convert(kJ/kg-C, J/kg-C)
k=Conductivity(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
Pr=Prandtl(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
rho=Density(Fluid$, T=T_ave, P=101.3)
mu=Viscosity(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
nu=mu/rho
T_ave=T_i-10 "assumed average bulk mean temperature"

"ANALYSIS"
A=4*side*L
A_c=side^2
p=4*side
D_h=(4*A_c)/p
Re=(Vel*D_h)/nu "The flow is turbulent"
L_t=10*D_h "The entry length is much shorter than the total length of the duct."
Nusselt=0.023*Re^0.8*Pr^0.3
h_i=k/D_h*Nusselt
m_dot=rho*Vel*A_c
Q_dot=Q_dot_conv_in
Q_dot_conv_in=Q_dot_conv_out+Q_dot_rad_out
Q_dot_conv_in=h_i*A*DELTAT_ln
DELTAT_ln=(T_e-T_i)/ln((T_s-T_e)/(T_s-T_i))
Q_dot_conv_out=h_o*A*(T_s-T_o)
Q_dot_rad_out=epsilon*A*sigma*((T_s+273)^4-(T_surr+273)^4)
sigma=5.67E-8 "[W/m^2-K^4], Stefan-Boltzmann constant"
Q_dot=m_dot*C_p*(T_i-T_e)

8-33
 Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

Vel [m/s] Te [C] Q [W]

1 33.85 1150
2 39.43 1810
3 42.78 2273
4 45.1 2622
5 46.83 2898
6 48.17 3122
7 49.25 3310
8 50.14 3469
9 50.89 3606
10 51.53 3726

ε Te [C] Q [W]
0.1 45.82 2495
0.2 45.45 2560
0.3 45.1 2622
0.4 44.77 2680
0.5 44.46 2735
0.6 44.16 2787
0.7 43.88 2836
0.8 43.61 2883
0.9 43.36 2928
1 43.12 2970

52.5 4000

3500
48.5 Te

3000
44.5 Q
Q [W ]

2500
T e [C]

40.5
2000

36.5
1500

32.5 1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Vel [m /s]

8-34
 Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

46 3000

45.5 2900

45 Q 2800
T e [C]

Q [W ]
44.5 2700

44 Te 2600

43.5 2500

43 2400
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
ε

8-35
 Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

8-55 The components of an electronic system located in a rectangular horizontal duct are cooled by forced
air. The exit temperature of the air and the highest component surface temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air is 1
atm.

Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 35°C since the mean temperature of air at
the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the duct whose surface is exposed to a constant
heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)
ρ = 1.146 kg/m 3
Air duct
k = 0.02625 W/m.°C
16 cm × 16 cm
υ = 1.654 × 10 -5 m 2 /s 90 W
C p = 1007 J/kg.°C
Pr = 0.7268 Air L=1m
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit 32°C
0.65 m3/min
temperature are determined from
m& = ρV& = (1.146 kg/m 3 )(0.65 m 3 /min) = 0.7449 kg/min = 0.01241 kg/s

Q& (0.85)(90 W)
Q& = m& C p (Te − Ti ) → Te = Ti + = 32°C + = 38.1°C
m& C p (0.01241 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.°C)
(b) The mean fluid velocity and hydraulic diameter are
V& 0.65 m/min
Vm = = = 25.4 m/min = 0.4232 m/s
Ac (0.16 m)(0.16 m)
4 Ac 4(0.16 m)(0.16 m)
Dh = = = 0.16 m
P 4(0.16 m)
Then
Vm Dh (0.4232 m/s)(0.16 m)
Re = = = 4093
υ 1.654 × 10 −5 m 2 /s
which is greater than 10,000. Also, the components will cause turbulence and thus we can assume fully
developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
hDh
Nu = = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023(4093)0.8 (0.7268)0.4 = 15.70
k
and
k 0.02625 W/m.°C
h= Nu = (15.70) = 2.576 W/m 2 .°C
Dh 0.16 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform surface
heat flux, its value is determined from
Q& / As (0.85)(90 W)/[4(0.16 m)(1 m)]
Q& / As = h(Ts , highest − Te ) → Ts , highest = Te + = 38.1°C + = 84.5°C
h (2.576 W/m 2 .°C)

8-36
 Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

8-56 The components of an electronic system located in a circular horizontal duct are cooled by forced air.
The exit temperature of the air and the highest component surface temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air is 1
atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 310 K since the mean temperature of air at
the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the duct whose surface is exposed to a constant
heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15) Electronics, 90 W
ρ = 1143
. kg / m 3
k = 0.0268 W / m. ° C Air
-5 2
32°C
υ = 167
. × 10 m / s 0.65 m3/min D = 15 cm
Te
C p = 1006 J / kg. ° C
Pr = 0.710 L=1m
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from
m& = ρV& = (1143
. kg / m3 )(0.65 m3 / min) = 0.74295 kg / min = 0.0124 kg / s

Q& (0.85)(90 W)
Q& = mC
& p (Te − Ti ) → Te = Ti + = 32 ° C + = 38.1 ° C
mC
& p (0.0124 kg / s)(1006 J / kg. ° C)
(b) The mean fluid velocity is
V& 0.65 m / min
Vm = = = 36.7 m / min = 0.612 m / s
Ac π(0.15 m) 2 / 4
Then,
Vm Dh (0.612 m / s)(0.15 m)
Re = = = 5497
υ . × 10 −5 m2 / s
167
which is greater than 4000. Also, the components will cause turbulence and thus we can assume fully
developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
hDh
Nu = = 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023(5497) 0.8 ( 0.710) 0.4 = 19.7
k
and
k 0.0268 W / m. ° C
h= Nu = . W / m2 . ° C
(19.7) = 352
Dh 015
. m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform heat flux,
its value is determined from
q& (0.85)(90 W) / π (0.15 m)(1 m)
q& = h( Ts,highest − Te ) → Ts,highest = Te + = 381
. °C + = 84.2° C
h (3.52 W / m2 . ° C)

8-37
 Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

8-57 Air enters a hollow-core printed circuit board. The exit temperature of the air and the highest
temperature on the inner surface are to be determined. √
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat generated is uniformly distributed over the two
surfaces of the PCB. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 310 K since the mean temperature of air at
the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the hollow core whose surface is exposed to a
constant heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)
ρ = 1.143 kg/m 3
k = 0.0268 W/m.°C Electronic components,
20 W
υ = 1.67 ×10 -5 m 2 /s Te
C p = 1006 J/kg.°C
Pr = 0.710 Air
32°C L = 18 cm
−5
µ b = 1.89 × 10 kg/m.s 0.8 L/s Air channel
0.25 cm × 12 cm
µ s ,@ 350 K = 2.08 × 10 −5 kg/m.s
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from
m& = ρV& = (1143
. kg / m 3 )(0.8 × 10-3 m 3 / s) = 9.14 × 10-4 kg / s
Q& 20 W
Q& = mC
& p (Te − Ti ) → Te = Ti + = 32 ° C + −4
= 53.7° C
mC
& p ( 9.14 × 10 kg / s)(1006 J / kg. ° C)
(b) The mean fluid velocity and hydraulic diameter are
V& 0.8 × 10 −3 m 3 /s
Vm = = = 2.67 m/s
Ac (0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
4 Ac 4(0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
Dh = = = 0.0049 m
P 2[(0.12 m) + (0.0025 m)]
Then,
Vm Dh (2.67 m / s)(0.0049 m)
Re = = = 783
υ . × 10 −5 m 2 / s
167
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in this case is
Lt = 0.05 Re Pr Dh = 0.05(783)(0.71)(0.0049 m) = 0.14 m
which is shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we assume thermally developing flow , and
determine the Nusselt number from
1/ 3 0.14 1/ 3 0.14
hD h  Re Pr D   µb   (783)(0.71)(0.0049)   1.89 × 10 −5 
Nu = = 1.86    = 1.86    = 8.24
k L  µ  0.18   2.08 × 10 −5 
  s     
and,
k 0.0268 W/m.°C
h= Nu = (8.24) = 46.2 W/m 2 .°C
Dh 0.0049 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Its value is determined from
Q&
Q& = hAs (Ts , highest − Te ) → Ts , highest = Te +
hAs
20 W
= 53.7°C + = 64.0°C
[
(46.2 W/m 2 .°C) 2(0.12 × 0.18 + 0.0025 × 0.18)m 2 ]
8-58 Air enters a hollow-core printed circuit board. The exit temperature of the air and the highest
temperature on the inner surface are to be determined.

8-38
 Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat generated is uniformly distributed over the two
surfaces of the PCB. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 310 K since the mean temperature of air at
the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the hollow core whose surface is exposed to a
constant heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-15)
ρ = 1143
. kg / m3 Electronic components,
35 W
k = 0.0268 W / m. ° C
Te
. × 10-5 m2 / s
υ = 167
C p = 1006 J / kg. ° C
Air
Pr = 0.710 32°C L = 18 cm
−5 0.8 L/s Air channel
µ b = 189
. × 10 kg / m.s 0.25 cm × 12 cm
−5
µ s,@350 K = 2.08 × 10 kg / m.s

Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from
m& = ρV& = (1143
. kg / m 3 )(0.8 × 10-3 m 3 / s) = 9.14 × 10-4 kg / s

Q& 35 W
Q& = mC
& p (Te − Ti ) → Te = Ti + = 32° C + −4
= 70.1° C
mC
& p (9.14 × 10 kg / s)(1006 J / kg. ° C)
(b) The mean fluid velocity and hydraulic diameter are
V& 0.8 × 10 −3 m3 / s
Vm = = = 2.67 m / s
Ac (0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
4 Ac 4(012
. m)(0.0025 m)
Dh = = = 0.0049 m
P 2[( 012
. m) + (0.0025 m)]
Then,
Vm Dh (2.67 m / s)(0.0049 m)
Re = = = 783
υ . × 10 −5 m2 / s
167
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in this case is
Lt = 0.05 Re Pr Dh = 0.05(783)(0.71)(0.0049 m) = 0.14 m
which is shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we assume thermally developing flow , and
determine the Nusselt number from
1/ 3 0.14 1/ 3 0.14
hDh  Re Pr D   µb   (783)(0.71)(0.0049)   1.89 × 10−5 
Nu = = 1.86    = 1.86   = 4.54
k L  µ  0.18   2.08 × 10−5 
  s    
and,
k 0.0268 W / m. ° C
h= Nu = ( 4.54) = 24.8 W / m 2 . ° C
Dh 0.0049 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Its value is determined from
Q&
Q& = hAs (Ts ,highest − Te ) 
→ Ts ,highest = Te +
hAs
35 W
= 70.1°C + = 102.1°C
(24.8 W/m 2 .°C)[2(0.12 × 0.18 + 0.0025 × 0.18)m 2 ]
8-59E Water is heated by passing it through thin-walled copper tubes. The length of the copper tube that
needs to be used is to be determined. √
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the tube are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the tube is negligible. 4 The temperature at the tube surface is constant.

8-39
 Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

Properties The properties of water at the bulk mean fluid temperature of

Tb,ave = (54 + 140) / 2 = 97°F ≈ 100°F are (Table A-9E)
ρ = 62.0 lbm/ft 3 250°F
k = 0.363 Btu/h.ft.°F
υ = 0.738 × 10 -5 ft 2 /s Water
C p = 0.999 Btu/lbm.°F 54°F D = 0.75 in
0.7 lbm/s 140°F
Pr = 4.54
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate and the Reynolds number are L
m& 0.7 lbm/s
m& = ρAcV m → V m = = = 3.68 ft/s
ρAc (62 lbm/ft 3 )[π (0.75/12 ft) 2 /4]
Vm Dh (3.68 ft/s)(0.75/12 ft)
Re = = = 31,165
υ 0.738 × 10 −5 ft 2 /s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
L h ≈ Lt ≈ 10 D = 10(0.75 in) = 7.5 in
which is probably shorter than the total length of the pipe we will determine. Therefore, we can assume
fully developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
hDh
Nu = = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023(31,165)0.8 ( 4.54)0.4 = 165.8
k
and
k 0.363 Btu/h.ft.°F
h= Nu = (165.8) = 963 Btu/h.ft 2 .°F
Dh (0.75 / 12) ft
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and then the rate of heat transfer per ft length of the tube are
Te − Ti 140 − 54
∆Tln = = = 148.9°F
 Ts − Te  ln 250 − 140 
ln 

 
 Ts − Ti   250 − 54 
Q& = hAs ∆Tln = (963 Btu/h.ft 2 .°F)[π (0.75 / 12 ft )(1 ft)](148.9°F) = 28,150 Btu/h
The rate of heat transfer needed to raise the temperature of water from 54 ° F to 140 ° F is
Q& = m& C p (Te − Ti ) = (0.7 × 3600 lbm/h)(0.999 Btu/lbm.°F)(140 - 54)°F = 216,500 Btu/h
Then the length of the copper tube that needs to be used becomes
216,500 Btu/h
Length = = 7.69 ft
28,150 Btu/h
(b) The friction factor, the pressure drop, and then the pumping power required to overcome this pressure
drop can be determined for the case of fully developed turbulent flow to be
f = 0.184 Re −0.2 = 0.184(31,165) −0.2 = 0.02323
2
L ρV m (7.69 ft) (62 lbm/ft 3 )(3.68 ft/s) 2  1 lbf 
∆P = f = 0.02323  2
 = 37.27 lbf/ft 2
D 2 (0.75 / 12 ft) 2  32.174 lbm ⋅ ft/s 
m& ∆P (0.7 lbm/s)(37.27 lbf/ft 2 )  1 hp 
W& pump = =   = 0.00078 hp
ρ 62 lbm/ft 3
 550 lbf ⋅ ft/s 

8-40
 Chapter 8 Internal Forced Convection

8-60 A computer is cooled by a fan blowing air through its case. The flow rate of the air, the fraction of the
temperature rise of air that is due to heat generated by the fan, and the highest allowable inlet air
temperature are to be determined. √
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat flux is uniformly distributed. 3 Air is an ideal gas with
constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 300 K. The properties of air at 1 atm and
this temperature are (Table A-15)
ρ = 1.177 kg/m 3 Pr = 0.712
k = 0.0261 W/m.°C µ b = 1.85 × 10 −5 kg/m.s
υ = 1.57 × 10 -5 m 2 /s µ s ,@ 350 K = 2.08 × 10 −5 kg/m.s
C p = 1005 J/kg.°C
Analysis (a) Noting that the electric energy consumed by the fan is converted to thermal energy, the mass
flow rate of air is
Q& + W& elect, fan (8 × 10 + 25) W
Q& = m& C p (Te − Ti ) → m& = = = 0.01045 kg/s
C p (Te − Ti ) (1005 J/kg.°C)(10°C)
(b) The fraction of temperature rise of air that is due to the heat generated by the fan and its motor is
Q& 25 W
Q& = m& C p ∆T → ∆T = = = 2.38°C
m& C p (0.01045 kg/s)(1005 J/kg.°C)
2.38°C
f = = 0.238 = 23.8%
10°C
(c) The mean velocity of air is
m& (0.01045 / 8) kg/s
m& = ρAcV m → V m = = = 3.08 m/s
ρAc (1.177 kg/m 3 )[(0.003 m)(0.12 m)]
and,
4 Ac 4(0.003 m)(0.12 m) Cooling
Dh = = = 0.00585 m air
P 2(0.003 m + 0.12 m)
Therefore,
Vm Dh (3.08 m/s)(0.00585 m)
Re = = = 1148
υ 1.57 × 10 −5 m 2 /s
which is less than 4000. Therefore, the flow is laminar. Assuming fully developed flow, the Nusselt
number from is determined from Table 8-4 corresponding to a/b = 12/0.3 = 40 to be Nu = 8.24. Then,
k 0.0261 W/m.°C
h= Nu = (8.24) = 36.8 W/m 2 .°C
Dh 0.00585 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform heat flux,
the air temperature at the exit is determined from
q& [(80 + 25) W]/[8 × 2(0.12 × 0.18 + 0.003 × 0.18) m 2 ]
q& = h(Ts , max − Te ) → Te = Ts ,max −
= 70°C − = 61.9°C
h 36.8 W/m 2 .°C
The highest allowable inlet temperature then becomes
Te − Ti = 10°C → Ti = Te − 10°C = 61.9°C − 10°C = 51.9°C

Discussion Although the Reynolds number is less than 4000, the flow in this case will most likely be
turbulent because of the electronic components that that protrude into flow. Therefore, the heat transfer
coefficient determined above is probably conservative.

8-41