Smoke Detector Alarm

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

of

Netaji Subhash Engineering College

Garia, Kolkata-152

Presenting By:

Alaska: - 10900320032 Subhradeep Nath: - 10900320077

Sugata Das: - 10900320079 Pradipta Patra: - 10900320085

Under the guidance of

Ms. Paramita Chowdhury

Assistant Professor, Department of ECE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deep gratitude to our project guide Ms. Paramita

Chowdhury, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering, NSEC, for his/her guidance with unsurpassed knowledge and immense

encouragement. We are grateful to Dr. Koushik Dutta, Head of the Department, Electronics

and Communication Engineering, for providing us with the required facilities for the

completion of the project work.

We are very much thankful to the Principal and Management, NSEC Kolkata, for their

encouragement and cooperation to carry out this work.

We express our thanks to all teaching faculty of Department of ECE, whose suggestions during

reviews helped us in accomplishment of our project. We would like to thank all non-teaching

staff of the Department of ECE, NSEC for providing great assistance in accomplishment of our

project.

We would like to thank our parents, friends, and classmates for their encouragement

throughout our project period. At last, but not the least, we thank everyone for supporting us

directly or indirectly in completing this project successfully.

PROJECT STUDENTS

Alaska: - 10900320032

Subhradeep Nath: - 10900320077

Sugata Das: - 10900320079

Pradipta Patra: - 10900320085

1|PAGE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL NO. TOPICS PAGE NO.

1. TITLE 03

2. ABSTRACT 03 - 04

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT 04

4. OBJECTIVES 04

5. INTRODUCTION 05

6. THEORY 05 - 06

7. BLOCK DIAGRAM 06

8. COMPONENTS REQUIRED 06 - 07

9. COMPONENTS DISCRIPTION 07 - 09

10. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 10

11. PROGRAM 11 - 12

12. CONCLUSION 13

13. REFERENCES 14

2|PAGE
TITLE:
Development of a Smoke Detection System using Arduino Uno R3:
Design, Implementation, and Performance Evaluation.

Smoke Detector Alarm

Circuit

ABSTRACT:
A smoke detector alarm is a fire protection device that automatically detects smoke and gives
us warning. In the proposed system, a smoke detector upon senses smoke activates its alarm,
sends a low voltage signal to all other smoke detectors in the vicinity. This low voltage signal
activates the individual relays in the other smoke detectors causing them to emit a tone that
alerts residents that one of the smoke detectors senses smokes. In this system the transmitter
and receiver are installed in a unit and the need for a base is eliminated. The individual smoke
detectors are equipped with all the electronics required to both send and receive signals.
They are battery operated and therefore, they require no external connections. They can be
installed by a homeowner just as they would a normal smoke detector. The proposed design
is aiming to have Cost efficient system, Compact design, easily expandable, Simple to install,
Replaceable components. The system was tested indoor and outdoor with different distance
and with the presence of noise. Standard for Safety of Smoke Alarms, to measure the
performance of many existing smoke alarms. The standard calls for additional fire tests with
smouldering and flaming polyurethane foam as well as a broiling hamburger cooking
nuisance test.

3|PAGE
This research paper presents a comprehensive study on the design, implementation, and
performance evaluation of a smoke detection system developed using an Arduino Uno R3
microcontroller board. The system incorporates an MQ-2 gas sensor for accurate detection of
smoke, and a buzzer for immediate audio alarm activation. The project, a collaborative effort
by Subhradeep Nath, Alaska, Pradipta Patra, and Sugata Das, aims to provide an effective and
affordable solution for enhancing fire safety.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Safety is a crucial consideration in design of residential and commercial buildings in order to

safeguard against loss of life and damage to property. Fire is a key element in safety
considerations. This project therefore seeks to design a microcontroller-based smoke alarm
that will continuously monitor the presence of significant amount of smoke and activate an
alarm to prompt a safety measure to contain the situation.
When it comes to Fire safety, it's best to have a smoke detector in every bedroom and hall
way, as well as on every floor in our home. with so many smokes detector, we can rest assured
our home is protected from the unthinkable. Smoke detector is one of the easiest and low
costly. Most of industries use it, because it works fatly to protect and most effective.
This system can be of great in domestic as well as industrial settings to detect smoke and alert
people on an impending fire since smoke is a precursor for fire, instead of relying on
heat/temperature sensors which sounds alarm when the fire has already started. This can go
a long way in helping to save human life. This system can also be used to detect and deter
smokers in areas where smoking is prohibited.
The cost of implementing this system is relatively low since the components used are
relatively cheap and are easily available in the market. The single microcontroller can be used
to interface several sensors with alarms located in different locations if more pins are freed
for multiple inputs multiple outputs.
This system comes with a power supply that can be directly plugged to the mains (240V AC)
source and give the appropriate operating voltage.
Smoke detectors respond faster to fire in its early, smouldering stage (before it breaks into
flame). The smoke from the smouldering stage of a fire is typically made up of large
combustion particles—between 0.3 and 10.0 μm. Ionization smoke detectors respond faster
(typically 30–60 seconds) in the flaming stage of a fire. The smoke from the flaming stage of
a fire is typically made up of microscopic combustion particles between 0.01 and 0.3 μm. Also,
ionization detectors are weaker in high air-flow environments, and because of this, the
photoelectric smoke detector is more reliable for detecting smoke in both the smouldering
and flaming stages of a fire.

OBJECTIVES:
Home fire safety and an escape plan will help ensure your family’s safe exit and in the event
of a house fire.

4|PAGE
INTRODUCTION:
According to, Smoke detector has been reviewed as a fundamental component of active fire
detection strategy of modern commercial and residential building. In the 1970’s, industries
recorded increased use of smoke detectors and this growth was accompanied by several
significant research projects that reinforced the life safety protection provided by smoke
detectors, thereby providing significant evidence that supported increase in use of smoke
detectors. Also, in order to understand the response, working principle of these detectors in
the environment, several researches were embarked. Accurate prediction of smoke detector
is a very significant way of assessing detector system performance because occupants and
fire service notification can be dependent upon smoke detector response. Fire Dynamic
Simulator software, can be used to predict the response of smoke detector. Reference stated
that “fire loss data reveals that in buildings with automatic sprinklers, 96% were controlled
and extinguished by these systems”. Once there a fire, the fire detection system activates the
alert thereby triggering the automatic sprinkler system. It is very important for fire
protection system to be installed in all commercial building. There are concerns associated
with automatic smoke detection system arising from inappropriate techniques for quick
notification, false noise tolerant and different sensor combinations. Researchers have been
studying fire taking place in various places such as residential area and commercial buildings.
A smoke alarm is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. It may issue a
signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of fire alarm system, especially in commercial
security devices or may issue a local audible or visual alarm in the household.
Smoke can be detected either optically (photoelectric) or by physical process(ionization).
Detectors may use either or both methods. Smoke detectors have prior detection when
compared with heat detectors, hence are preferred for fire detection. They also find
application in detecting, and thus deter smoking in premises where it is banned.
Smoke detection plays a vital role in preventing fire incidents and ensuring the safety of
individuals. This research paper presents the development of a smoke detection system using
Arduino Uno R3, which offers a cost-effective and versatile platform for real-time monitoring.
The study focuses on the design principles, implementation details, and performance
evaluation of the system.

THEORY:
Safety is a crucial consideration in design of residential and commercial buildings in order to
safeguard against loss of life and damage to property. This project therefore seeks to design
a microcontroller-based smoke alarm that will continuously monitor the presence of
significant amount of smoke and activate an alarm to prompt a safety measure to contain the
situation. Smoke detector is one of the easiest and low costly. Most of industries use it,
because it works fatly to protect and most effective This system can be of great in domestic
as well as industrial settings to detect smoke and alert people on an impending fire since
smoke is a precursor for fire, instead of relying on heat/temperature sensors which sounds
alarm when the fire has already started. This can go a long way in helping to save human life.
This system can also be used to detect and deter smokers in areas where smoking is

5|PAGE
prohibited. The cost of implementing this system is relatively low since the components used
are relatively cheap and are easily available in the market. The single microcontroller can be
used to interface several sensors with alarms located in different locations as long as more
pins are freed for multiple inputs multiple outputs. This system comes with a power supply
that can be directly plugged to the mains (240V AC) source and give the appropriate
operating voltage. smoke detectors respond faster to fire in its early, smoldering stage
(before it breaks into flame). The smoke from the smoldering stage of a fire is typically made
up of large combustion particles—between 0.3 and 10.0 µm. Ionization smoke detectors
respond faster (typically 30–60 seconds) in the flaming stage of a fire. The smoke from the
flaming stage of a fire is typically made up of microscopic combustion particles between 0.01
and 0.3 µm. Also, ionization detectors are weaker in high air-flow environments, and because
of this, the photoelectric smoke detector is more reliable for detecting smoke in both the
smoldering and flaming stages of a fire.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Block Diagram for Smoke Detector Alarm

COMPONENTS USED:
1. Arduino Uno R3
2. Buzzer
3. Gas Sensor -MQ2
4. Male to Female Jumper wires
5. Female to Male Jumper wires
6. Battery- 9v

6|PAGE
The hardware components are connected following the system design, and the Arduino Uno
R3 is programmed using the Arduino IDE. The code facilitates continuous monitoring of the
sensor values, real-time analysis, and activation of the buzzer when smoke is detected.

ARDUINO UNO:
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller;
simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with
an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding
boards in that it does not use the
FTDI USB to- serial driver chip.
Instead, it features the
Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

Applications:

➢ Prototyping of Electronics Products and Systems

➢ Multiple DIY Projects.
➢ Easy to use for beginner level DIYers and makers.
➢ Projects requiring Multiple I/O interfaces and communications.

7|PAGE
BUZZER:
The buzzer consists of an outside case with two pins to attach it to power and ground. ... When
current is applied to the buzzer it causes the ceramic disk to contract or expand. Changing the
This then causes the surrounding disc to vibrate. That is the sound that you hear. PUI has
theAI-3035, a piezoelectric buzzer rated for 2-5 Volt operation, nominal 3 Volts, and with a
maximum current requirement of 9 mA. The dimensions are 30
mm diameter, 20.5 mm height excluding leads. To reduce the
sound of the buzzer, measure the resistance of the buzzer, then
place a resistor the same value as the buzzer in series with it, see
how much this drops the volume. The more resistance to quieter
the buzzer should be. If the buzzer does not work with half the
value try a value lower in resistance. The purpose of the buzzer
test is to test functions of the buzzers installed in a computer.
Typically, the buzzer test is done by controlling the buzzer to
sound a continuous buzzing sound while a test engineer listens to the buzzer with ears to
determine if the buzzer is inworking condition. Sensor-Buzzer is a passive buzzer. Like a
magnetic speaker, it needs voltage with different frequency so that it can make sound
accordingly. The pitch becomes louder when the frequency gets higher. All buzzers with
internal oscillators have polarity because they have small circuit built into them while the
buzzers with only Piezo disks can be operated both ways.

MQ2 SENSOR:

The MQ2 sensor module was selected to serve the purpose of sensing smoke. It has the
capability of sensing smoke and other combustible gases. The following are the reasons as
to why it was selected:

Wide detecting scope

Fast response & high sensitivity
Stable and long life
Simple drive circuit

Fig: MQ2 SENSOR Fig: MQ2 SENSOR PIN OUT

DETAILS 8|PAGE
The MQ-2 smoke sensor is sensitive to smoke and to the following flammable gases:
LPG
Butane
Propane
Methane
Alcohol
Hydrogen
The resistance of the sensor is different depending on the type of the gas.
The smoke sensor has a built-in potentiometer that allows you to adjust the sensor sensitivity
according to how accurate you want to detect gas
The sensor can detect smoke in the range of 300-10,000 rpm, giving an analog output voltage
of between 0v to 5v depending on the quantity of smoke detected. The sensitive material used
is SnO2, whose conductivity is lower in clean air. Its conductivity increases as the
concentration of combustible gases increases, hence generating a corresponding analog
voltage at the output.

CONNECTING WIRES:

These are used to connect the components in the circuit.

These are used to allow current through them.
These are made up of copper, since copper is a good conductor of electricity

9V POWER SUPPLY:
For this we use a 9v battery

9|PAGE
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:
The developed smoke detection system undergoes rigorous testing to assess its performance.
The evaluation includes determining the accuracy, sensitivity, response time, and reliability
of the system under various smoke concentrations and environmental conditions. The
obtained results demonstrate the system's effectiveness in detecting smoke and promptly
activating the alarm.

Installation and placement:

The installation of smoke detectors varies depending on the locality. However, some rules
and guidelines for existing homes are relatively consistent throughout the developed world.
For example, Canada and Australia require a building to have a working smoke detector on
every level. The United States NFPA code cited in the previous paragraph requires smoke
detectors on every habitable level and within the vicinity of all bedrooms. Habitable levels
include attics that are tall enough to allow access. Many other countries have comparable
requirements. In new construction, minimum requirements are typically more stringent. All
smoke detectors must be hooked directly to the electrical wiring, be interconnected, and have
a battery backup. In addition, smoke detectors are required either inside or outside every
bedroom, depending on local codes. Smoke detectors on the outside will detect fires more
quickly, assuming the fire does not begin in the bedroom, but the sound of the alarm will be
reduced and may not wake some people. Some areas also require smoke detectors in
stairways, main hallways, and garages. A dozen or more detectors may be connected via
wiring or wirelessly such that if one detects smoke, the alarms will sound on all the detectors
in the network, improving the likelihood that occupants will be alerted even if smoke is
detected far from their location. Wired interconnection is more practical in new construction
than for existing buildings.

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PROGRAM:

# define mq2 (0)

int a=6;

void setup()

// initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second:

delay(4000);

Serial.begin(9600);

// the loop routine runs repeatedly forever:

void loop()

// read the input on analog pin 0:

int sensorValue = analogRead(mq2);

pinMode(6,OUTPUT);

if(sensorValue>=210&&sensorValue<250)

Serial.println(sensorValue);

digitalWrite(6,HIGH);

delay(400);

digitalWrite(6,LOW);

delay(200);

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 }

else if(sensorValue>=250)

Serial.println(sensorValue);

digitalWrite(6,HIGH);

delay(400);

digitalWrite(6,LOW);

delay(100);

// print out the value you read:

delay(20); // delay in between reads for stability

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CONCLUSION:
The first conclusion to be drawn from the data collection is that consumers care about the
performance of a smoke alarm in a fire, but it is not at the front of their minds when they are
purchasing a smoke alarm. This can be seen in the differences in responses between the
interviews and surveys from our first round of data collection. When given a predetermined
list of features to choose from, consumers valued detection time as the most important factor
to them on the most consistent basis. However, when asked during our interviews “What
features would you look for when purchasing a smoke alarm?” consumers generally listed
detection time less often than optional features and qualities of the smoke alarm. What is
important to note is the fact that the answers we received during the interview were
completely derived from the thoughts that first came to mind, which are generally considered
as the ones most important or prevalent to them. Finally, when asked during the interview
“Were you aware that some smoke alarms respond faster to certain types of fire?” 85 percent
of consumers did not know that there was a difference. Some consumers even went as far as
to ask: “There is a difference between smoke alarms?” The juxtaposition of the survey
findings and the answers to these interview questions is telling about the process by which
consumers choose a smoke alarm. It shows that while consumers care about detection, when
it comes time to purchase a smoke alarm, they bypass performance. This could be for two
reasons:

➢ being unaware of the variation in smoke alarm detection capabilities; and

➢ performance differences are not presented on packaging. It is because of these
reasons that consumers are more likely to focus on other features of the alarm when
deciding on which smoke alarm to purchase.

The next conclusion drawn from the data is that consumers want information on
performance and will use it when it is given. This idea is supported by the data collected
during the second consumer survey. When shown 3 separate smoke alarm packages and told
to select the smoke alarm they would be most likely to purchase, 80% of those surveyed
indicated that their first choice would be a smoke alarm with a rating system or list of features
included. The survey results provide insight into how the consumer values additional
information on smoke alarms. Many consumers stated that their choice was based on wanting
more information. Another conclusion to make is that consumers will choose performance
over price. This is supported by the findings in Survey Question 2 & 3, where 82% of those
surveyed selected the higher rated alarm over the lower cost option. The information
provided by this question shows that consumers are aware of the importance of the
performance of a smoke alarm, and believe that it is worth the extra money to purchase a
better rated smoke alarm. Sections 2 and 3 of the Consumer Packaging Survey indicate that
consumers mostly understand the tested rating systems, but there are still improvements
that could be made. Over 90% of consumers understood both the icon and text-based rating
systems used, however that proportion dropped significantly in the nuisance
resistance category.

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