COMP1116

Applications of ICT

Lecture # 08 Input Devices – Part II

Instructor: Dr. Aftab Akram (PhD CS)

Assistant Professor
 Pixel
• A pixel or picture element is a single point in a raster (or
bitmap) image
• A pixel is generally thought of as the smallest single
component of a digital image
• Pixels are normally arranged in a 2-dimensional grid, and
are often represented using dots or squares
 Image Resolution
• For a digital image, resolution is the number of pixels
• The greater the number of pixels, the sharper the
image is
• How resolution is described?
– Number of pixel columns (width) X Number of pixel rows
(height) e.g. 640 X 480
– Total number of pixels: 3 Megapixels (multiple horizontal
and vertical pixels and divide by one million)
– pixels per length unit or pixels per area unit, such as pixels
per inch (ppi) or per square inch, dots per inch (dpi)
 Color Depth
• Color depth or bit depth, is the number of bits used to
represent the color of a single pixel
• The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a
pixel depends on the number of bits per pixel (bpp)
• A 1 bpp image uses 1-bit for each pixel, so each pixel can be
either on or off
– 1 bpp, 21 = 2 colors (monochrome)
– 2 bpp, 22 = 4 colors
– 3 bpp, 23 = 8 colors
– 8 bpp, 28 = 256 colors
– 16 bpp, 216 = 65,536 colors ("High color" )
– 24 bpp, 224 ≈ 16.8 million colors ("Truecolor")
1 bit per pixel 2 bit per pixel

8 bit per pixel 24 bit per pixel

 RGB Color Model
• Additive Color Model
• Consist of three colors Red, Green and Blue
• These colors are added to reproduce a broad
array of colors
• Main purpose of the RGB color model is for
the sensing, representation, and display of
images in electronic systems, such as
televisions and computers
 CMYK Color Model
• Subtractive Color Model
• Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black
• Used in printing
• The CMYK model works by partially or entirely masking
certain colors on the typically white background (that is,
absorbing particular wavelengths of light)
• The cyan ink will reflect all but the red light, the yellow ink will
reflect all but the blue light and the magenta ink will reflect all
but the green light.
• This is because cyan light is an equal mixture of green and
blue, yellow is an equal mixture of red and green, and
magenta light is an equal mixture of red and blue
 Optical Scanner
• An Optical Scanner or
Scanner is an Input
Device which reads
printed text or images
using light and converts it
to computer readable
form (binary form)
Scanning of Document
 When a document is
placed for scanning, a
light source inside the
Scanner throws light on
that document
This current is then sent to an This light is reflected back
Analog-to-Digital Converter
which converts this analog
after striking the
current to digital form document

Each color in the document

has different light reflecting
and light absorbing tendency.
These sensors converts So the light coming back from
this light to analog current different parts of the
document is different

This light when comes back

fall on Photocells or CCD
(Charges Coupled Devices) or
Contact Image Sensor (CIS)
Most flatbed scanners have a true hardware resolution
of 300x300 dots per inch (dpi)

Process that the scanning software uses to increase the

perceived resolution of an image

It does this by creating extra pixels in between the ones

actually scanned by the CCD array

These extra pixels are an average of the adjacent pixels

For example, if the hardware resolution is 300x300 and

the interpolated resolution is 600x300, then the
software is adding a pixel between every one scanned
by a CCD sensor in each row.
Image Interpolation
 Types of Scanner

Flat Bed Sheet Fed Pen Type Drum or

Scanner Scanner Scanner Rotary Scanner

• Light • Light • Portable • Both light

Source Source Scanners source and
page moves
moves stationary • Scanning • very high
• Page is • Page is quality is scanning
stationary moving not good speed, used
in commercial
applications
 Source Data Entry Devices
• The Devices that are used to directly input data to
computer after reading it from some source
• These devices can read data in encoded form
• Some Commonly used SDE Devices:
o Bar Code Reader
o Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
o Optical Marks Recognition (OMR)
o Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
o Smart Card
 Advantages of SDE Devices
• Source Data Entry devices substantially reduce
data input increasing performance of system
• Fast and accurate data input
• Saves time and improves efficiency
• Ideal to use in environments where bulk data
input is required quickly & accurately
• And where users of system are not proficient
in computer usage
– For example, Shopping Malls, Bus & Train Stations,
 Bar Code Reader
• A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is used to read
barcodes printed on various surfaces
• A barcode is a machine-readable representation of
information in a visual format on a surface
• Barcodes stored data in the widths and spacing of
printed parallel lines
• Today they also come in patterns of dots, concentric
circles, and hidden within images
• Barcodes can be read by optical scanners or scanned
from an image by special software
• Most of time barcode reader is a pen type scanner to
easily read bar codes on different surfaces
Working of Bar Code Reader
 Universal Product Code
• Most commonly used bar code for general
house hold products
• Developed and controlled by UCC (Uniform
Code Council)
• The UPC symbol has two parts:
– The machine-readable bar code
– The human-readable 12-digit UPC number
UPC Maxi Code Data Matrix
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
• Optical character recognition (OCR), is a type of computer
software designed to translate images of handwritten or
typewritten text (usually captured by a scanner) into machine-
editable text
• An OCR system enables you to take a book or a magazine
article, feed it directly into an electronic computer file, and
then edit the file using a word processor.
• All OCR systems include an optical scanner for reading text,
and sophisticated software for analyzing images
• Most OCR systems use a combination of hardware (Optical
Scanners) and software to recognize characters
• Advanced OCR systems can read text in large variety of fonts,
but they still have difficulty with handwritten text.
 How OCR work?
• Step 1: Document Scanning
– When scanner reads a document, it stores it as an image (bitmap image in this
case)
• Step 2: Matrix Matching:
– The OCR software takes those images and compares it with the bitmaps stored
in its database
– In a pixel-to-pixel comparison(Matrix Matching), software try to identify
character
– So the software must all possible character shapes and sizes
• Step 3: Feature Extraction:
– If some character is unrecognizable, it goes through process of Feature
Extraction
• Step 4: Post Processing
– Unrecognized characters are replaced by special character e.g. ~, # etc.
– Finally OCR software run spelling check
 Optical Marks Recognition (OMR)
• Optical Mark Recognition (also called Optical Mark
Reading and OMR) is the process of capturing human-marked
data from document forms such as surveys and tests
• Data is captured by contrasting reflectivity at predetermined
positions on a page
• By shining a beam of light onto the document the scanner is
able to detect a marked area because it is more reflective
than an unmarked surface.
• Some OMR devices use forms which are preprinted onto
'Trans Optic' paper and measure the amount of light which
passes through the paper, thus a mark on either side of the
paper will reduce the amount of light passing through the
paper.
 Optical Marks Recognition (OMR)

An Example of OMR readable paper OM Reader

 Uses of OMR
• In the process of institutional research
• Community surveys
• Consumer surveys
• Tests/assessments
• Evaluations/Feedback
• Data compilation
• Product evaluation
• Time sheets/Inventory counts
• Membership subscription forms
• Lotteries/Voting
• Geocoding (e.g. postal codes)
 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
(MICR)
• Magnetic Ink Character Recognition, or MICR, is a
character recognition technology adopted mainly by the
banking industry to facilitate the processing of checks.
• The process was demonstrated to the American Bankers
Association in July 1956, and it was almost universally
employed by 1963
 Working
• MICR characters are printed in
special typefaces with a
magnetic ink or toner, usually
containing iron oxide
• Magnetic printing is used so
that the characters can be
reliably read into a system, even
when they have been
overprinted with other marks
such as cancellation stamps
• The characters are read with a
device similar in nature to the
head of an audio tape recorder
 Smart Cards
• A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC) is any
pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits
• Smart cards can provide identification, authentication, data storage
and application processing
• Types
– Contact Smart Card: physical contact between card & reader
– Contactless Smart Card: just tapping with reader required, no actual
physical contact
• Applications
– Financial: ATM, fuel cards, mobile phone SIM etcetera
– Public Transit: travel cards,
– Health Cards, etc.
 Smart Cards

Contact Smart Card Contact-less Smart Card

 Advantages of Smart Cards
• Convenience of use
– better than carrying cash with you or purchase tickets in rush hours
• Mobility
– Carry anywhere, use anywhere, e.g., VISA, Master cards
• Security
– No need to carry cash
• Multiplicity of Use
– Same card can be used for many purposes, e.g., Hong Kong octopus card
• Durability:
– paper based cash susceptible to damage due to rain or sweat
• Flexibility
– Governments can offer subsidies, Companies can offer discounts
• Economy
– Long working life, results in lower requirements of paper based currency
 Disadvantages of Smart Cards
• Vulnerable to theft
– Many cards have no user identification or
authentication, if lost no way to recover loss
• Risk of Virus
• Digital Theft
– Using skimming device, hackers can steal
information, duplicate cards to make transactions
• Rough Handling
– Easily broken in wallet, lost or misplaced
 Digital Camera
• A digital camera is an electronic device used to capture
and store photographs electronically in a digital format,
instead of using photographic film like conventional
cameras, or recording images in an analog format to
magnetic tape like many video cameras
• Modern compact digital cameras are typically
multifunctional, with some devices capable of recording
sound and/or video as well as photographs
Working of Digital Camera
 Working of Digital Camera
• Working of digital camera is very much similar to conventional
cameras except that it stores images in electronic form rather than
on photographic film
• Step 1: Capturing Light
– Light enters in the camera through a front lens which focuses it onto Charge
Couple Device (CCD)
• Step 2: Convert Light to Current
– There are number of individual Photo sites in the CCD, each acting as a single
pixel
– Light after passing through lens falls on photo sites, which convert light into
current
– The amount of current is proportional to the intensity of the light
• Step 3: A-to-D Conversion
– Analog current is converted into digital form through a Analog to Digital
Converter
 Types of Digital Camera

Compact Digital Camera: lens

Bridge cameras: high end cameras,
assembly is retracted, suitable for
autofocus, to some extent DSLR
casual use

Digital single-lens reflex cameras Smart Digital Camera

 Digital Camera Resolution
Some typical resolutions include:
• 256x256 - Found on very cheap cameras, this resolution is so low that the picture
quality is almost always unacceptable. This is 65,000 total pixels
• 640x480 - This is the low end on most "real" cameras. This resolution is ideal for e-
mailing pictures or posting pictures on a Web site
• 1216x912 - This is a "megapixel" image size -- 1,109,000 total pixels -- good for
printing pictures
• 1600x1200 - With almost 2 million total pixels, this is "high resolution." You can
print a 4x5 inch print taken at this resolution with the same quality that you would
get from a photo lab
• 2240x1680 - Found on 4 megapixel cameras -- the current standard -- this allows
even larger printed photos, with good quality for prints up to 16x20 inches
• 4064x2704 - A top-of-the-line digital camera with 11.1 megapixels takes pictures at
this resolution. At this setting, you can create 13.5x9 inch prints with no loss of
picture quality
 Microphone
• A microphone, sometimes referred to as a
mike or mic is an acoustic to electric
transducer or sensor that converts sound
pressure into an electrical signal
• Microphones are used in many applications
such as telephones, tape recorders, hearing
aids, motion picture production, live and
recorded audio engineering, in radio and
television broadcasting and in computers for
recording voice
 Working of Microphone
• One type of microphone is known as
Dynamic Microphone
• Dynamic Microphone consists of a
Diaphragm, a Coil which is rolled over
a permanent magnet
• Sound waves strike to diaphragm
which starts vibrating back and forth
• The diaphragm also sets into motion
coil attached to it
• The coil is present in the magnetic
field of a permanent magnetic
• Motion of coil in the magnetic field
causes a current to flow in the coil
(induced current)
• This current is in analog form, so a
Analog-to-Digital Converter converts
it to digital form
 Working of Microphone
• Another type of microphone is
Condenser Microphone
• It consists of a parallel plate capacitor
• One plate of the capacitor acts a
diaphragm while other is held
stationary
• Sound waves strike to the diaphragm
and move it back and forth
• Capacitance of parallel plate
capacitor changes by changing
distance between the plates
• When diaphragm is moved back and
forth, a current flows in the circuit
 Types of Microphone
• Carbon Microphone
– Oldest used technology, used in early telephones
– Quite large and heavy
• Ribbon Microphone
– in a ribbon microphone, a thin ribbon is suspended in a magnetic field
– Sound waves move the ribbon which changes the current flowing
through it
• Piezoelectric Microphone
– A crystal inside microphone produces current when subjected to
pressure