ZdrZ nmR>çnwñVH$ Am{U ZdrZ Aä¶mgH«$‘ ¶m§da AmYm[aV

AW©emñÌ
ZdZrV
B¶ËVm ~mamdr

l R>iH$ d¡{eîQ>ço …
1. à˶oH$ àH$aUmMr Aä¶mg-KQ>H${Zhm¶ aMZm.
2. à˶oH$ àH$aUmÀ¶m gwédmVrbm gd©g_mdoeH$ " _hËËdmMo _wX²Xo '.
3.  nmR>çnwñVH$m‘Yrb ñdmܶm¶m§Vrb gd© àíZm§Mr gw~moY ^mfoV AMyH$, _wX²XogyX d AmXe© CËVao.
4. narjoÀ¶m X¥îQ>rZo ‘hËËdmMo Ago gd© àíZ g‘n©H$, ‘wX²XogyX CËVam§gh g‘m{dîQ>.
5. g§nyU©, à_mU^yV Am{U AXç¶mdV _m{hVr.

ZdZrV ‘mJ©Xe©H$ åhUOo gw{Z¶mo{OV Aä¶mg, CÁÁdb ¶e h‘Img!

: boIH$ :
lr. ZdZrV

n{hbr Amd¥ËVr : 2020

E0328
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ìÊÇîÍö : 63, ùúÊáË üÊô”ü ÄÊÙ�ÎáüòÊÎö, ÄÊõÇÛÎüìÇö, ìÊÇîÍö } 440 012. (ïÊÎì .. 242 1522)
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2001
Published by : Navneet Education Limited, Dantali, Gujarat. CTP
Printed by : Navneet Education Limited, Dantali, Gujarat. (12-6-2020)

2
 ‘ZmoJV
B¶ËVm ~mamdrMm " AW©emñÌ ' ¶m {df¶mMm ZdrZ Aä¶mgH«$_ Am{U ZdrZ nmR>çnwñVH$ ¶m§da AmYm[aV " AW©emñÌ
ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr ' Mr hr ZdrZ Amd¥ËVr àH$m{eV H$aVmZm Amåhm§bm A˶§V AmZ§X hmoV Amho. Amho.
¶m {df¶mMm ZdrZ Aä¶mgH«$_ Am{U ZdrZ nmR>çnwñVH$ ¶m§Mm gImob Aä¶mg H$ê$Z ho ‘mJ©Xe©H$ V¶ma H$aʶmV Ambo Amho.
¶m ‘mJ©Xe©H$mVrb à˶oH$ nmR>mÀ¶m gwédmVrbm ‘hËËdmMo ‘wX²Xo ñnîQ>rH$aUm§gh XoʶmV Ambo Amho. ˶mdê$Z ˶m ˶m àH$aUmV
g‘m{dîQ> Agboë¶m nmR>çdñVyÀ¶m Ame¶mMo {dXçm϶mªZm ghO AmH$bZ hmoB©b. Aä¶mgmMr COiUr H$aʶmgmR>r gmam§eê$nmZo
XoʶmV Ambobo ‘hËËdmMo ‘wX²Xo {dXçm϶mªZm IynM Cn¶moJr nS>Vrb.
àñVwV _mJ©Xe©H$mV nmR>çnwñVH$mÀ¶m ñdmܶm¶m§Vrb gd© àíZm§Mm AMyH$, ‘wX²XogyX d AmXe© CËVam§gh g‘mdoe Ho$bobm
AmhoM; ˶mM~amo~a narjoÀ¶m ÑîQ>rZo ‘hËËdnyU© Agbobo gd© àH$maMo àíZhr ‘wX²XogyX, g‘n©H$ CËVam§gh g‘m{dîQ> H$aʶmV
Ambo AmhoV.
¶m _mJ©Xe©H$mÀ¶m Aä¶mgmZo {dXçm϶mªMr " AW©emñÌ ' ¶m {df¶mMr n[anyU© V¶mar hmoB©b Am{U ˶m§Zm ~moS>m©À¶m narjoV
CÁÁdb ¶e {_iob, Agm ÑT> {dídmg Amåhm§bm dmQ>Vmo.
¶m _mJ©Xe©H$mMr Cn¶wŠVVm dmT>dʶmÀ¶m ÑîQ>rZo ¶oUmè¶m gd© gyMZm ñdmJVmh© AmhoV.
 àH$meH$

3
 AZwH«$‘{UH$m
 n¥îR> H«$.
1. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ Am{U ñWyb AW©emñÌmMm n[aM¶ ...   5
2. Cn¶mo{JVm {díbofU ...  16
3 A. ‘mJUrMo {díbofU ...   27
3 ~. ‘mJUrMr bdMrH$Vm ...   39
4. nwadR>m {díbofU ...  53
5. ~mOmamMo àH$ma ...  67
6. {ZX}em§H$ ...  78

7. amîQ´>r¶ CËnÝZ ...  89

8. ^maVmVrb gmd©O{ZH$ {dËV ì¶dhma$ ... 102

9. ^maVmVrb ZmUo ~mOma Am{U ^m§S>db ~mOma ... 115

10. ^maVmMm {dXoer ì¶mnma ... 129

4
 1 gyú‘ AW©emñÌ Am{U ñWyb AW©emñÌmMm n[aM¶

_hËËdmÀ¶m g§H$ënZm :
(1) gyú‘ AW©emñÌ : AW©ì¶dñWoVrb A˶§V N>moQ>çm ^mJmÀ¶m Am{W©H$ dV©ZmMo {díbofU H$aUmao emñÌ, åhUOo " gyú‘bjr AW©emñÌ '
hmo¶.
(2) ñWyb AW©emñÌ : g§nyU© AW©ì¶dñWoMm Aä¶mg H$aUmao emñÌ, åhUOo " ñWyb AW©emñÌ ' hmo¶.
(3) gyú‘bjr/gyú‘ Am{W©H$ Mbo : Am{W©H$ Mbm§Mr gyú‘ n[a‘mUo, åhUOoM " gyú‘bjr/gyú‘ Am{W©H$ Mbo ' hmoV.
(4) g‘J«bjr/g‘J« Am{W©H$ Mbo : Am{W©H$ Mbm§Mo ~oaOoMo ê$n qH$dm Am{W©H$ Mbm§Mr g‘wÀM¶mË‘H$ n[a‘mUo, åhUOoM " g‘J«bjr/
g‘J« Am{W©H$ Mbo ' hmoV.

‘hËËdmMo ‘wX²Xo
1. àñVmdZm : AW©ì`dñWmê$nr earamVrb bmImo noer åhUOo ì`ŠVr
(1) 
AmYw{ZH$ AW©emñÌmÀ¶m gyú‘ AW©emñÌ Am{U ñWyb Am{U Hw$Q>w§~o Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m ê$nmZo Am{U CËnmXZg§ñWm
AW©emñÌ `m XmoZ ‘w»` emIm AmhoV. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ d CËnmXH$mÀ`m ê$nmZo AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m g§MbZmV H$em àH$mao
ñWyb AW©emñÌ `m eãXm§Mm gd©àW‘ dmna 1933 ‘Ü`o ^y{‘H$m nma nmS>VmV, ho Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r gyú‘ AW©emñÌ
Amoñbmo {dXçmnrR>mV Zm°d}{O`Z AW©emñÌk a°JZa {’«$e `m noetH$S>o OUy H$mhr gyú‘Xe©H$mVyZ nmhVo. ''
`m§Zr Ho$bm. 3. gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr ì`mßVr :
gyú‘ AW©emñÌmbm B§J«Or‘Ü`o Microeconomics Ago
(2)  gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr ì¶mßVr hr àm‘w»¶mZo qH$‘V {gX²Ym§V d
åhUVmV. B§J«OrVrb Micro `m eãXmMr CËnËVr ‘yi gmYZgm‘J«rMo dmQ>n ¶m§À¶mer g§~§{YV Amho. gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr
J«rH$ eãX Mikros `m eãXmnmgyZ Pmbr Amho. Mikros ì¶mßVr nwT>rb V³Ë¶mX²dmao ñnîQ> H$aʶmV Ambr Amho :
`m eãXmMm ‘amR>r AW© AË`§V bhmZ qH$dm EH$- gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr ì¶mßVr ñnîQ>rH$aU
Xebjm§e ^mJ Agm hmoVmo. åhUOoM gyú‘ AW©emñÌ ho 1. dñVy d godm ¶m§À¶m (1) dñVy d godm ¶m§À¶m
AW©ì`dñWoVrb AË`§V gyú‘ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVo. gyú‘ qH$‘V {ZpíMVrMo {gX²Ym§V qH$‘V {ZpíMVrMo ñnîQ>rH$aU
AW©emñÌmg ì`îQ>r AW©emñÌ qH$dm A§ebjr AW©emñÌ (2) ‘mJUrÀ¶m {díbofUmMm
qH$dm gyú‘bjr AW©emñÌ Agohr åhUVmV. Am{U nwadR>çmÀ¶m {díbofUmMm
ñWyb AW©emñÌmbm B§J«Or‘Ü`o Macroeconomics Ago
(3)  g‘mdoe.
åhUVmV. B§J«OrVrb Macro `m eãXmMr CËnËVr ‘yi J«rH$ 2. CËnmXH$ KQ>H$m§À¶m qH$‘V (1) CËnmXH$ KQ>H$m§À¶m
eãX Makros `m eãXmnmgyZ Pmbr Amho. Makros `m {ZpíMVrMo {gX²Ym§V qH$‘V/‘mo~Xbo {ZpíMVrMo
eãXmMm ‘amR>r AW© ‘moR>m qH$dm g‘J« ^mJ Agm hmoVmo. ñnîQ>rH$aU (2) I§S>, doVZ,
åhUOoM ñWyb AW©emñÌ ho g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg ì¶mO Am{U Z’$m {gX²Ym§Vm§Mm
H$aVo. g‘mdoe.
2. gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMm AW© Am{U ì`m»`m : 3. Am{W©H$ H$ë¶mUmMo {gX²Ym§V (1) CËnmXZ joÌmVrb
(1) AW©ì`dñWoVrb d¡`pŠVH$ Cn^moŠVm, d¡`pŠVH$ CËnmXH$ H$m¶©j‘Vm (2) Cn^moJmÀ¶m
qH$dm CËnmXH$ g§ñWm / noT>r `m§gma»`m gyú‘ KQ>H$m§Mm joÌmVrb H$m¶©j‘Vm (3) EHy$U
Aä`mg H$aUmao AW©emñÌ, åhUOo " gyú‘ AW©emñÌ ' hmo`. Am{W©H$ H$m¶©j‘Vm ¶m
(2) ‘m°[ag S>m°~ `m§À`m ‘Vo, "" AW©ì`dñWoMo gyú‘Xeu AÜ``Z H$m¶©j‘Vm§Mm Aä¶mg.
åhUOo gyú‘ AW©emñÌ hmo`. '' 4. gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr d¡{eîQ>ço :
(3) E. nr. bZ©a `m§À`m ‘Vo, "" gyú‘ AW©emñÌmX²dmao g yú‘ AW©emñÌmMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rb V³Ë¶mX²dmao ñnîQ> H$aʶmV
AW©ì`dñWoH$S>o OUy H$mhr gyú‘Xe©H$mX²dmao nm{hbo OmVo. Ambr AmhoV :
1. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ Am{U ñWyb AW©emñÌmMm n[aM¶ 5
 gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr d¡{eîQ>ço g§X^m©V Ho$bm OmVmo. ñWyb (g‘J«bjr) AW©emñÌmMo
ñdê$n g‘wÀM`mË‘H$ (Aggregative) Amho.
1. {d{eîQ> Hw$Qw>§~, {d{eîQ> CËnmXZ g§ñWm B˶mXr d¡¶{³VH$
(2) àm. Oo. Eb. h°ÝgZ `m§À`m ‘Vo, "" ñWyb AW©emñÌ hr
Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§À¶m Am{W©H$ dV©ZmMm Aä¶mg.
AW©emñÌmMr Aer emIm Amho H$s Á`mV EHy$U amoOJma,
2. dñVy d godm VgoM CËnmXH$ KQ>H$ ¶m§À¶m qH$‘V
{ZYm©aUmMm Aä¶mg. qH$‘V {gX²Ym§V/‘yë¶ {gX²Ym§V EHy$U ~MV, EHy$U Jw§VdUyH$, amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ `m§gma»`m
åhUyZhr AmoiI. ‘moR>çm g‘wÀM`mMm d Ë`m§À`mVrb nañnag§~§Ym§Mm {dMma
3. 
BVa n[apñWVr H$m¶‘ ‘mZyZ {d{eîQ> KQ>H$mÀ¶m Am§{eH$ H$aÊ`mV `oVmo. ''
g‘Vmobmda ^a. (3) 
àm. H$mb© e°{namo `m§À`m ‘Vo, "" ñWyb AW©emñÌ
4. 
nyU© amoOJma, ewXY² ^m§S>dbemhr, nyU© ñnYm©, gaH$mar AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m g§nyU© H$m`©nX²YVrer g§~§{YV Amho. ''
{Zh©ñVjon, BVa n[apñWVr H$m¶‘ B˶mXr J¥hrVH$m§da 7. ñWyb AW©emñÌmMr ì`mßVr :
AmYm[aV.   ñWyb AW©emñÌmV g§nyU© AW©ì¶dñWoÀ¶m nmVirdarb g‘J«
5. AW©ì¶dñWoMo bhmZmV bhmZ d¡¶{³VH$ Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§‘ܶo KQ>H$m§Mm Aä¶mg Ho$bm OmVmo. ñWyb AW©emñÌmÀ¶m ì¶mßVrV
{d^mOZ H$ê$Z à˶oH$ KQ>H$mMm ñdV§ÌnUo Aä¶mg. g‘m{dîQ> hmoUmè¶m Mma {gX²Ym§VmMo nwT>rb V³Ë¶mV ñnîQ>rH$aU
6. gyú‘ AW©emñÌr¶ {díbofUmgmR>r gr‘m§V VËËdmMm dmna. H$aʶmV Ambo Amho :
7. 
nyU© ñnYm©, ‘³VoXmar, Aënm{YH$ma, ‘³VoXmar¶w³V ñnYm©
B˶mXr ~mOma aMZm§Mm Aä¶mg. ñWyb AW©emñÌmMr ì¶mßVr ñnîQ>rH$aU
8. 
amîQ´>r¶ g‘ñ¶m§Mm Am{U g‘J« KQ>H$m§Mm Aä¶mg hmoV 1. CËnÝZ d amoOJma {gX²Ym§V (1) amîQ´>r¶ CËnÝZ d amoOJma
Zgë¶mZo ‘¶m©{XV ì¶már. ¶m§Mr nmVir H$er R>aVo,
H$moU˶m H$maUm§‘i
w o ˶m§V ~Xb
5. gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMo ‘hËËd :
hmoVmV d ˶mdarb Cnm¶¶moOZm
gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMo ‘hËËd nwT>rb V³Ë¶mX²dmao ñnîQ> H$aʶmV
¶m§Mo {ddoMZ. (2) Cn^moJ
Ambo Amho :
’$bZ Am{U ~MV ’$bZ ¶m§Mm
gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMo ‘hËËd Aä¶mg.
1. dñVy d godm VgoM CËnmXZ KQ>H$ ¶m§À¶m {H$‘Vr H$em 2. gd©gmYmaU qH$‘V qH$‘V nmVir H$er R>aVo,
{ZYm©[aV hmoVmV, ˶mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU XoʶmgmR>r Cn¶w³V. nmVirMo {gX²Ym§V H$moU˶m H$maUm§‘wio {VÀ¶mV
2. ‘w³V ~mOmanoR>r¶ AW©ì¶dñWoMr H$m¶©nX²YVr g‘OyZ ~Xb hmoVmV d ˶mdarb
Koʶmg Cn¶w³V. Cnm¶¶moOZm ¶m§Mo {ddoMZ.
3. 
{d{Z‘¶ Xa, OH$mV Xa B˶mXr {dXoer/Am§VaamîQ´>r¶ 3. Am{W©H$ d¥XY² r d {dH$mgmMo (1) A{dH${gV d
ì¶mna{df¶H$ ~m~tMm Aä¶mg H$aʶmgmR>r Cn¶w³V. {gX²Ym§V {dH$gZerb Xoem§Vrb Xm[aÐç
4. 
AW©ì¶dñWoVrb JwV§ mJwV§ rMr n[apñWVr ñnîQ> H$aUmè¶m d Aën{dH$mg ¶m§À¶m H$maUm§Mm
Am{W©H$ àmê$nm§À¶m {Z{‘©VrV Cn¶w³V. Aä¶mg d ¶m Xoem§V Am{W©H$
5. CXçmoOH$m§Zm qH$‘V, CËnmXZ IM©, CËnmXH$Vm B˶mXtg§~Y§ r d¥XY² r d {dH$mg H$gm KS>dZy
AMyH$ ì¶mdgm{¶H$ {ZU©¶ Koʶmg Cn¶w³V. AmUVm ¶oBb © ¶mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU
6. Am{W©H$ YmoaUo AmIʶmgmR>r Am{U g§gmYZm§À¶m H$m¶©j‘ XoUmè¶m {gX²Ym§Vm§Mm Aä¶mg.
{dVaUmgmR>r emgZmg Cn¶w³V. (2) {dH${gV Xoem§‘ܶo
7. H$ë¶mUH$mar AW©emñÌmMm nm¶m åhUyZ Cn¶w³V. ñW¡¶m©gh Am{W©H$ d¥XY² rMm
dmT>Vm Xa H$gm JmR>Vm ¶oBb ©
6. ñWyb AW©emñÌmMm AW© d ì`m»`m : ¶mMo {ddoMZ.
(1) ñWyb AW©emñÌmV g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoer g§~§{YV Aem g‘J«
4. {d^mOZmMm g‘J«bjr EHy$U amîQ´>r¶ CËnÝZmV I§S>,
KQ>H$m§Mm Aä¶mg Ho$bm OmVmo. `m emIoV EHy$U amoOJma,
{gX²Ym§V doVZ, ì¶mO d Z’$m ¶m§Mm
amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ, amîQ´>r` CËnmXZ, g‘J« ‘mJUr, g‘J«
gmnoj dmQ>m H$gm R>aVmo ¶mMo
nwadR>m, EHy$U Cn^moJ d EHy$U ~MV, EHy$U Jw§VdUyH$ Aem
‘moR>çm, g‘J« KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aUmao {gX²Ym§V.

6 AW©emñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr

8. ñWyb AW©emñÌmMr d¡{eîQ>ço : 9. ñWyb AW©emñÌmMo ‘hËËd :
ñWyb AW©emñÌmMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rb V³Ë¶mV ñnîQ> Ho$br AmhoV : ñWyb AW©emñÌmMo ‘hËËd nwT>rb V³Ë¶mX²dmao ñnîQ> H$aʶmV
Ambo Amho :
ñWyb AW©emñÌmMr d¡{eîQ>ço
1. 
g§nyU© AW©ì¶dñWoÀ¶m nmVirdarb g‘J« KQ>H$m§Mm ñWyb AW©emñÌmMo ‘hËËd
Aä¶mg. 1. 
AW©ì¶dñWoVrb EHy$U Mbm§Mo Am{W©H$ dV©Z g‘OyZ
2. CËnÝZ d amoOJma {gX²Ym§V qH$dm CËnÝZ {díbofU åhUyZ Koʶmg gmhmæ¶^yV.
AmoiI, CËnÝZ d amoOJma nmVir H$er {ZpíMV hmoVo, 2. 
amîQ´>r¶ CËnÝZmVrb MT>CVma, CËnmXZ d amoOJma
˶m§V H$moU˶m H$maUm§Zr MT>CVma hmoVmV d ˶m§darb nmVirVrb MT>CVma ¶m§Mr H$maUo d ˶m§darb {Z¶§ÌU
Cnm¶ ¶m§Mo {ddoMZ. ¶m§À¶m {ddoMZmg Cn¶w³V.
3. 
g§nUy © AW©ì¶dñWoÀ¶m g‘VmobmMo {díbofU. Am{W©H$ 3. amîQ´>r¶ CËnÝZ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ boIm ¶m§À¶m Aä¶mgmg
KQ>H$m§‘Yrb ’$bZmË‘H$ g§~Y§ d nañnamdb§~Z ¶m§Mm {dMma. Cn¶w³V.
4. Am{W©H$ Mbm§‘Yrb nañnamdb§~ZmMm {dMma d {ddoMZ. 4. 
A{dH${gV Am{U {dH$gZerb Xoem§Vrb Am{W©H$ d
5. g‘J« Mbm§À¶m Aä¶mgmgmR>r amer nX²YVrMm Adb§~. gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶m§Mr H$maUo d Cnm¶ ¶m§À¶m Aä¶mgmg
6. Am{W©H$ d¥XY² r d Am{W©H$ {dH$mg ¶m§À¶m àmê$nm§Mm {dMma. Cn¶w³V.
7. gd©gmYmaU qH$‘V nmVir H$er {ZpíMV hmoVo, {VÀ¶mV 5. 
amîQ´>r¶ CËnÝZmÀ¶m AmH$S>odmarÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo
MT>CVma H$moU˶m H$maUm§Zr hmoVmV d ˶m§darb Cnm¶ AW©ì¶dñWoÀ¶m H$m‘{JarÀ¶m ‘mnZmg gmhmæ¶^yV.
¶m§Mo {ddoMZ. 6. 
Am{W©H$ Mbm§X²dmao AW©ì¶dñWoÀ¶m H$m‘{JarÀ¶m
{díbofUmg Cn¶w³V.
8. 
^mddmT> amoIUo, amOJma {Z‘m©U H$aUo, AW©ì¶dñWobm
7. 
gm‘mݶ amoOJma nmVir Am{U EHy$U CËnmXZ ¶m§Mo
‘§XrVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Uo, XoemMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg ObX
{díbofU H$aʶmg Cn¶w³V.
JVrZo gmYUo ¶m§gmR>r Am{W©H$ YmoaUo R>adʶmg Cn¶w³V.

10. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ Am{U ñWyb AW©emñÌ `m§Mm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg :

VwbZogmR>r AmYma gyú‘ AW©emñÌ ñWyb AW©emñÌ
1. AW© AW©ì`dñWoVrb d¡`pŠVH$ KQ>H$m§À`m Am{W©H$ dV©ZmMm AW©ì`dñWoVrb EHy$U KQ>H$m§À`m Am{W©H$ dV©ZmMm
Aä`mg H$aUmao emñÌ. Aä`mg H$aUmao emñÌ.
2. Aä¶mg{df¶ d¡`pŠVH$ ‘mJUr, d¡`pŠVH$ nwadR>m, d¡`pŠVH$ CËnÝZ g‘J« ‘mJUr, g‘J« nwadR>m, amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ BË`mXr ~m~tMm
BË`mXr ~m~tMm Aä`mg. Aä`mg.
3. ì¶mßVr/{gX²Ym§V gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr ì¶mßVr ñWyb AW©emñÌmMr ì¶mßVr

dñVy§À¶m CËnmXZ Am{W©H$

CËnÝZ d {d^mOZmMm
qH$‘V KQ>H$m§À¶m H$ë¶mUmMo
amoOJma {gX²Ym§V g‘J«bjr
{ZpíMVrMo {H$‘Vr {gX²Ym§V
{gX²Ym§V {ZpíMVrMo {gX²Ym§V
{gX²Ym§V gd©gmYmaU qH$‘V Am{W©H$ d¥X²Yr d
‘mJUrMo
I§S> {gX²Ym§V d ^mddmT> {dH$mgmMo {gX²Ym§V
{díbofU
doVZ
nwadR>çmMo ì¶mO Cn^moJ ’$bZmMm Jw§VdUH$
{díbofU Z’$m {gX²Ym§V {gX²Ym§V

CËnmXZ Cn^moJ EHy$U

joÌmVrb joÌmVrb Am{W©H$ ì¶mnmaMH«$mMo {gX²Ym§V
H$m¶©j‘Vm H$m¶©j‘Vm H$m¶©j‘Vm
1. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ Am{U ñWyb AW©emñÌmMm n[aM¶ 7
 4. ‘hËËd qH$‘V {ZYm©aU, Am{W©H$ àmê$nm§Mr {Z{_©Vr, ì`mdgm{`H$ Am{W©H$ MT>CVmam§Mo {díbofU, amîQ´>r` CËnÝZmMo {díbofU,
{ZU©`, gmYZgm‘J«rMo dmQ>n BË`mXr ~m~VtV Cn`wŠV. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMo {díbofU, gm‘mÝ` amoOJma nmVirMo
{díbofU BË`mXr ~m~VtV Cn`wŠV.

àíZmoËVao
à. 1 `mo½` n`m©` {ZdS>m : ( à˶oH$s 1 JwU ) (2) qH$‘V nmVir, amoOJma nmVir, I§S> {ZpíMVr, amîQ´>r¶
*(1) AW©emñÌmMr emIm, Or g§gmYZ dmQ>nmer g§~§{YV Amho. CËnÝZ.
(A) gyú‘ AW©emñÌ (~) ñWyb AW©emñÌ (3) dñVy§À¶m qH$‘V {ZpíMVrMo {gX²Ym§V, Am{W©H$ d¥X²Yr d
{dH$mgmMo {gX²Ym§V, CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À¶m qH$‘V {ZpíMVrMo
(H$) AW©{‘Vr (S>) `m§n¡H$s H$mhrhr Zmhr
{gX²Ym§V, Am{W©H$ H$ë¶mUmMo {gX²Ym§V.
n`m©` : (1) A, ~, H$ (2) A, ~
(4) Am{W©H$ d¥X²Yr d {dH$mgmMo {gX²Ym§V, CËnÝZ d amoOJma
(3) ’$ŠV A (4) darbn¡H$s Zmhr {gX²Ym§V, {d^mOZmMm g‘J«bjr {gX²Ym§V, Am{W©H$
*(2) gyú‘ AW©emñÌmVrb g§H$ënZm H$ë¶mUmMo {gX²Ym§V.
(A) amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ (~) gm‘mÝ` qH$‘V nmVir (5) Z’$m, ^y‘r, l‘, ^m§S>db.
(H$) KQ>H$ qH$‘V (S>) CËnmXZ qH$‘V CËVao : (1) qH$‘V nmVir (2) I§S> {ZpíMVr (3) Am{W©H$
n`m©` : (1) ~, H$ (2) ~, H$, S> d¥X²Yr d {dH$mgmMo {gX²Ym§V (4) Am{W©H$ H$ë¶mUmMo {gX²Ym§V
(3) A, ~, H$ (4) H$, S> (5) Z’$m.
*(3) gyú‘ AW©emñÌr` {díbofUmV dmnabr OmUmar nX²YV.
* à. 3 ghg§~§Y nyU© H$am :  ( à˶oH$s 1 JwU )
(A) amer nX²YV (~) g‘J« nX²YV
(1) gyú‘ AW©emñÌ : {d^mOZ nX²YV : :
(H$) {d^mOZ nX²YV (S>) gd©g‘mdoeH$ nX²YV
ñWyb AW©emñÌ : .
n`m©` : (1) A, H$, S> (2) ~, H$, S>
(2) gyú‘ AW©emñÌ : PmS> : :
(3) ’$ŠV H$ (4) ’$ŠV A
ñWyb AW©emñÌ : .
*(4) ñWyb AW©emñÌ nwT>rb g§H$ënZm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVo.
(3) ñWyb AW©emñÌ : CËnÝZ Am{U amoOJma {gX²Ym§V : :
(A) g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWm (~) Am{W©H$ {dH$mg
gyú‘ AW©emñÌ : .
(H$) EHy$U nwadR>m (S>) CËnmXZ qH$‘V
(4) ‘°H«$mog : ñWyb AW©emñÌ : :
n`m©` : (1) A, ~, H$ (2) ~, H$, S>
‘m`H«$mog : .
(3) ’$ŠV S (4) A, ~, H$, S>
(5) gd©gmYmaU g‘Vmob : ñWyb AW©emñÌ : :
(5) ñWyb AW©emñÌmMr ì`mßVr
: gyú‘ AW©emñÌ.
(A) Cn^moJ ’$bZ (~) Jw§VdUyH$ ’$bZ
CËVao : (1) amer nX²YV (2) O§Jb (3) dñVy d godm `m§À`m
(H$) d¡`pŠVH$ ‘mJUr (S>) amoOJma nmVir
qH$‘V {ZpíMVrMo {gX²Ym§V/CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À¶m qH$‘V {ZpíMVrMo
n`m©` : (1) A, ~, S> (2) ~, H$, S>
{gX²Ym§V/Am{W©H$ H$ë¶mUmMo {gX²Ym§V (4) gyú‘ AW©emñÌ
(3) ’$ŠV S> (4) ’$ŠV H$ (5) Am§{eH$ g‘Vmob.
CËVao : (1) (3) ’$ŠV A.
(2) (4) H$, S>. à. 4 ¶mo½¶ AW©emñÌr¶ nm[a^m{fH$ eãX gwMdm :
(3) (3) ’$ŠV H$.  ( à˶oH$s 1 JwU )
(4) (1) A, ~, H$. (1) g§nyU© AW©ì¶dñWoÀ¶m g‘VmobmMo/g§VwbZmMo {ddoMZ
(5) (1) A, ~, S. H$aUmam g‘VmobmMm/g§VwbZmMm àH$ma.
à. 2 {dg§JV eãX AmoiIm : ( à˶oH$s 1 JwU ) (2) Am{W©H$ Mbm§Mo g‘wÀM¶mË‘H$ n[a‘mU.
(3) {d{eîQ> KQ>H$mÀ¶m g‘VmobmMo/g§VwbZmMo {ddoMZ H$aUmam
(1) d¡¶{³VH$ ‘mJUr, d¡¶{³VH$ nwadR>m, d¡¶{³VH$ CËnÝZ,
g‘VmobmMm/g§VwbZmMm àH$ma.
qH$‘V nmVir.
(gyMZm : nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb àíZ * ¶m {MÝhmX²dmao Xe©dʶmV Ambo AmhoV.)
8 AW©emñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
 (4) Am{W©H$ Mbm§Mo gyú‘ n[a‘mU. CËVa : (A) CXmhaUmVrb g§H$ënZm : d¡`pŠVH$ KQ>H$
(5) ^m§S>dbmMm ‘mo~Xbm. Aä`mg.
(~) g§H$ënZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU : AW©ì`dñWoVrb EImXçm
CËVao : (1) g‘J« g‘Vmob/g§VwbZ (2) g‘J«bjr/g‘J«
{d{eîQ> KQ>H$mMm ñdV§ÌnUo Ho$bobm Aä`mg åhUOo d¡`pŠVH$ KQ>H$
Am{W©H$ Mbo (3) Am§{eH$ g‘Vmob/g§VwbZ (4) gyú‘bjr/gyú‘
Aä`mg hmo`. CXm., gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV {d{eîQ> CXçmoJmMm, d¡`pŠVH$
Am{W©H$ Mbo (5) ì¶mO. CËnÝZmMm Ho$bobm Aä`mg.
à. 5 {dYmZo Am{U VH©$ àíZ  nwT>rb n¶m©¶m§‘Yrb ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ *(2) a‘oeZo CËnmXZ{df`H$ gd© {ZU©` ñdV: KoÊ`mMo R>adbo.
{ZdS>m :  ( à˶oH$s 1 JwU ) CXm., H$m` Am{U H$go CËnmXZ H$amdo?
(1) {dYmZ (A) : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr ì¶mßVr VwbZoZo ‘¶m©{XV CËVa : (A) CXmhaUmVrb g§H$ënZm : ‘wŠV ~mOma
Amho. AW©ì`dñWoVrb ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU©`.
(~) g§H$ënZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU : ‘wŠV ~mOma AW©ì`dñWoV
VH©$ {dYmZ (~) : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV Ho$di d¡¶{³VH$
CËnmXH$mbm qH$dm ì`mdgm{`H$mbm CËnmXZ joÌmVrb H$m`©j‘VogmR>r
Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä¶mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
H$mhr {ZU©` ¿`mdo bmJVmV. ho {ZU©` åhUOoM ‘wŠV ~mOma
n¶m©¶ : AW©ì`dñWoVrb ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU©` hmoV. ì`mdgm{`H$mbm qH$‘V,
(1) {dYmZ " A ' g˶ Amho, nU VH©$ {dYmZ " ~ ' Ag˶ Amho. CËnmXZIM© BË`mXtg§~§Yrhr ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU©` ¿`mdo bmJVmV. `m
(2) {dYmZ " A ' Ag˶ Amho, nU VH©$ {dYmZ " ~ ' g˶ Amho. ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU©`m§V emgZ qH$dm BVa H$moUË`m `§ÌUoMm hñVjon
(3) XmoÝhr {dYmZo g˶ AgyZ, " ~ ' {dYmZ ho " A ' {dYmZmMo ZgVmo.
~amo~a ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVo. *(3) e~mZmZo Amnë`m H$maImÝ`mVrb H$m‘Jmam§Zm doVZ
(4) XmoÝhr {dYmZo g˶ AgyZ, " ~ ' {dYmZ ho {dYmZ " A ' Mo Am{U ~±H$ H$Om©darb ì`mO {Xbo.
¶mo½¶ ñnîQ>rH$aU Zmhr. CËVa : (A) CXmhaUmVrb g§H$ënZm : CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mo
CËVa : (3) XmoÝhr {dYmZo g˶ AgyZ, " ~ ' {dYmZ ho " A ' ‘mo~Xbo XoUo.
{dYmZmMo ~amo~a ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVo. (~) g§H$ënZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU : dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>r ^y‘r,
l‘, ^m§S>db d g§`moOH$ ho CËnmXZ KQ>H$ Amdí`H$ AgVmV.
(2) {dYmZ (A) : ñWyb AW©emñÌ CËnÝZ {díbofU åhUyZ `m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm CËnmXZ à{H«$¶oV gh^mJr Pmë¶m~X²Xb
AmoiIbo OmVo. CËnmXH$mH$Sy>Z AZwH«$‘o I§S>, doVZ, ì`mO d Z’$m ho ‘mo~Xbo àmßV
VH©$ {dYmZ (~) : ñWyb AW©emñÌmV {d{eîQ> 춳VrZo hmoVmV.
qH$dm {d{eîQ> CËnmXZ g§ñWoZo àmßV Ho$boë¶m CËnÝZmMm (4) amOoeZo Ë`mbm EH$ ‘{hÝ`mÀ`m H$mbmdYrV {H$Vr doim
Aä¶mg Ho$bm OmVmo. [ajmZo àdmg H$amdm bmJVmo ho ‘moOÊ`mMo R>adbo.
n¶m©¶ : CËVa : (A) CXmhaUmVrb g§H$ënZm : d¡`pŠVH$ ‘mJUrMm
(1) {dYmZ " A ' g˶ Amho, nU VH©$ {dYmZ " ~ ' Ag˶ Amho. Aä`mg.
(~) g§H$ënZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU : EH$m {d{eîQ> H$mbmdYrV
(2) {dYmZ " A ' Ag˶ Amho, nU VH©$ {dYmZ " ~ ' g˶ Amho.
{d{eîQ> {H$‘Vrbm EH$m ì`ŠVrZo (J«mhH$mZo) Ho$bobr dñVyMr qH$dm
(3) XmoÝhr {dYmZo g˶ AgyZ, " ~ ' {dYmZ ho " A ' {dYmZmMo godoMr ‘mJUr åhUOo d¡`pŠVH$ ‘mJUr hmo`. d¡`pŠVH$ ‘mJUrMm
~amo~a ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVo.
gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
(4) XmoÝhr {dYmZo g˶ AgyZ, " ~ ' {dYmZ ho {dYmZ " A ' Mo
¶mo½¶ ñnîQ>rH$aU Zmhr. à. 7 \$aH$ ñnîQ> H$am :  ( à˶oH$s 2 JwU )
CËVa : (1) {dYmZ " A ' g˶ Amho, nU VH©$ {dYmZ " ~ ' (1) gyú‘ AW©emñÌ Am{U ñWyb AW©emñÌ :
Ag˶ Amho. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ ñWyb AW©emñÌ
à. 6 n wT>rb CXmhaUm§À`m AmYmao g§H$ënZm AmoiIyZ Vr ñnîQ> 1. AW©
H$am :  ( à˶oH$s 2 JwU ) ‘m°[ag S>m°~ `m§À`m ‘Vo, H$mb© e°{namo `m§À`m ‘Vo, "" ñWyb
*(1) Jm¡arZo EH$m {d{eîQ> CXçmoJmVrb d¡`pŠVH$ CËnÝZmMr "" AW©ì`dñWoMo gyú‘Xeu AÜ``Z AW©emñÌ AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m g§nyU©
‘m{hVr Jmoim Ho$br. åhUOo gyú‘ AW©emñÌ hmo`. '' H$m`©nX²YVrer g§~§{YV Amho. ''

1. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ Am{U ñWyb AW©emñÌmMm n[aM¶ 9

 2. ì¶mßVr à. 8 nwT>rb àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm :  ( à˶oH$s 4 JwU )
*(1) gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$am.
gyú‘ AW©emñÌmÀ`m ì`mßVrV ñWyb AW©emñÌmÀ`m ì`mßVrV
dñVy§À`m d godm§À`m qH$‘V CËnÝZ d amoOJma {gX²Ym§V,  CËVa : `mgmR>r à. 10 ‘Yrb (1) Mo CËVa nmhm.
{ZpíMVrMo {gX²Ym§V, CËnmXZ gd©gmYmaU qH$‘V {gX²Ym§V, (Zm|X : CËVamV H$moUVohr Mma ‘wX²Xo Ano{jV.)
KQ>H$m§À`m qH$‘V {ZpíMVrMo Am{W©H$ d¥X²Yr d {dH$mgmMo *(2) ñWyb AW©emñÌmMo ‘hËËd ñnîQ> H$am.
{gX²Ym§V Am{U Am{W©H$ {gX²Ym§V Am{U {d^mOZmMm  CËVa : `mgmR>r à. 10 ‘Yrb (5) Mo CËVa nmhm.
H$ë`mUmMo {gX²Ym§V `m§Mm g‘J«bjr {gX²Ym§V `m§Mm (Zm|X : CËVamV H$moUVohr Mma ‘wX²Xo Ano{jV.)
g‘mdoe hmoVmo. g‘mdoe hmoVmo. *(3) ñWyb AW©emñÌmMr ì`mßVr ñnîQ> H$am.
CËVa : ñWyb AW©emñÌmMr ì`mßVr nwT>rbà‘mUo Amho :
(2) {d^mOZ nX²YV Am{U amer nX²YV :
(1) CËnÝZ d amoOJma {gX²Ym§V : ñWyb AW©emñÌmV amîQ´>r`
{d^mOZ nX²YV amer nX²YV CËnÝZmMr d amoOJmamMr nmVir H$er R>aVo Am{U `m KQ>H$m§‘Ü`o
1. AW© H$moUË`m H$maUm§‘wio d H$gm ~Xb KS>yZ `oVmo `m§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bo OmVo.
g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMo bhmZmV g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoVrb bhmZmV amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ d amoOJma nmVir H$er R>aVo ho g‘OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r
bhmZ Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§‘Ü`o bhmZ Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§À`m Cn^moJ ’$bZ, Jw§VdUyH$ ’$bZ Am{U ì¶mnmaMH«$mMm Aä`mg ñWyb
{d^mOZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm ~oaOoÀ`m ñdê$nmVrb EHy$U AW©emñÌmV Ho$bm OmVmo. g‘J«bjr AW©emñÌmV CËnmXZ, CËnÝZ
Vnerbdma Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r n[a‘mUmMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r d amoOJma nmVir `m§À`m nañnag§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo d `m
gyú‘ AW©emñÌmX²dmao dmnabr ñWyb AW©emñÌmX²dmao dmnabr g‘J«bjr Am{W©H$ Mbm§er g§~§{YV g‘ñ`m gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r YmoaUo
OmUmar nX²YV åhUOo {d^mOZ OmUmar nX²YV åhUOo amer gwMdbr OmVmV.
nX²YV hmo`. nX²YV hmo`. (2) gd©gmYmaU qH$‘V nmVirMo {gX²Ym§V : gd©gmYmaU
2. ñdê$n qH$‘V nmVir H$er R>aVo d Ë`m‘Ü`o H$moUË`m H$maUm§Zr MT>CVma
Am{W©H$ Mbm§À`m ì`pŠVJV Am{W©H$ Mbm§À`m g‘wÀM`mË‘H$ hmoVmV, `m§Mo {ddoMZ ñWyb AW©emñÌmV Ho$bo OmVo. ñWyb AW©emñÌmV
n[a‘mUm§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r n[a‘mUm§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r amer ^mddmT> d Am{W©H$ ‘§XrMr H$maUo d n[aUm‘ `m§Mo {díbofU H$ê$Z
{d^mOZ nX²YVrMm dmna Ho$bm nX²YVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mda ‘mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Am{W©H$ YmoaUm§Mr MMm© Ho$br OmVo.
OmVmo. (3) Am{W©H$ d¥X²Yr d {dH$mgmMo {gX²Ym§V : A{dH${gV d
{dH$gZerb Xoem§Vrb Xm[aÐç d Aën{dH$mg `m§À`m H$maUm§Mm
(3) Am§{eH$ g‘Vmob Am{U gd©gmYmaU g‘Vmob : Aä`mg H$ê$Z `m Xoem§‘Ü`o amîQ´>r` CËnmXZmV dmT> H$er KS>dyZ
Am§{eH$ g‘Vmob gd©gmYmaU g‘Vmob AmUVm `oB©b, `mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aUmar àmê$no d {gX²Ym§V ñWyb
1. AW© AW©emñÌmV {dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. ñW¡`m©gh Am{W©H$
gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV ñWyb AW©emñÌmV g§nyU© d¥X²YrMm dmT>Vm Xa `mMohr {ddoMZ ñWyb AW©emñÌmV hmoVo.
AW©ì`dñWoVrb {d{eîQ> AW©ì`dñWoMm g‘Vmob ñnîQ> (4) {d^mOZmMm g‘J«bjr {gX²Ym§V : amîQ´>r` CËnÝZmV
KQ>H$mMm g‘Vmob ñnîQ> H$aUmam H$aUmam g‘VmobmMm àH$ma åhUOo g‘mOmVrb {d{dY JQ>m§Mm gmnoj dmQ>m H$gm R>aVmo `mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU
g‘VmobmMm àH$ma åhUOo gd©gmYmaU g‘Vmob hmo`. g‘J« AW©emñÌmX²dmao Ho$bo OmVo. EHy$U amîQ´>r` CËnmXZmVrb
Am§{eH$ g‘Vmob hmo`. I§S>, doVZ, ì`mO d Z’$m `m§À`m gmnoj dmQ>çmMm Aä`mg ñWyb
2. ñdê$n AW©emñÌmV hmoVmo.
Am§{eH$ g‘VmobmV BVa gd©gmYmaU g‘VmobmV gd© (4) gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmQ>Mmb gm§Jm.
n[apñWVr H$m`‘ Agë`mMo KQ>H$ BVa gd© KQ>H$m§er CËVa : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmQ>Mmb nwT>rb
J¥hrV ‘mZyZ Am{W©H$ Mbm§‘Ü`o g§~§{YV Agë`mMo J¥hrV ‘mZyZ ‘wX²Xçm§À¶m AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm ¶oVo :
nañnamdb§~Z Zgë`mMo J¥hrV Am{W©H$ Mbm§‘Ü`o nañnamdb§~Z (1) gyú‘bjr ÑpîQ>H$moZ hm VwbZoZo ê$T> qH$dm nma§n[aH$ Amho. `m
Yabo OmVo. Agë`mMo J¥hrV Yabo OmVo. {díbofU nX²YVrMm àma§^ gZmVZdmXr AW©emñÌkm§À`m H$mbI§S>mV
Pmbobm {XgVmo.
10 AW©emñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
 (2) AW©emñÌmMo OZH$ A°S>‘ pñ‘W `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m " amîQ´>mMr (3) na§Vw ñWyb AW©emñÌmV g‘J« Am{W©H$ Mbm§Mm, Ë`m§À`mVrb
g§nËVr ' `m nwñVH$mVyZ gyú‘bjr AW©emñÌmMm nm`m KmVbm. ’$bZmË‘H$ g§~§YmMm d nañnamdb§~ZmMm VgoM Ë`m§À`m {ZYm©aUmMm,
(3) S>opìhS> [aH$mS>mo© Am{U Oo. Eg. {‘b `m§À`m Am{W©H$ Ë`m§À`mVrb ~Xbm§Mm d MT>CVmam§À`m H$maUm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
{ddoMZmVhr gyú‘bjr ÑpîQ>H$moZ AmT>iyZ `oVmo. åhUyZ ñWyb AW©emñÌmV d¡`pŠVH$ dV©ZmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmV
(4) S>m.° Amë’«$o S> ‘me©b `m§Zm Iè`m AWm©Zo gyú‘bjr Am{W©H$ Zmhr, Va g‘J« KQ>H$m§À`m dV©ZmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
{díbofUmMo {eënH$ma åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. S>m.° ‘me©b `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m *(3) ñWyb AW©emñÌ ho gyú‘ AW©emñÌmnojm doJio Amho.
" AW©emñÌmMr ‘ybVËËdo ' `m J«W§ mVyZ gr‘m§V VËËd d gyú‘bjr CËVa : `m {dYmZmer ‘r gh‘V Amho.
Am{W©H$ {díbofUmg gdmoÀ© M ñWmZ {Xbo. H$maUo : (1) ñWyb AW©emñÌ ho g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg
(5) àm. {nJy, Oo. Ama. {hŠg, àm. g°å`wëgZ, lr‘Vr OmoZ H$aUmao AW©emñÌ Amho. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ ho AW©ì`dñWoVrb {d{eîQ>
am°{~ÝgZ, Mo§~abrZ BË`mXr AW©emñÌkm§Zr gyú‘bjr AW©emñÌmÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmao AW©emñÌ Amho.
{dH$mgmV ‘mobmMo `moJXmZ {Xbo. (2) ñWyb AW©emñÌmV g‘J« ‘mJUr, g‘J« nwadR>m, amîQ´>r`
à. 9 n wT>rb {dYmZm§er AmnU gh‘V qH$dm Agh‘V AmhmV CËnÝZ, gd©gmYmaU qH$‘V nmVir BË`mXr g‘J« Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Mm
Vo gH$maU ñnîQ> H$am :  ( à˶oH$s 4 JwU ) Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV d¡`pŠVH$ ‘mJUr, d¡`pŠVH$
nwadR>m, d¡`pŠVH$ CËnÝZ BË`mXr d¡`pŠVH$ Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg
*(1) gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr ì`mßVr A‘`m©X Amho.
Ho$bm OmVmo.
CËVa : `m {dYmZmer ‘r Agh‘V Amho.
(3) ñWyb AW©emñÌ gd©gmYmaU g‘Vmobmda ^a XoVo. gyú‘
H$maUo : (1) gyú‘ AW©emñÌmbm B§J«Or‘Ü`o Microeconomics
AW©emñÌ Am§{eH$ g‘Vmobmda ^a XoVo.
Ago åhUVmV. B§J«OrVrb Micro `m eãXmMr CËnËVr ‘yi J«rH$ eãX
(4) ñWyb AW©emñÌ amer qH$dm EH$ÌrH$aU nX²YVrMm dmna
Mikros `m eãXmnmgyZ Pmbr Amho. Mikros `m eãXmMm ‘amR>r AW©
H$aVo. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ {d^mOZ nX²YVrMm dmna H$aVo.
AË`§V bhmZ qH$dm EH$-Xebjm§e ^mJ Agm hmoVmo. åhUOoM gyú‘
åhUyZ ñWyb AW©emñÌ ho gyú‘ AW©emñÌmnojm doJio Amho.
AW©emñÌ ho AW©ì`dñWoVrb AË`§V gyú‘ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVo.
*(4) gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV {d^mOZ nX²YVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
(2) gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV {d{eîQ> Hw$Q>w§~, {d{eîQ> CËnmXZ g§ñWm,
d¡`pŠVH$ ‘mJUr, d¡`pŠVH$ nwadR>m, d¡`pŠVH$ CËnÝZ, {d{eîQ> CËVa : `m {dYmZmer ‘r gh‘V Amho.
dñVy§Mr qH$‘V BË`mXtMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. H$maUo : (1) gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV AW©ì`dñWoVrb d¡`pŠVH$
(3) gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV EImXm Cn^moŠVm ‘hËV‘ g‘mYmZ H$em Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm., {d{eîQ> noT>rMm
àH$mao àmßV H$aVmo d EImXm CËnmXH$ {H$§dm CËnmXZg§ñWm/noT>r Aä`mg.
‘hËV‘ Z’$m H$em àH$mao àmßV H$aVo `mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. (2) d¡`pŠVH$ Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV
gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV g‘J« KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. Ë`m‘wio AW©ì`dñWoMo bhmZmV bhmZ d¡`pŠVH$ Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§‘Ü`o {d^mOZ
gyú‘ AW©emñÌ ho g‘wÀM`mË‘H$ ñdê$nmMo ZgyZ ì`pŠVJV ñdê$nmMo Ho$bo OmVo.
AgVo. (3) {d^mOZmZ§Va àË`oH$ {d{eîQ> KQ>H$mMm ñdV§ÌnUo Vnerbdma
åhUyZ gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr ì`mßVr A‘`m©X ZgyZ ‘`m©{XV Amho. Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
*(2) ñWyb AW©emñÌmV d¡`pŠVH$ dV©ZmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm åhUyZ gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV {d^mOZ nX²YVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
OmVmo. *(5) gyú‘ AW©emñÌ ho CËnÝZ {gX²Ym§V åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo.
CËVa : `m {dYmZmer ‘r Agh‘V Amho. CËVa : `m {dYmZmer ‘r Agh‘V Amho.
H$maUo : (1) ñWyb AW©emñÌmV {d{eîQ> J«mhH$, d¡`pŠVH$ H$maUo : (1) CËnÝZ {gX²Ym§VmMm g‘mdoe gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV Z
‘mJUr, {d{eîQ> {dH«$o Vm, d¡`pŠVH$ nwadR>m, {d{eîQ> dñVyÀ`m {H$‘VrMo hmoVm ñWyb AW©emñÌmV hmoVmo.
{ZYm©aU BË`mXr d¡`pŠVH$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. (2) dñVy§À`m d godm§À`m {H$‘Vr `m Ë`m§À`m ‘mJUrÀ`m d
(2) gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV d¡`pŠVH$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. nwadR>çmÀ`m g‘VmobmVyZ H$em àH$mao R>aVmV `mMm gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV
gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV {d{eîQ> J«mhH$mÀ`m ‘hËV‘ Cn`mo{JVm àmßVrMo Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
Am{U {d{eîQ> CËnmXH$mÀ`m ‘hËV‘ Z’$m àmßVrMo {díbofU Ho$bo (3) ^y‘r, l‘, ^m§S>db d g§`moOH$ `m Mma CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m
OmVo. {H$‘Vr (‘mo~Xbo) åhUOoM AZwH«$‘o I§S>, doVZ, ì`mO d Z’$m ho
1. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ Am{U ñWyb AW©emñÌmMm n[aM¶ 11
Ë`m§À`m ‘mJUrÀ`m d nwadR>çmÀ`m g‘VmobmVyZ H$em àH$mao R>aVmV, {Zh©ñVjonmMo YmoaU BË`mXr J¥hrVH$m§da AmYm[aV AgVo. na§Vw
`mMmhr gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. dmñVdmV Aer n[apñWVr AmT>iV Zmhr. gyú‘ AW©emñÌmVrb
åhUyZ gyú‘ AW©emñÌ ho CËnÝZ {gX²Ym§V åhUyZ AmoiIbo Z ~hwVm§e {gX²Ym§V ho " BVa n[apñWVr H$m`‘ AgVmZm ' `m J¥hrVH$mda
OmVm qH$‘V {gX²Ym§V qH$dm ‘yë` {gX²Ym§V åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. AmYm[aV AmhoV.
(6) ñWyb AW©emñÌmV Am§{eH$ g‘VmobmMo {díbofU Ho$bo (5) {d^mOZ nX²YVrMm dmna : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV
OmVo. AW©ì`dñWoMo bhmZmV bhmZ d¡`pŠVH$ Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§‘Ü`o {d^mOZ
CËVa : `m {dYmZmer ‘r Agh‘V Amho. Ho$bo OmVo d Ë`mZ§Va àË`oH$ {d{eîQ> KQ>H$mMm ñdV§ÌnUo, Vnerbdma
H$maUo : (1) ñWyb AW©emñÌ g‘VmobmÀ`m g§X^m©V g§nyU© Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUOoM gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV {d^mOZ nX²YVrMm
AW©ì`dñWoMm {dMma H$aVo. Ë`m‘wio ñWyb AW©emñÌ ho gd©gmYmaU dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
g‘VmobmÀ`m {díbofUmer g§~§{YV Amho. (6) gr‘m§V VËËdmMm dmna : Cn^moŠVm d CËnmXH$ `m§X²dmao
(2) ñWyb AW©emñÌ EH$mM doiog AZoH$ g‘J«bjr Am{W©H$ gr‘m§V n[aUm‘mÀ`m VËËdmZwgma {d{dY Am{W©H$ {ZU©` KoVbo OmVmV.
Mbo, Ë`m§Mo Am§Vag§~§Y, nañnamdb§~Z BË`mXtMm Aä`mg H$aVo. Ë`m‘wio gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV {díbofUmMo gmYZ åhUyZ gr‘m§V VËËdmMm
(3) ñWyb AW©emñÌ ho gd© KQ>H$ BVa gdmªer g§~§{YV AgVmV dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
`m J¥hrVH$mMm dmna H$aVo. CXm., ñWyb AW©emñÌ ho EHy$U ‘mJUr d (7) ~mOma aMZm§Mo {díbofU : nyU© ñnYm©, ‘ŠVoXmar,
EHy$U nwadR>m `m§Vrb g‘Vmob hm Ho$di gd©gmYmaU qH$‘V nmVir Aënm{YH$ma, ‘ŠVoXmar`wŠV ñnYm© BË`mXr ~mOmanoR>m§À`m aMZoMo
{ZpíMV H$arV Zmhr, Va Ë`mM doir EHy$U CËnÝZ nmVir d EHy$U Am{U `m ~mOmanoR>m§‘Ü`o dñVy§À`m {H$‘Vr d CËnmXZmMo n[a‘mU H$go
amoOJma nmVirhr H$er {ZpíMV H$aVmo `mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVo. {ZpíMV hmoVo, `mMo gyú‘ AW©emñÌmX²dmao ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.
åhUyZ ñWyb AW©emñÌmV Am§{eH$ g‘VmobmMo {díbofU Ho$bo OmV (8) ‘`m©{XV ì`mßVr : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV ~oamoOJmar, ^mddmT>
Zmhr, Va g‘J« g‘VmobmMo {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo. qH$dm ‘§Xr, Xm[aÐç, ì`dhmaVmobmVrb eof BË`mXr amîQ´>r` nmVirdarb
Am{W©H$ g‘ñ`m§Mr MMm© hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m‘wio gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr
à. 10  nTw >rb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CËVao {bhm : ( à˶oH$s 8 JwU ) ì`mßVr ‘`m©{XV Amho.
(1) gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm. (2) gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr ì`mßVr ñnîQ> H$am.
CËVa : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV : CËVa : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr ì`mßVr hr qH$‘V {gX²Ym§V Am{U
(1) d¡`pŠVH$ Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV gmYZgm‘J«rMo dmQ>n hr Amho. H$moUË`m dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$amdo,
AW©ì`dñWoVrb {d{eîQ> KQ>H$m§À`m Am{W©H$ dV©ZmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Vo {H$Vr à‘mUmV H$amdo, CËnmXZ Hw$Ur H$amdo, H$moUË`m nX²YVrZo
OmVmo. CXm., gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV {d{eîQ> Hw$Q>w§~, {d{eîQ> CËnmXZ CËnmXZ H$amdo, CËnm{XV dñVy d godm§Mo bmoH$m§‘Ü`o {d^mOZ H$go
g§ñWm/noT>r, {d{eîQ> dñVy§Mr qH$‘V BË`mXtMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. H$amdo, gmYZgm‘J«rMo CËnmXZ d Cn^moJ `m§gmR>r H$m`©j‘ {dVaU
(2) qH$‘V {gX²Ym§V åhUyZ AmoiI : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV dñVy H$go H$amdo BË`mXr Am{W©H$ àíZ gmoS>dÊ`mda gyú‘ AW©emñÌ ^a
Am{U godm§À`m VgoM ^y‘r, l‘, ^m§S>db d g§`moOH$ `m CËnmXZ XoVo. `m AZwf§JmZo gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr ì`mßVr nwT>rbà‘mUo ñnîQ>
KQ>H$m§À`m {H$‘Vr H$em {ZpíMV hmoVmV, `mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. H$aVm `oVo :
åhUyZM gyú‘ AW©emñÌmbm qH$‘V {gX²Ym§V qH$dm ‘yë` {gX²Ym§V (A) qH$‘V {gX²Ym§V : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmÀ`m ì`mßVrV nwT>rb
Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo. qH$‘V {gX²Ym§Vm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo :
(3) Am§{eH$ g‘Vmobmda ^a : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV EH$ (1) dñVy d godm `m§À`m qH$‘V {ZpíMVrMo {gX²Ym§V$:$gyú‘
Cn^moŠVm qH$dm EH$ CËnmXZ g§ñWm BË`mXr d¡`pŠVH$ Am{W©H$ AW©emñÌmV dñVy d godm§À`m qH$‘V {ZYm©aUmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
KQ>H$m§Zm BVa Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§nmgyZ ~mOybm H$mT>yZ Ë`m§À`m g‘VmobmMo dñVy§À`m d godm§À`m {H$‘Vr `m Ë`m§À`m ‘mJUrÀ`m d nwadR>çmÀ`m
ñdV§ÌnUo {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo. åhUOoM gyú‘ AW©emñÌr` {díbofU g‘VmobmVyZ R>aVmV. Ë`m‘wio gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV ‘mJUr, nwadR>m,
ho Am§{eH$ g‘VmobmMo {díbofU AgVo. Am§{eH$ g‘Vmob {díbofUmV CËnmXZIM©, CËnmXZ ’$bZ `m§À`m {gX²Ym§Vm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
" BVa n[apñWVr H$m`‘ AgVmZm ' `m ‘yb^yV J¥hrVH$mMm AmYma (2) CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m qH$‘V {ZpíMVrMo {gX²Ym§V : gyú‘
KoD$Z {ddoMZmMr gwédmV Ho$br OmVo. AW©emñÌmV CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m qH$‘V {ZYm©aUmMmhr Aä`mg Ho$bm
(4) {d{eîQ> J¥hrVH$m§da AmYm[aV : gyú‘ AW©emñÌr` OmVmo. ^y‘r, l‘, ^m§S>db d g§`moOH$ `m Mma CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m
{díbofU ho nyU© amoOJma, ewX²Y ^m§S>dbemhr, nyU© ñnYm©, gaH$maMo {H$‘Vr (‘mo~Xbo) åhUOoM AZwH«$‘o I§S>, doVZ, ì`mO d Z’$m ho
12 AW©emñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
Ë`m§À`m ‘mJUrÀ`m d nwadR>çmÀ`m g‘VmobmVyZ R>aVmV. Ë`m‘wio gyú‘ (2) ‘wŠV ~mOmanoR>r` AW©ì`dñWoMr H$m`©nX²YVr
AW©emñÌmV I§S>, doVZ, ì`mO d Z’$m `m§À`m {gX²Ym§Vm§Mm g‘mdoe g‘OÊ`mg Cn`moJr : ‘mJUr d nwadR>çmÀ`m VËËdmZwgma ‘wŠV
hmoVmo. ~mOmanoR>r` (^m§S>dbemhr) AW©ì`dñWoMo H$m`© H$em àH$mao MmbVo,
(~) Am{W©H$ H$ë`mUmMo {gX²Ym§V : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmÀ`m `mÀ`m ñnîQ>rH$aUmgmR>r gyú‘ Am{W©H$ {gX²Ym§V Cn`moJr R>aVmV.
ì`mßVrV Am{W©H$ H$ë`mUmÀ`m {gX²Ym§Vm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. Am{W©H$ gyú‘ AW©emñÌ H$moUVo CËnmXZ H$amdo, H$go CËnmXZ H$amdo, {H$Vr
CËnmXZ H$amdo `m§gmaIo Am{W©H$ {ZU©` ImOJr nmVirda KoÊ`mg
H$ë`mU ho àm‘w»`mZo gmYZgm‘J«rÀ`m H$m`©j‘ dmQ>nmer g§~§{YV
d¡`pŠVH$ CËnmXH$mg Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
AgVo. gmYZgm‘J«rÀ`m Pmboë`m dmQ>nm‘wio g§nyU© g‘mOmbm ‘hËV‘
(3) {dXoer / Am§VaamîQ´>r` ì`mnmamÀ`m Aä`mgmV
g‘mYmZ àmßV hmoV Agob Va Vo dmQ>n H$m`©j‘ dmQ>n AgVo. gmhmæ`H$ : Am§VaamîQ´>r` ì`mnmamnmgyZ bm^, {d{Z‘` XamMr
gmYZm§À`m H$m`©j‘ dmQ>nm‘wio g‘mOmMo OmñVrV OmñV Am{W©H$ {ZpíMVr, OH$mVtMo n[aUm‘ BË`mXtMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gyú‘
H$ë`mUmMo CX²{XîQ> gmÜ` hmoVo. gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV nwT>rb Am{W©H$ {díbofU Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
H$m`©j‘Vm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo : (4) Am{W©H$ àmê$nm§À`m {Z{_©VrV Cn`wŠV : AW©ì`dñWoVrb
(1) CËnmXZ joÌmVrb H$m`©j‘Vm : CnbãY gmYZgm‘J«rÀ`m Jw§VmJw§VrMr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr ñnîQ> H$aUmè`m àmê$nm§À`m {Z{_©VrV
‘XVrZo OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ KS>dyZ AmUUo, åhUOo CËnmXZ gyú‘ AW©emñÌ Cn`wŠV R>aVo. gyú‘ AW©emñÌmVrb AZoH$ g§km,
joÌmVrb H$m`©j‘Vm hmo`. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ CnbãY gmYZgm‘J«rÀ`m g§H$ënZm, Am{W©H$ n[a^mfm, {díbofUmMr gmYZo `m§Zr AW©emñÌmbm
AmYmao ‘hËV‘ CËnmXZ H$em àH$mao KS>dyZ AmUVm `oB©b, `mMo ‘m¡{bH$ ñdê$n àmßV H$ê$Z {Xbo Amho.
ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVo. (5) CXçmoOH$m§Zm ì`mdgm{`H$ {ZU©` KoÊ`mgmR>r
(2) Cn^moJmÀ`m joÌmVrb H$m`©j‘Vm : g§nyU© g‘mOmg Cn`moJ : qH$‘V, CËnmXZIM©, Jw§VdUyH$, ‘hËV‘ CËnmXH$Vm,
dñVyMm ^{dî`H$mbrZ ‘mJUrMm A§XmO BË`mXtg§~§Yr {ZU©`
OmñVrV OmñV g‘mYmZ àmßV hmoB©b, Aem nX²YVrZo CËnm{XV dñVy
KoÊ`mgmR>r CXçmoOH$m§Zm gyú‘ AW©emñÌmVrb qH$‘V {gX²Ym§VmMm
d godm§Mo bmoH$m§‘Ü`o {dVaU hmoUo åhUOo Cn^moJmÀ`m joÌmVrb
Aä`mg Cn`wŠV R>aVmo.
H$m`©j‘Vm hmo`. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ ‘hËV‘ g‘mYmZ H$em àH$mao àmßV
(6) emgZmg Cn`wŠV : Am{W©H$ YmoaUo AmIÊ`mgmR>r
hmoB©b `mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVo.
emgZmg gyú‘ {díbofUmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. H$a{df`H$ YmoaUo,
(3) EHy$U Am{W©H$ H$m`©j‘Vm : bmoH$m§Zm àmYmÝ`mZo hì`m
gmd©O{ZH$ IM©{df`H$ YmoaUo, qH$‘V{df`H$ YmoaUo, gmYZm§À`m
AgUmè`m dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ hmoUo åhUOo EHy$U Am{W©H$ H$m`©j‘Vm
H$m`©j‘ dmQ>nmg§~§Yr YmoaUo BË`mXr YmoaUo AmIÊ`mgmR>r gyú‘
hmo`. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ EHy$U Am{W©H$ H$m`©j‘Vm H$er àmßV hmoB©b, {díbofU emgZmg ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo.
`mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVo. (7) H$ë`mUH$mar AW©emñÌmMm AmYma : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV
darb {ddoMZmdê$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, gyú‘ AW©emñÌmÀ¶m Am{W©H$ H$ë`mUmÀ`m {ZH$fm§Mr {M{H$Ëgm hmoVo. gmYZm§Mm Anì``
ì¶mßVrV qH$‘V {gX²Ym§V d gmYZgm‘J«rMo dmQ>n ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe Q>miyZ ‘hËV‘ H$ë`mUmMo CX²{XîQ> H$go gmYVm `oVo, `mMo {ddoMZ
hmoVmo. `m emIoV g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoer g§~§{YV g‘J« n[a‘mUm§Mm gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV Ho$bo OmVo.
Aä`mg Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. `m emIoV ~oH$mar, Xm[aÐç, CËnÝZmMr Aem àH$mao gyú‘ AW©emñÌ ho g¡X²Ym§{VH$ VgoM ì`mdhm[aH$-
{df‘Vm `m§gma»`m amîQ´>r` nmVirdarb Am{W©H$ g‘ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg ÑîQ>çmhr AË`§V ‘hËËdmMo Amho.
Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. Am{W©H$ d¥X²YrMo {gX²Ym§V, ì`mnmaMH«$m§Mo {gX²Ym§V, *(4) ñWyb AW©emñÌmMr g§H$ënZm d¡{eîQ>çm§gh ñnîQ> H$am.
MbZ{df`H$ d amÁ`{dËVr` YmoaUo BË`mXr KQ>H$ `m emIoÀ`m CËVa : (1) ñWyb AW©emñÌ ho g‘J«bjr AW©emñÌ qH$dm
Aä`mgmÀ`m H$jo~mhoa AmhoV. Ë`m‘wio ñWyb AW©emñÌmÀ`m VwbZoV g‘îQ>r AW©emñÌ åhUyZhr AmoiIbo OmVo. ñWyb AW©emñÌmbm
gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMr ì`mßVr ‘`m©{XV Amho. B§J«OrV Macroeconomics Ago åhUVmV. B§J«OrVrb ' Macro '
*(3) gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMo ‘hËËd ñnîQ> H$am. hm eãX J«rH$ ^mfoVrb 'Makros' `m eãXmnmgyZ KoVbobm Amho.
CËVa : gyú‘ AW©emñÌmMo ‘hËËd nwT>rb ‘wX²Xçm§À`m AmYmao 'Macro' `m eãXmMm AW© ‘moR>m, g‘J« qH$dm ñWyb (EHy$U) Agm
ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVo : hmoVmo. `mdê$Z ñWyb AW©emñÌmV g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m nmVirdarb
(1) qH$‘V {ZYm©aU ñnîQ>rH$aU : ‘mJUr d nwadR>çmÀ`m g‘J« Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. AW©emñÌ CËnÝZ d
g‘VmobmVyZ dñVy d godm Am{U CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m {H$‘Vr H$em amoOJma {gX²Ym§V qH$dm CËnÝZ {díbofU åhUyZhr AmoiIbo OmVo.
R>aVmV, `mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU gyú‘ AW©emñÌmV Ho$bo OmVo. ñWyb AW©emñÌmMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV :
1. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ Am{U ñWyb AW©emñÌmMm n[aM¶ 13
 (1) g‘J« KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg : ñWyb AW©emñÌmV g§nyU© (6) d¥X²YrÀ`m àmê$nm§Mm {dMma : ñWyb AW©emñÌmV Am{W©H$
AW©ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m nmVirdarb d¥X²Yr d Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm gh^mJ g{dñVaarË`m
amîQ´>r` CËnmXZ, amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ, EHy$U amoOJma nmVir, EHy$U ‘mJUr, Aä`mgbm OmVmo. ñWyb AW©emñÌ Am{W©H$ d¥X²YrMr àmê$no {dH${gV
EHy$U nwadR>m, EHy$U Cn^moJ, EHy$U Jw§VdUyH$, gd©gmYmaU qH$‘V H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVo. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r
nmVir BË`mXr g‘J« KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg `m emIoV hmoVmo. Am{W©H$ d¥X²YrMr àmê$no Cn`moJr R>aVmV. CXm., ‘yb^yV d AdOS>
(2) CËnÝZ {díbofU : ñWyb AW©emñÌ ho CËnÝZ d amoOJma CXçmoJm§da ^a XoUmao ‘hmbZmo{~g d¥X²Yr àmê$n.
{gX²Ym§V qH$dm CËnÝZ {díbofU åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo. g‘J«bjr
(7) gd©gmYmaU qH$‘V nmVirMm Aä`mg : ñWyb
{díbofU ho àm‘w»`mZo AW©ì`dñWoVrb amîQ´>r` CËnÝZmMr d EHy$U
AW©emñÌmV gd©gmYmaU qH$‘V nmVir {ZpíMVr d Ë`mVrb ~Xb
amoOJma nmVir H$er {ZpíMV hmoVo Am{U Ë`mV ~Xb qH$dm MT>-
`m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. gd©gmYmaU qH$‘V nmVir åhUOo
CVma H$moUË`m H$maUm§Zr KS>yZ `oVmo, `mMo {ddoMZ H$aUmao Amho.
AW©ì`dñWoVrb gXç:pñWVrV CËnm{XV Ho$boë`m gd© dñVy d
VgoM amîQ´>r` CËnÝZmV XrK©H$mimV H$er dmT> hmoVo Am{U gm‘m{OH$
godm§À`m {H$‘VtMr gamgar hmo`. ñWyb AW©emñÌmV gd©gmYmaU
boIm§H$Z `m g§~§YrMo g{dñVa {ddoMZhr ho {díbofU H$aVo.
(3) gd©gmYmaU g‘VmobmMm Aä`mg : g‘J«bjr qH$‘V nmVirV hmoUmè`m MT>CVmam§Mm, åhUOoM ì`mnmaMH«$mMm
AW©emñÌr` {díbofU ho gd©gmYmaU g‘VmobmMo {díbofU H$aVo. ho Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
{díbofU g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMm g‘Vmob H$gm àñWm{nV hmoVmo `mMo (8) Am{W©H$ YmoaUm{^‘wI : bm°S>© Ho$Ýg `m§À`m ‘Vo,
ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVo. g‘J«bjr AW©emñÌr` {díbofUmV AW©ì`dñWoVrb g‘J«bjr AW©emñÌ ho Am{W©H$ g‘ñ`m gmoS>dUmè`m YmoaUm§Mr MMm©
AZoH$ Am{W©H$ Mbm§À`m dV©ZmMm EH$mM doir Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo H$aUmao emñÌ Amho. CXm., ^mddmT> amoIUo, amoOJma {Z‘m©U H$aUo,
d hm Aä`mg H$aVmZm {d{dY Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§‘Yrb ’$bZmË‘H$ AW©ì`dñWobm ‘§XrVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Uo, XoemMm doJmZo Am{W©H$ {dH$mg
g§~§Y d Ë`m§À`mVrb nañnamdb§~Z {dMmamV KoVbo OmVo. gd©gmYmaU gmYUo BË`mXr g‘J«bjr CX²{XîQ>o gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Aer
g‘Vmobm‘Ü`o gd©M KQ>H$ BVa gd© KQ>H$m§er g§~§{YV AgVmV, Ago Am{W©H$ YmoaUo R>adÊ`mg ho {díbofU ‘XV H$aVo.
‘mZbo OmVo. (5) ñWyb AW©emñÌmMo ‘hËËd ñnîQ> H$am.
gd©gmYmaU g‘VmobmV EHy$U ‘mJUr d EHy$U nwadR>m `m§À`m CËVa : ñWyb AW©emñÌmMo ‘hËËd nwT>rb ‘wX²Xçm§À`m AmYmao
g‘VmobmX²dmao gd©gmYmaU qH$‘V nmVir H$er {ZpíMV hmoVo d ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVo :
Ë`mX²dmao EHy$U CËnÝZ d amoOJmamMr nmVir H$er {ZpíMV hmoVo, `mMo (1) AW©ì`dñWoÀ¶m H$m`©nX²YVrMo {ddoMZ : ñWyb Am{W©H$
ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. g‘J«bjr AW©emñÌr` {díbofUmV AZoH$ {díbofU Am{W©H$ ì`dñWoÀ`m H$m`©nX²YVrMr H$ënZm XoVo. ñWyb
g‘J«bjr Am{W©H$ Mbo, Ë`m§Mo Am§Vag§~§Y, nañnamdb§~Z d Ë`m§Mo Am{W©H$ {díbofU ì`mnH$ Am{U Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoVrb EHy$U
EH$‘oH$m§da hmoUmao n[aUm‘ `m gJiçm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. Am{W©H$ Mbm§Mo Am{W©H$ dV©Z g‘OyZ KoÊ`mg Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
(4) nañnamdb§~ZmMm {dMma : ñWyb AW©emñÌmV amîQ´>r`
(2) Am{W©H$ MT>CVmam§Mo {díbofU : CËnÝZmVrb MT>-
CËnmXZ, amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ, amoOJma nmVir, EHy$U Jw§VdUyH$, qH$‘V
CVma, CËnmXZ Am{U amoOJmamVrb MT>CVmam§Mr H$maUo, ì`mnmaMH«$
nmVir BË`mXr g‘J«bjr Am{W©H$ Mbm§‘Yrb nañnamdb§~Z bjmV
VgoM Ë`m§Mo {Z`§ÌU Am{U Ë`m§Mr Vrd«Vm H$‘r H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWyb
KoVbo OmVo. CXm., Jw§VdUyH$ nmVirdarb ~Xb hm amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ,
AW©emñÌmMo {díbofU Cn`wŠV R>aVo.
CËnmXZ d amoOJma nmVir `m gdmª‘Ü`o H$gm ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUVmo d
(3) amîQ´>r` CËnÝZmMm {dMma : ñWyb AW©emñÌmVrb {d{dY
A§{V‘V: Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmÀ`m nmVirV H$gm ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUVmo,
`mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU g‘J«bjr {ddoMZmV AmT>iVo. {gX²Ym§Vm§À`m Aä`mgm‘wio amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ boIm `m§Mo
(5) amer nX²YVrMm Adb§~ : g‘J«bjr {díbofU ho AZÝ`gmYmaU ‘hËËd g‘moa Ambo Amho. amîQ´>r` CËnÝZmMm Aä`mg
g‘wÀM`mË‘H$ ñdê$nmMo Amho. `m‘Ü`o g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUm§Mr ‘m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mg Cn`wŠV R>aVmo.
nmVirdarb g‘J«m§Mm åhUOoM Am{W©H$ Mbm§À`m ~oaOm§À`m ê$nmVrb (4) Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm {dMma : ñWyb AW©emñÌmVrb {d{dY
EHy$U n[a‘mUm§Mm (g‘wÀM`m§Mm) Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUOoM {gX²Ym§Vm§À`m AmYmao {dH$gZerb d A{dH${gV Xoem§Vrb Xm[aÐç,
g‘J«bjr AW©emñÌmMo {ddoMZ ho EHy$U ‘mJUr, EHy$U nwadR>m, CËnÝZ d g§nËVrVrb {df‘Vm, bmoH$m§À`m amhUr‘mZmVrb ’$aH$ BË`mXr
amîQ´>r` CËnmXZ BË`mXr g‘J«bjr Mbm§er g§~§{YV AgVo. Ë`m‘wio Am{W©H$ d gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ`m g‘OÊ`mg ‘XV hmoV.o ñWyb AW©emñÌmMm
`m AW©emñÌmV amer nX²YVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. Aä`mg `m Xoem§V Am{W©H$ {dH$mg gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘XV H$aVmo.
14 AW©emñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
 (5) AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m H$m‘{JarÀ`m ‘mnZmg gmhmæ`^yV : (3) 16 ì`m d 17 ì`m eVH$mV ì`mnmadmXr {dMmad§Vm§Zr
g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m H$m‘{JarMo {díbofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWyb (Mercantilist – B§J«O ì`mnmè`m§Mm JQ>) emgZmbm Á`m {e’$maer
AW©emñÌ Cn`wŠV R>aVo. amîQ´>r` CËnÝZmÀ`m AmH$S>odmarMm Cn`moJ Ho$ë`m d YmoaUo gwMdbr, Vr g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m g§X^m©VM hmoVr.
XrK©H$mimV AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m H$m‘{JarMo ‘mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm (4) 18 ì`m eVH$mV {ZgJ©dmXr (’«|$M
OmVmo. EH$m H$mbmdYrVrb CËnm{XV dñVy d godm§Mr Xwgè`m {dMmad§V  Physiocrates) {dMmad§Vm§ZrgwX²Ym amîQ´>r` CËnÝZ Am{U
H$mbmdYrVrb CËnm{XV dñVy d godm§er VwbZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñWyb g§nËVr `m g§H$ënZoMo {díbofU Ho$bobo hmoVo.
AW©emñÌ ‘XV H$aVo. (5) gZmVZdmXr AW©emñÌk àm. A°S>‘ pñ‘W, àm. [aH$mS>mo©,
(6) ñWyb Am{W©H$ Mbm§Mm Aä`mg : AW©ì`dñWoMo H$m`© àmo. Oo. Eg. {‘b `m§À`m {gX²Ym§VmVhr amîQ´>r` CËnÝZmMo EHy$U doVZ,
g‘OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r ñWyb AW©emñÌmV ñWyb Am{W©H$ Mbm§Mm Aä`mg EHy$U I§S> d EHy$U Z’$m `m§‘Ü`o hmoUmao {d^mOZ `m§Mr MMm© Ho$bobr
Ho$bm OmVmo. ^maVmÀ¶m AW©ì`dñWoVrb ‘w»` Am{W©H$ g‘ñ`m `m AmT>iVo. na§Vw Ë`m§Mo g‘J«bjr {díbofU ho gyú‘bjr {díbofUmV
EHy$U CËnÝZ, CËnmXZ d amoOJma Am{U gm‘mÝ` qH$‘V nmVir {‘giyZ EH$Ì Ho$bobo {XgVo.
`m§gma»`m Am{W©H$ Mbm§er g§~§{YV AmhoV. `m g‘ñ`m§Mmhr ñWyb (6) Ë`mZ§Va ZdgZmVZdmXr AW©emñÌk {deofV: S>m°. ‘me©b
Am{U àm. {nJy `m§À`m H$mimV g‘J«bjr Am{W©H$ {dMma ‘mJo
AW©emñÌmV Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.
nS>bobm {XgVmo. Ë`m§À`m gyú‘bjr Am{W©H$ {díbofUmZo 1930 À`m
(7) gm‘mÝ` amoOJma nmVir : ñWyb AW©emñÌ amoOJmamMr
OmJ{VH$ ‘hm‘§Xrn`ªV AW©emñÌmÀ`m OJmV amÁ` Ho$bo.
gd©gmYmaU nmVir Am{U g‘J« CËnmXZmMo {díbofU H$aÊ`mg ‘XV
(7) OmJ{VH$ ‘hm‘§XrZ§Va ‘mÌ AW©emñÌr` {dMmam§V ‘yb^yV
H$aVo.
d H«$m§{VH$mar ~Xb Pmbobo {XgVmV. bm°S>© Om°Z ‘oZmS>© Ho$Ýg `m§Mo
(6) ñWyb AW©emñÌmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmQ>Mmb gm§Jm.
" n¡gm, ì`mO d amoOJma{df`H$ gm‘mÝ` {gX²Ym§V ' (General
CËVa : ñWyb AW©emñÌmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmQ>Mmb nwT>rb
Theory of Employment, Interest and Money) ho `wJàdV©H$
‘wX²Xçm§À¶m AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm ¶oVo : nwñVH$ 1936 ‘Ü`o àH$m{eV Pmbo. bm°S>© Ho$Ýg `m§Zr Am{W©H$
(1) AW©ì`dñWoMm g‘J« nmVirdarb Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMm g‘ñ`m§§Mm Aä`mg ñWyb {díbofU nX²YVrZo Ho$bm, Ho$ÝgMm {gX²Ym§V
ÑpîQ>H$moZ hm VwbZoZo Zdm Amho. àH$m{eV Pmë`mZ§Va Am{W©H$ {díbofUmMr g‘J«bjr nX²YV hr
(2) Eo{Vhm{gH$ÑîQ>çm gyú‘ {díbofUmMm àma§^ d {dH$mg AmYr OmñV bmoH${à` d ‘hËËdmMr nX²YV åhUyZ {dH${gV Pmbr. Ë`m‘wio
Pmbm d ñWyb (g‘J«bjr) {díbofUmMm {dH$mg hm Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m ñWyb ÑpîQ>H$moZmÀ`m {dH$mgmMo lo` ho bm°S>© Ho$Ýg `m§ZmM {Xbo OmVo.
H$mimV Pmbobm {XgVmo. ñWyb ÑpîQ>H$moZ hm Oar AmYw{ZH$ g‘Obm (8) AWm©V g‘J«bjr Aä`mg nX²YVrÀ`m {dH$mgmV Ho$Ýg
OmV Agbm Var gyú‘ ÑpîQ>H$moZmÀ`m AmYrhr Am{W©H$ {ddoMZmV ì`{V[aŠV ‘mëWg, H$mb© ‘mŠg©, {dH$gob, dm°bam, {’$ea BË`mXr
Ë`mMm {dMma Pmbobm AmT>iVmo. AW©emñÌkm§Mo `moJXmZhr ‘mobmMo Amho.

1. gyú‘ AW©emñÌ Am{U ñWyb AW©emñÌmMm n[aM¶ 15

 2 Cn¶mo{JVm {díbofU

_hËËdmÀ¶m g§H$ënZm :
(1) EHy$U Cn¶mo{JVm : dñVyÀ¶m EH$mnmR>monmR> EH$ godZ Ho$boë¶m gd© ZJm§nmgyZ {‘imboë¶m Cn¶mo{JVm§Mr hmoUmar ~oarO, åhUOo " EHy$U
Cn¶mo{JVm ' hmo¶.
(2) gr‘m§V Cn¶mo{JVm : dñVyÀ¶m eodQ>À¶m ZJmÀ¶m godZmnmgyZ àmßV hmoUmar A{YH$V‘ (A{V[a³V) Cn¶mo{JVm, åhUOo " gr‘m§V
Cn¶mo{JVm ' hmo¶.
(3) V¥ßVr q~Xÿ : V¥ßVr q~Xÿ hm Agm q~Xÿ hmo¶ OoWo dñVyMr JaO nyU©nUo ^mJVo. V¥ßVr q~XÿÀ¶m {R>H$mUr EHy$U Cn¶mo{JVm gdm©{YH$ d
gr‘m§V Cn¶mo{JVm eyݶ AgVo.

‘hËËdmMo ‘wX²Xo

1. àñVmdZm : 3. Cn`mo{JVoMo àH$ma :

(1) 
‘mZdr JaOm A‘`m©X AgVmV d ‘mZdmH$S>o CnbãY Cn¶mo{JVoMo àH$ma nwT>rb V³Ë¶mX²dmao ñnîQ> H$aʶmV Ambo AmhoV :
Agbobr gmYZg§nËVr VwbZoZo ‘`m©{XV AgVo. Ë`m‘wio Cn¶mo{JVoMo àH$ma ñnîQ>rH$aU
‘mZdmbm gd© JaOm EH$mM doir nyU© H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo. 1. ê$n Cn¶mo{JVm dñVyM
§ o ñdê$n ~Xbë¶m‘wio
(2) 
na§Vw Cn`mo{JVm {díbofUmMm AmYma KoD$Z ‘mZdmbm dmT>bbo r Cn¶mo{JVm.
{d{eîQ> JaO EImXçm doir {ZpíMVnUo nyU© H$aVm `oVo d 2. ñWb Cn¶mo{JVm dñVyMo ñWbm§Va Ho$ë¶m‘wio
Ë`mX²dmao ‘hËV‘ g‘mYmZ àmßV H$aVm `oVo. dmT>bobr Cn¶mo{JVm.
2. Cn`mo{JVoMr d¡{eîQ>ço : 3. godm Cn¶mo{JVm g‘mOmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zr
Cn¶mo{JVoMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rb V³Ë¶mX²dmao ñnîQ> H$aʶmV Ambr nwadboë¶m godm§‘YyZ {‘iUmar
AmhoV : Cn¶mo{JVm.
Cn¶mo{JVoMr d¡{eîQ>ço 4. kmZ Cn¶mo{JVm {d{eîQ> dñVyMo kmZ àmá
H$ê$Z ˶mnmgyZ {‘iUmar
1. ñWimZwgma VgoM H$mimZwgma ~XbV OmVo.
Cn¶mo{JVm.
2. ì¶{³V춳VrZwgma ~XbV OmVo.
3. Mm§Jbo-dmB©Q>, Z¡{VH$-AZ¡{VH$ Aem ~m~tMm Cn¶mo{JVoÀ¶m 5. ñdm{‘Ëd Cn¶mo{JVm dñVyÀ¶m ‘mbH$s h³H$m‘wio
g§H$ënZoV {dMma Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. {‘iUmar Cn¶mo{JVm.
4. Cn¶w³VVm ¶m g§H$ënZonj o m {^ÝZ Amho. 6. H$mb Cn¶mo{JVm dñVyÀ¶m dmnamMm H$mi ~XbyZ
dmT>dbobr Cn¶mo{JVm.
5. AmZ§X ¶m g§H$ënZonj o m {^ÝZ Amho.
6. g‘mYmZ ¶m g§H$ënZonj o m {^ÝZ Amho. 4. Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m g§H$ënZm :
7. 
‘mZgemñÌr¶ g§H$ënZm Agë¶m‘wio g§»¶mË‘H$ ‘mnZ (1) EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm : dñVyÀ`m EH$mnmR>monmR> EH$ godZ
H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr. Ho$boë`m gd© ZJm§nmgyZ {‘iUmar EH${ÌV Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo
8. EH$mM dñVyXd² mao EH$mhÿZ A{YH$ 춳VtÀ¶m {Za{Zamiçm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm hmo`.
JaOm ^mJy eH$V Agë¶m‘wio ~hþn¶m©¶r Amho. (2) gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm : dñVyÀ`m eodQ>À`m dmT>rd ZJmÀ`m
9. JaOoÀ¶m Vrd«Ve o r g‘ g§~Y§ AmT>iVmo. godZmZo {‘iUmar Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm hmo`.
(3) EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm Am{U gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm `m§Vrb g§~Y§ :
10. ‘mJUrMm AmYma Amho.
(1)  dñVyÀ`m n{hë`m ZJmÀ`m godZmÀ`m doir EHy$U
Cn`mo{JVm Am{U gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm ¶m g‘mZ AgVmV.

16 AW©emñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr

 (2) Ë`mZ§Va dñVyÀ`m ZJm§À`m godZmÀ`m doir EHy$U (1) N>§X : Xw‘ui dñVy§À`m gmR>çmV dmT> Pmë`mg VgoM
Cn`mo{JVm KQ>Ë`m XamZo dmT>Vo Am{U gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm AmdS>Vo g§JrV dma§dma EoH$ë`mg qH$dm AmdS>Vo nwñVH$
H«$‘e: KQ>V OmVo. dma§dma dmMë`mg A{YH$m{YH$ Cn`mo{JVm {‘iVo Ago
(3) Ooìhm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm eyÝ` hmoVo, Voìhm EHy$U åhQ>bo OmVo.
Cn`mo{JVm ‘hËV‘ AgVo. (gdm©{YH$ g‘mYmZ) (2) H§$Oyf ì`ŠVr : H§$Oyf ì`ŠVrg n¡emnmgyZ A{YH$m{YH$
(4) Ooìhm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm F$U hmoVo, Voìhm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm {‘iVo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
Cn`mo{JVmhr KQ>Vo. (Ag‘mYmZ) (3) A‘br nXmWmªMo ì`gZ : ‘XçmÀ`m A{YH$m{YH$ godZmVyZ
(5) gdm©{YH$ g‘mYmZmZ§Va gd©gmYmaU Cn^moŠVm dñVyMm A{YH$m{YH$ Cn`mo{JVm {‘iVo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
Cn^moJ KoÊ`mMo Wm§~dVmo. (4) gËVm : A{YH$m{YH$ gËVonmgyZ A{YH$m{YH$ Cn`mo{JVm
(6) gdm©{YH$ g‘mYmZmZ§Va dñVyMm Cn^moJ Mmby R>odbm {‘iVo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
AgVm, g‘mYmZmMo Ag‘mYmZmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. (5) n¡gm : A{YH$m{YH$ n¡emnmgyZ A{YH$m{YH$ Cn`mo{JVm
5. KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V : {‘iV OmVo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V gd©àW‘ àm. Jm°goZ `m§Zr na§Vw darb gd© AndmXm§À`m ~m~VrV {gX²Ym§VmÀ`m
‘m§S>bm. na§Vw Ë`mZ§Va àm. Amë’«o$S> ‘me©b `m§Zr 1890 gmbr EH${OZgrnUm, gmVË`, Cn^mo³Ë`mMm {ddoH$snUm BË`mXr
Amnë`m " AW©emñÌmMr ‘ybVËËdo ' `m J«§WmV hm {gX²Ym§V {dñV¥V J¥hrVH$m§À`m AQ>r bmJy Ho$ë`mg ho AndmX Iè`m AWm©Zo AndmX
ñdê$nmV gmXa Ho$bm. amhV ZmhrV.
{gX²Ym§VmMo {dYmZ : àm. Amë’«o$S>> ‘me©b `m§À`m ‘Vo, "" BVa
8. KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmÀ`m ‘`m©Xm :
n[apñWVr H$m`‘ AgVmZm ‘Zwî`mOdi AmYrnmgyZ Agboë`m
EImXçm dñVyÀ`m gmR>çmV dmT> hmoV Joë`mg Ë`mnmgyZ {‘iUmao KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§Vmg nwT>rb ‘`m©Xm AmhoV :
A{V[aŠV g‘mYmZ, Ë`m dñVyÀ`m gmR>çmV hmoUmè`m dmT>r~amo~a (1) AdmñVd J¥hrVHo$ : KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V
H«$‘e: KQ>V OmVo. '' hm dñVyÀ`m ZJm§Mm EH${OZgrnUm, Cn^moJ gmVË`,
n¡emÀ`m Cn`mo{JVoV pñWaVm, Cn^moŠË`mMo {ddoH$nyU© dV©Z
6. KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmMr J¥hrVHo$ :
BË`mXr AdmñVd J¥hrVH$m§da AmYmabobm Amho.
KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V nwT>rb J¥hrVH$m§da
Adb§~yZ Amho : (2) g§»`mË‘H$ ‘mnZ : Cn`mo{JVoMo g§»`mË‘H$ ‘mnZ d
(1) dñVyÀ`m ZJm§Mo EH$mnmR>monmR> EH$ godZ H$aUmam Cn^moŠVm VwbZmË‘H$ {ddoMZ H$aUo eŠ` AgVo Ago {gX²Ym§V J¥hrV
{ddoH$erb Amho. YaVmo. na§Vw àË`jmV Cn`mo{JVoMo g§»`oV ‘moO‘mn H$aUo
(2) Cn`mo{JVm A§H$m‘Ü`o ‘moOVm `oVo Ago J¥hrV Yabo OmVo. eŠ` ZgVo.
(3) Cn^moŠVm godZ H$arV Agboë`m dñVy§Mo gd© ZJ EH${OZgr (3) A{d^mÁ` dñVy : KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V
AmhoV. XyaXe©Z g§M, JmS>r, Ka Aem A{d^mÁ` dñVy§gmR>r bmJy
(4) dñVyÀ`m {d{dY ZJm§À`m godZmV {Za§VaVm (gmVË`) Amho. nS>V Zmhr.
(5) Cn^mo½` dñVyMm AmH$ma ’$ma ‘moR>m qH$dm ’$ma bhmZ ZgyZ (4) n¡emMr pñWa gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm : n¡emÀ`m àË`oH$
‘Ü`‘ Amho. EH$H$mMr gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm pñWa amhVo Ago {gX²Ym§V J¥hrV
(6) Cn^moJmÀ`m H$mbmdYrV Cn^moŠË`mMr CËnÝZnmVir, YaVmo. na§Vw àË`jmV n¡emMr gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm pñWa amhV Zmhr.
AmdS>, ng§Vr d dñVyMr qH$‘V BË`mXr KQ>H$ pñWa AmhoV. (5) EH$M JaO : hm {gX²Ym§V Ho$di {d{eîQ> doir EH$mM
(7) Cn^moŠË`mZo Cn^moJmV AmUbobr dñVy {d^mÁ` Amho. dñVyÀ`m Cn^moJmVyZ {‘iUmè`m g‘mYmZmnwaVm ‘`m©{XV
(8) dñVyMm dmna Ho$di EH$M JaO ^mJdÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. Amho. na§Vw àË`jmV ‘Zwî` EH$mM doir AZoH$ JaOm nyU©
(9) Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m {eëbH$ am{hboë`m n¡emVrb CËnÝZmMr H$ê$Z g‘mYmZ {‘idÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmo.
gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm pñWa Amho. 9. KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmMo Cn`moJ :
7. KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmMo AndmX : KQ>˶m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmMo Cn`moJ nwT>rbà‘mUo
KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§Vmbm Iè`m AWm©Zo AmhoV :
H$moUVohr AndmX ZmhrV. `m {gX²Ym§VmMo H$mhr ~mobÊ`mnwaVo (1) Cn^moŠË`mbm ‘hËV‘ g‘mYmZ àmßVrV KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V
AgUmao (^mg‘mZ) AndmX nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV : Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V Cn`moJr nS>Vmo.
2. Cn¶mo{JVm {díbofU 17
 (2) emgZmg àJ{Verb H$a YmoaU, qH$‘V YmoaU, ì`mnma YmoaU 10. gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm d qH$‘V `m§Vrb g§~§Y :
BË`mXr {d{dY àH$maÀ`m Am{W©H$ `moOZm am~dÊ`mgmR>r (1) dñVyÀ`m gr‘m§Vnyd© ZJm§‘YyZ {‘iUmar gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm
KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. dñVyÀ`m ~mOma {H$‘Vrnojm OmñV AgVo. Ë`m‘wio dñVyÀ`m
(3) nmUr, hdm, gy`©àH$me Am{U {ham, gmoZo `m dñVy§À`m gr‘m§Vnyd© ZJm§Mr {ddoH$erb Cn^mo³Ë¶mH$Sy>Z ‘mJUr
Cn`mo{JVm ‘yë`mVrb Am{U {d{Z‘` ‘yë`mVrb {damoYm^mg Ho$br OmVo.
(2) 
dñVyÀ`m gr‘m§V ZJm‘YyZ {‘iUmar gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm
ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V
dñVyÀ`m ~mOma {H$‘VrEdT>r AgVo. Ë`m‘wio dñVyÀ`m
Cn`wŠV R>aVmo.
gr‘m§V ZJmÀ`m {R>H$mUr {ddoH$erb Cn^mo³Ë¶mH$Sy>Z
(4) ‘mJUrÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmgmR>r KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm
‘mJUr Wm§~dbr OmVo.
{gX²Ym§V AmYma R>aVmo. Ooìhm EH$mM dñVyMo A{YH$m{YH$ (3) dñVyÀ`m gr‘m§VmoËVa ZJm§‘YyZ {‘iUmar gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm
ZJ IaoXr Ho$bo OmVmV, Voìhm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm H«$‘e: dñVyÀ`m ~mOma {H$‘Vrnojm H$‘r AgVo. Ë`m‘wio dñVyÀ`m
KQ>V OmVo. Ë`m‘wio dñVyMo A{YH$m{YH$ ZJ H$‘r {H$‘Vrbm gr‘m§VmoËVa ZJm§Mr {ddoH$erb Cn^mo³Ë¶mH$Sy>Z ‘mJUr
IaoXr Ho$bo OmVmV. Ho$br OmV Zmhr.

àíZmoËVao
à. 1 ¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶ {ZdSy>Z nwT>rb {dYmZo nyU© H$am : (5) 
KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmV Ooìhm gr‘m§V
 ( à˶oH$s 1 JwU ) Cn`mo{JVm eyݶmnojmhr Imbr KQ>Vo Voìhm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm
*[ 1]
(1) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmV Amë’«o$S> ‘me©b (A) dmT>Vo (~) KQ>Vo
`m§Zr J¥hrV Yabobr n¡emMr Cn`mo{JVm (H$) ~XbV Zmhr (S>) ‘hËV‘ hmoVo
(A) dmT>Vo (~) pñWa amhVo CËVao : (1) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmV Amë’«o$S>
(H$) KQ>Vo (S>) dmT>Vo Am{U Z§Va KQ>Vo ‘me©b `m§Zr J¥hrV Yabobr n¡emMr Cn`mo{JVm pñWa amhVo.
(2) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmV gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMr (2) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmV gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMr
g§H$ënZm g§H$ënZm g§»¶mË‘H$ g§H$ënZm.
(A) H«$‘dmMH$ g§H$ënZm
(3) Ooìhm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm F$U hmoVo, Voìhm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm
(~) g§»`mË‘H$ g§H$ënZm
(H$) H«$‘dmMH$ g§H$ënZm Am{U g§»`mË‘H$ g§H$ënZm KQ>Vo.
XmoÝhrhr (4) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmV gdm©{YH$
(S>) `m§n¡H$s Zmhr g‘mYmZmMm (V¥ßVr) q~Xy åhUOo Ooìhm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm ‘hËV‘ hmoVo
(3) Ooìhm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm F$U hmoVo, Voìhm EHy$U Am{U gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm eyÝ` hmoVo.
Cn`mo{JVm (5) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmV Ooìhm gr‘m§V
(A) dmT>Vo (~) pñWa AgVo Cn`mo{JVm eyݶmnojmhr Imbr KQ>Vo Voìhm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm KQ>Vo.
(H$) KQ>Vo (S>) eyÝ` AgVo
(4) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmV gdm©{YH$ g‘mYmZmMm [2]
(V¥ßVr) q~Xy åhUOo Ooìhm (1) dñVy‘Yrb JaO ^mJdÊ`mMr j‘Vm åhUOo hmo`.
(A) EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm dmT>Vo Am{U gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm KQ>Vo. (A) Cn`wŠVVm (~) Cn`mo{JVm
(~) EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm KQ>Vo Am{U gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm F$U
(H$) g‘mYmZ (S>) AmZ§X
hmoVo.
(H$) EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm ‘hËV‘ hmoVo Am{U gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm (2) Ooìhm dñVyMm Cn^moJ , Voìhm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm
eyÝ` hmoVo. KQ>Vo.
(S>) gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm KQ>Vo Am{U EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm (A) dmT>Vmo (~) KQ>Vmo
dmT>Vo. (H$) pñWa amhVmo (S>) eyÝ` hmoVmo
18 AW©emñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
 (3) dñVyÀ`m eodQ>À`m KQ>H$mnmgyZ {‘imbobr Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo à. 4 ¶mo½¶ AW©emñÌr¶ nm[a^m{fH$ eãX gwMdm :
Cn`mo{JVm hmo`.  ( à˶oH$s 1 JwU )
(A) gamgar (~) EHy$U [1]
(H$) gr‘m§V (S>) eyÝ` (1) nmdgmiçmV aoZH$moQ>‘YyZ {‘iUmar Cn`mo{JVm.
(4)  Ooìhm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm hmoVo, Voìhm EHy$U (2) g§JUH$mMo à{ejU nyU© Ho$ë`mZ§Va g§JUH$mVyZ {‘iUmar
Cn¶mo{JVm gdm©{YH$ AgVo. Cn`mo{JVm.
(A) YZ (~) F$U (H$) eyÝ` (S>) OmñV (3) Aer dñVy {OMo bhmZ n[a‘mUm§V {d^mOZ H$aVm `oV Zmhr.
(5) aŠVXmZmV Cn`mo{JVm AgVo. (4) ‘mZdr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mMr dñVyVrb j‘Vm.
(A) ñWb (~) H$mb (H$) kmZ (S>) ê$n (5) Amamo½`mgmR>r {hVH$maH$ R>aUmam dñVyVrb JwUY‘©.
CËVao : (1) dñVy‘Yrb JaO ^mJdÊ`mMr j‘Vm åhUOo CËVao : (1) H$mb Cn`mo{JVm (2) kmZ Cn`mo{JVm
Cn`mo{JVm hmo¶. (3) A{d^mÁ` dñVy (4) Cn`mo{JVm (5) Cn`wŠVVm.
(2) Ooìhm dñVyMm Cn^moJ dmT>Vmo , Voìhm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm KQ>Vo.
[2]
(3) dñVyÀ`m eodQ>À`m KQ>H$mnmgyZ {‘imbobr Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo
(1) dñVyÀ`m gd© ZJm§nmgyZ {‘imbobr EH${ÌV Cn`mo{JVm.
gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm hmo`.
(2) dñVyÀ`m eodQ>À`m dmT>rd ZJmnmgyZ {‘imbobr Cn`mo{JVm.
(4) Ooìhm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm eyÝ` hmoVo, Voìhm EHy$U Cn¶mo{JVm (3) gdm©{YH$ g‘mYmZmÀ`m q~XyZ§VaMr pñWVr.
gdm©{YH$ AgVo. (4) ‘mVrnmgyZ ^m§S>r ~ZdyZ {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Cn`mo{JVm.
(5) aŠVXmZmV H$mb Cn`mo{JVm AgVo. (5) Agm dH«$ Omo XmoZ dñVy§À`m g§`moJmÀ`m {d{eîQ> ñWmZmbm
à. 2 {dg§JV eãX AmoiIm :  ( à˶oH$s 1 JwU ) OmoS>Umam dH«$ AgyZ Cn^moŠVm `m dñVy§À`m g§`moOZm~X²Xb
(1) hdm, nmUr, gy`©àH$me, gmoZo. VQ>ñW AgVmo.
(2) nwñVH$, dhr, IS>y, Xmê$. CËVao : (1) EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm (2) gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm
(3) {ejH$, Jm`H$, X§Vd¡Xç, IwMu. (3) Ag‘mYmZmMr pñWVr (4) ê$n Cn`mo{JVm (5) g‘d¥ËVr dH«$.
(4) JmS>r, XyaXe©Z g§M, ^mH$ar, nQ>²Q>r. à. 5 `mo½` OmoS>rMm n`m©` {ZdS>m :  ( à˶oH$s 1 JwU )
(5) {hao, gmoZo, Mm§Xr, nmUr.
* (1) " A ' JQ>     " ~ ' JQ>
CËVao : (1) gmoZo (2) Xmê$ (3) IwMu (4) ^mH$ar
(1) H$mb Cn`mo{JVm (A) dmhVyH$
(5) nmUr.
(2) ñWb Cn`mo{JVm ( ~  ) aŠVnoT>r
à. 3 ghg§~§Y nyU© H$am :  ( à˶oH$s 1 JwU ) (3) godm Cn`mo{JVm ( H$) ‘mo~mBb ’$moZ
(1) bmH$S>mnmgyZ ’${Z©Ma : ê$n Cn`mo{JVm : : (4) kmZ Cn`mo{JVm (  S>  ) S>m°ŠQ>a
Aä`mgmMo nwñVH$ : . n`m©` : (A) 1  S>, 2  ~, 3  A, 4  H$.
(2) dñVy§Mo ñWbm§Va : ñWb Cn`mo{JVm : : ( ~  ) 1  ~, 2  A, 3  S>, 4  H$.
{ejH$m§Mo {eH$dUo : . ( H$) 1  A, 2  ~, 3  H$, 4  S>.
(3) gr‘m§Vnyd© ZJ : gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm > qH$‘V : … (  S>  ) 1  ~, 2  H$, 3  S>, 4  A.
: gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm < qH$‘V. * (2) Cn^moŠË`mMm g‘Vmob Xe©dUmao {dYmZ
(4) Amë’«o$S> ‘me©b : gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm : : (A) gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm {H$‘Vrnojm OmñV
{hŠg d A°bZ : . ( ~  ) gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm d {H$‘Vr g‘mZ
(5) nmUr : Cn`mo{JVm ‘yë` > {d{Z‘` ‘yë` : : ( H$) gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm {H$‘Vrnojm H$‘r
: Cn`mo{JVm ‘yë` < {d{Z‘` ‘yë`. (  S>  ) qH$‘V EH$mnojm H$‘r
CËVao : (1) kmZ Cn`mo{JVm (2) godm Cn`mo{JVm n`m©` : (A) A Am{U ~. (~  ) A, ~ Am{U H$.
(3) gr‘m§VmoËVa ZJ (4) H«$‘dmMH$ Cn`mo{JVm (5) {ham. ( H$) A, ~, H$ Am{U S>. (  S>  ) ’$ŠV ~.
2. Cn¶mo{JVm {díbofU 19
 (3) " A ' JQ>    " ~ ' JQ> H$‘r hmoV OmVo d g‘mYmZ dmT>V OmVo. EH$m {d{eîQ> q~Xynmer JaO
nyU©nUo ^mJVo. hm q~Xy åhUOo gdm©{YH$ g‘mYmZmMm (V¥ßVrMm) q~Xy
(1) gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm (A) ‘hËV‘ EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm
(2) gdm©{YH$ g‘mYmZmMm( ~  ) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m hmo`. gdm©{YH$ g‘mYmZmÀ`m q~XyZ§Va {ddoH$erb Cn^moŠVm dñVyÀ`m
q~Xy {gX²Ym§VmMo J¥hrVH$ nwT>rb ZJmÀ`m godZmg ZH$ma XoVmo.
(3) ê$n Cn`mo{JVm ( H$) eodQ>À`m ZJmnmgyZ {‘iUmar * (5) b{bVmZo dhr-noZMm dmna H$ê$Z {Z~§Y boIZmMr JaO

Cn`mo{JVm nyU© Ho$br.

(4) g§»`mË‘H$ ‘yë`‘mnZ (  S>  ) H$mngmnmgyZ H$mnS> ~ZdUo CËVa : (A) CXmhaUmVrb g§H$ënZm : Cn`mo{JVm.
(~) g§H$ënZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU : ‘mZdr JaO nyU© H$aÊ`mMr
n`m©` : (A) 1  H$, 2  A, 3  S>, 4  ~.
dñVy‘Yrb j‘Vm, åhUOo " Cn`mo{JVm ' hmo`.
( ~  ) 1  A, 2  S>, 3  H$, 4  ~.
(6) gmJaZo CÝhmiçmV erVno`o {dH$Ê`mMm ì`dgm` gwê$ Ho$bm.
( H$) 1  ~, 2  S>, 3  H$, 4  A.
CËVa : (A) CXmhaUmVrb g§H$ënZm : H$mb Cn`mo{JVm.
(  S>  ) 1  H$, 2  A, 3  ~, 4  S>.
(~) g§H$ënZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU : CËVamgmR>r `mM àíZàH$mamVrb
CËVao : (1) ( ~  ) 1  ~, 2  A, 3  S>, 4  H$.
(2) (  S>  ) ’$ŠV ~. (1) ‘Yrb (~) nmhm.
(3) (A) 1  H$, 2  A, 3  S>, 4  ~. (7) gmoZo OJÊ`mg Amdí`H$ ZgyZhr gmoÝ`mMr qH$‘V OmñV
AgVo.
à. 6 n wT>rb CXmhaUm§À`m AmYmao g§H$ënZm AmoiIyZ Vr ñnîQ> CËVa : (A) CXmhaUmVrb g§H$ënZm : ‘yë`mMm {damoYm^mg.
H$am :  ( à˶oH$s 2 JwU ) (~) g§H$ënZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU : EImXr dñVy Xw‘ui Agë`mg,
* (1) gb‘mZo {hdmiçmV {VÀ`m d{S>bm§gmR>r ñdoQ>a IaoXr Ho$bo. Ë`m dñVyMo Cn`mo{JVm ‘yë` (OJÊ`mgmR>rMr Amdí`H$Vm) H$‘r
CËVa : (A) CXmhaUmVrb g§H$ënZm : H$mb Cn`mo{JVm. AgyZhr {d{Z‘` ‘yë` (~mOmamVrb qH$‘V) OmñV AgVo. dñVyÀ`m
(~) g§H$ënZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU : H$mi ~Xbë`mZo H$mimZwgma Cn`mo{JVoV ‘yë` Am{U {d{Z‘` ‘yë` `m§Vrb {damoYm^mgmbm
dñVy‘Ü`o Or Cn`mo{JVm {Z‘m©U hmoVo / dmT>Vo Vr Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo " ‘yë`mMm {damoYm^mg ' åhUVmV.
" H$mb Cn`mo{JVm ' hmo`. à. 7 \$aH$ ñnîQ> H$am :  ( à˶oH$s 2 JwU )
* (2) {ZboeZo Ë`mÀ`m ~{hUrgmR>r Xm{JZo IaoXr Ho$bo. (1) Cn`mo{JVm Am{U Cn`wŠVVm :
CËVa : (A) CXmhaUmVrb g§H$ënZm : ñdm{‘Ëd Cn`mo{JVm.
Cn`mo{JVm Cn`wŠVVm
(~) g§H$ënZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU : dñVyMr ‘mbH$s EH$m ì`ŠVrH$S>yZ
1. AW©
Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrH$S>o hñVm§V[aV hmoVo Voìhm Or Cn`mo{JVm {Z‘m©U hmoVo/ ‘mZdr JaO nyU© H$aUmam ‘mZdr earamg CnH$maH$
dmT>Vo Vr Cn`mo{JVm, åhUOo " ñdm{‘Ëd Cn`mo{JVm ' hmo`. dñVy‘Yrb JwU åhUOo R>aUmam dñVy‘Yrb JwU åhUOo
* (3) H${dVmZo g§Í`mMo EH$m‘mJo EH$ nmM ZJ godZ Ho$bo.
" Cn`mo{JVm ' hmo`. " Cn`wŠVVm ' hmo`.
CËVa : (A) CXmhaUmVrb g§H$ënZm : Cn^moJ gmVË`. 2. nañnag§~§Y
(~) g§H$ënZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU : EImXçm dñVyÀ`m {d{dY ZJm§Mo
Á`m dñVy‘Ü`o Cn`mo{JVm AgVo, Á`m dñVy‘Ü`o Cn`wŠVVm AgVo,
{Za§VanUo åhUOoM gmVË`mZo (Z Wm§~Vm) godZ Ho$bo AgVm Aem
Ë`m dñVy‘Ü`o Cn`wŠVVm AgobM Ë`m dñVy‘Ü`o {ZpíMVnUo
Cn^moJmg " Cn^moJ gmVË` ' åhUVmV. Cn^moJ gmVË` ho KQ>Ë`m
Ago Zmhr. Cn`mo{JVm AgVo.
gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmMo ‘hËËdmMo J¥hrVH$ Amho.
* (4) ^yfUZo Mma MnmË`m Imëë`mZ§Va nmMdr MnmVr (2) Cn`mo{JVm Am{U g‘mYmZ :
ImÊ`mg ZH$ma {Xbm. Cn`mo{JVm g‘mYmZ
CËVa : (A) CXmhaUmVrb g§H$ënZm : {ddoH$erb Cn^moŠË`mMm 1. AW©
gdm©{YH$ g‘mYmZmMm q~Xy. ‘mZdr JaO nyU© H$aUmam dñVyÀ`m godZmZ§Va {Z‘m©U
(~) g§H$ënZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU : EImXçm dñVyÀ`m {d{dY ZJm§Mo dñVy‘Yrb JwU åhUOo hmoUmar AmZ§XmMr ^mdZm åhUOo
bmJmonmR> godZ Ho$bo AgVm / Cn^moJ KoVbm AgVm, JaOoMr Vrd«Vm " Cn`mo{JVm ' hmo`. " g‘mYmZ ' hmo`.

20 AW©emñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr

 2. ñdê$n à. 8 nwT>rb àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm :  ( à˶oH$s 4 JwU )
Cn`mo{JVm hr Cn^moJmMr gwédmV g‘mYmZ hm Cn^moJmMm A§{V‘ (1) EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm Am{U gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm `m§Vrb g§~§Y
AgVo. n[aUm‘ AgVmo. ñnîQ> H$am.
CËVa$:$EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm Am{U gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm `m§Vrb g§~Y§
(3) EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm Am{U gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm : nwT>rb H$moîQ>H$mÀ`m, AmH¥$VrÀ`m d ‘wXX² çm§À`m AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVmo :
EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm dñVyMo ZJ gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm
1. AW© 1 08 08
dñVyÀ`m EH$mnmR>monmR> EH$ dñVyÀ`m eodQ>À`m ZJmÀ`m 2 06 14
godZ Ho$boë`m gd© ZJm§nmgyZ godZmnmgyZ àmßV hmoUmar
3 04 18
{‘imboë`m Cn`mo{JVm§Mr hmoUmar A{YH$V‘ (A{V[aŠV)
~oarO åhUOo " EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm ' Cn`mo{JVm, åhUOo " gr‘m§V 4 02 20
hmo`. Cn`mo{JVm ' hmo`. 5 00 20
2. _yë¶ 6 - 02 18
gd©gmYmaUnUo EHy$U Cn`mo{JVoMo gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMo ‘yë` YZ,
‘yë` YZ AgVo. eyÝ` Am{U F$U Agy eH$Vo.
(4) ñWb Cn`mo{JVm Am{U H$mb Cn`mo{JVm :
ñWb Cn`mo{JVm H$mb Cn`mo{JVm
1. AW©
dñVyÀ`m dmna H$aÊ`mÀ`m dñVyÀ`m dmna H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$mimV
ñWmZmV ~Xb H$ê$Z {Z‘m©U {Z‘m©U Ho$bobr Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo
Ho$bobr Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo " ñWb " H$mb Cn`mo{JVm ' hmo`.
Cn`mo{JVm ' hmo`.
2. {Z{_©Vr
(1) dñVyÀ`m gd© ZJm§nmgyZ {‘iUmè`m Cn`mo{JVm§Mr ~oarO
dmhVwH$sÀ`m gmYZm§Mm dmna H$ê$Z gmR>dUrÀ`m gmo`tMm dmna H$ê$Z
åhUOo EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm hmo`. dñVyÀ`m eodQ>À`m ZJmnmgyZ {‘iUmar
ñWb Cn`mo{JVm {Z‘m©U H$aVm `oV.o H$mb Cn`mo{JVm {Z‘m©U H$aVm `oV.o
Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm hmo`.
(5) ê$n Cn`mo{JVm Am{U H$mb Cn`mo{JVm :
(2) dñVyÀ`m n{hë`m ZJmÀ`m Cn^moJmÀ`m doir EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm
ê$n Cn`mo{JVm H$mb Cn`mo{JVm gdmªV H$‘r Am{U gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm gdm©{YH$ AgVo. dñVyÀ`m nwT>rb
1. AW© ZJmMo EH$mnmR>monmR> godZ Ho$bo AgVm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm KQ>Ë`m XamZo
dñVyÀ`m ñdê$nmV ~Xb H$ê$Z dñVyÀ`m dmna H$aÊ`mÀ`m dmT>Vo Am{U gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm H«$‘e: KQ>V OmVo.
{Z‘m©U Ho$bobr Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo H$mimV ~Xb H$ê$Z {Z‘m©U (3) gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm pñWa AgVmZm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm gdm©{YH$
" ê$n Cn`mo{JVm ' hmo`. Ho$bobr Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo " H$mb AgVo.
Cn`mo{JVm ' hmo`. (4) gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm F$U Pmbr AgVm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVmhr KQ>V.o
2. {Z{_©Vr (2) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmMo ‘hËËd ñnîQ>
dñVyMm a§J, ê$n, AmH$ma, ~mhç gmR>dUrÀ`m gmo`tMm dmna H$ê$Z H$am.
ñdê$n BË`mXt‘Ü`o ~Xb H$ê$Z H$mb Cn`mo{JVm {Z‘m©U Ho$br CËVa : KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmMo ‘hËËd
ê$n Cn`mo{JVm {Z‘m©U Ho$br OmVo. OmVo. nwT>rbà‘mUo Amho :

2. Cn¶mo{JVm {díbofU 21
 (1) Cn^moŠË`m§gmR>r Cn`wŠV : ‘hËV‘ g‘mYmZ àmßV (5) ñdm{‘Ëd Cn`mo{JVm : dñVyÀ`m ‘mbH$s hŠH$m‘wio
H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo CnbãY gmYZgm‘J«rMm H$em àH$mao dmna H$amdm, {Z‘m©U hmoUmar Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo ñdm{‘Ëd Cn`mo{JVm hmo`.
`mMr AmIUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn^moŠË`mbm KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm CXm., XwH$mZmVrb YmÝ`mMr IaoXr Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mnmgyZ {‘iUmar
{gX²Ym§V Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. Cn`mo{JVm.
(2) emgZmgmR>r Cn`wŠV : KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm (6) H$mb Cn`mo{JVm : dñVyÀ`m dmnamMm H$mi ~XbyZ
{gX²Ym§V emgZmg àJVerb H$a YmoaU, qH$‘V YmoaU, ì`mnma YmoaU dmT>dbobr Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo H$mb Cn`mo{JVm hmo`. CXm., dñVy
BË`mXr {d{dY àH$maÀ`m `moOZm am~dÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. ‘w~bH$ à‘mUmV CnbãY AgVmZm {VMm gmR>m H$ê$Z Xw‘uiVoÀ`m
(3) ‘yë` {damoYm^mgmÀ`m ñnîQ>rH$aUmgmR>r Cn`wŠV : H$mimV {VMm dmna H$aUo qH$dm nmdgmiçmÀ`m H$mimV N>Í`m {dH«$sg
Cn`mo{JVm ‘yë` Am{U {d{Z‘` ‘yë` `m§Vrb {damoYm^mg ñnîQ> H$mT>yZ Ë`m§‘Ü`o Cn`mo{JVm {Z‘m©U H$aUo.
H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm {gX²Ym§V Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. nmÊ`mMm gmR>m ‘w~bH$
( Zmo§X : CËVamV H$moUVohr Mma ‘wX²Xo Ano{jV. )
Agë`m‘wio nmÊ`mMo Cn`mo{JVm ‘yë` OmñV AgyZhr {d{Z‘` ‘yë`
H$‘r AgVo. na§Vw {hè`m§Mm gmR>m ‘`m©{XV Agë`m‘wio {hè`m§Mo à. 9 n wT>rb {dYmZm§er AmnU gh‘V qH$dm Agh‘V AmhmV
Cn`mo{JVm ‘yë` H$‘r AgyZhr {d{Z‘` ‘yë` OmñV AgVo. Vo gH$maU {bhm :  ( à˶oH$s 4 JwU )
(4) ‘mJUrÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmMm AmYma : ‘mJUrÀ`m (1) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§Vmbm Iè`m AWm©Zo
{gX²Ym§VmgmR>r KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V AmYma R>aVmo. AndmX ZmhrV.
Cn^moJmÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m pñWVrV JaOoMr Vrd«Vm A{YH$ Agë`m‘wio
CËVa : `m {dYmZmer ‘r gh‘V Amho.
gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm A{YH$ {‘iVo. Ë`m‘wio J«mhH$ OmñV qH$‘V XoD$Z
H$maUo : `mgmR>r à. 11 ‘Yrb (3) Mo CËVa nmhm.
dñVyMr ‘mJUr H$aVmo. Cn^moJmVrb gmVË`m‘wio JaOoMr Vrd«Vm H$‘r
hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm KQ>V OmVo d Ë`m‘wio dñVyÀ`m A{YH$ ( Zmo§X : CËVamV H$moUVohr VrZ ‘wX²Xo Ano{jV. )
ZJm§Mr Ho$di H$‘r {H$‘Vrbm ‘mJUr Ho$br OmVo. (2) Ooìhm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm eyÝ` AgVo, Voìhm EHy$U
(3) Cn`mo{JVoMo àH$ma ñnîQ> H$am. Cn`mo{JVm KQ>Vo.
CËVa : Cn`mo{JVoMo àH$ma nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV : CËVa : `m {dYmZmer ‘r Agh‘V Amho.
(1) ê$n Cn`mo{JVm : dñVyMo ñdê$n ~Xbë`m‘wio dmT>bobr H$maUo : (1) Ooìhm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm eyÝ` AgVo, Voìhm
Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo ê$n Cn`mo{JVm hmo`. dñVyMm a§J, ê$n, AmH$ma, EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm gdm©{YH$ AgVo. hr pñWVr Cn^moŠË`mÀ¶m ‘hËV‘
~mhç ñdê$n BË`mXt‘Ü`o ~Xb H$ê$Z ê$n Cn`mo{JVm {Z‘m©U Ho$br g‘mYmZmMr AdñWm Xe©dVo.
OmVo. CXm., ‘mVrnmgyZ ^m§S>r ~ZdUo, bmH$S>mnmgyZ ’${Z©Ma ~ZdUo (2)
BË`mXr.
dñVyMo ZJ gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm
(2) ñWb Cn`mo{JVm : dñVyMo ñWbm§Va H$ê$Z dmT>dbobr
1 08 08
Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo ñWb Cn`mo{JVm hmo`. dñVyMo CËnmXZmÀ`m
{R>H$mUmhyZ Cn^moJmÀ`m {R>H$mUr ñWbm§Va Ho$ë`m‘wio ñWb Cn`mo{JVm 2 06 14
{Z‘m©U hmoVo. CXm., g‘wÐmH$mR>Mr dmiy ~m§YH$m‘mÀ`m {R>H$mUr AmUyZ 3 04 18
Ë`m dmiyV Cn`mo{JVm {Z‘m©U H$aUo. 4 02 20
(3) godm Cn`mo{JVm : g‘mOmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zr nwadboë`m 5 00 20
godm§‘YyZ {‘iUmar Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo godm Cn`mo{JVm hmo`. 6 - 02 18
CXm., S>m°ŠQ>a, dH$sb, {ejH$ BË`mXtÀ`m godm§‘YyZ {‘iUmar darb H$moîQ>H$mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, dñVyÀ`m nmMì`m ZJmÀ`m
Cn`mo{JVm. {R>H$mUr gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm eyÝ` Amho. `m {R>H$mUr EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm
(4) kmZ Cn`mo{JVm : {d{eîQ> dñVyMo kmZ àmßV H$ê$Z Ë`mnmgyZ gdm©{YH$ åhUOo 20 Amho.
{‘iUmar Cn`mo{JVm åhUOo kmZ Cn`mo{JVm hmo`. CXm., g§JUH$mÀ`m (3) darb VŠË`mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, Ooìhm gr‘m§V
{d{dY H$m`©àUmbtMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`m‘wio g§JUH$mX²dmao {‘iUmar Cn`mo{JVm eyÝ`mnmgyZ H$‘r hmoD$Z - 2 hmoVo, Voìhm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm
Cn`mo{JVm. 20 nmgyZ 18 n`ªV KQ>Vo.
22 AW©emñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
 åhUyZ Ooìhm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm eyÝ` AgVo, Voìhm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm CËVao : (1)
KQ>V Zmhr Va gdm©{YH$ AgVo.
(3) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V ì`mdhm[aH$ÑîQ>çm
‘hËËdnyU© Amho.
CËVa : `m {dYmZmer ‘r gh‘V Amho.
H$maUo : (1) ‘hËV‘ g‘mYmZ àmßV H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo CnbãY
gmYZgm‘J«rMm H$em àH$mao dmna H$amdm, `mMr AmIUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Cn^moŠË`mbm KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V Cn`wŠV R>aVmo.
(2) emgZmg àJ{Verb H$aàUmbrMr AmIUr H$aVmZm qH$‘V
YmoaU qH$dm ì`mnma YmoaU R>adVmZm KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm (2) (A) Ooìhm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm ‘hËV‘ AgVo, Voìhm gr‘m§V
{gX²Ym§V Cn`wŠV R>aVmo. Cn`mo{JVm eyݶ AgVo .
(3) ‘yë` {damoYm^mgmÀ`m ñnîQ>rH$aUmgmR>r VgoM ‘mJUrÀ`m (~) 
Ooìhm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm KQ>Vo, Voìhm gr‘m§V
{Z`‘mMm AmYma åhUyZ KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V Cn`wŠV Cn`mo{JVm F U hmoVo .
R>aVmo.
à. 11  nwT>rb àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CËVao {bhm :
åhUyZ KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V ì`mdhm[aH$ÑîQ>çm
 ( à˶oH$s 8 JwU )
‘hËËdnyU© Amho.
(4) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V AZoH$ J¥hrVH$m§da (1) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V CXmhaU d
AmYm[aV Amho. AmH¥$Vrgh ñnîQ> H$am. qH$dm
CËVa : `m {dYmZmer ‘r gh‘V Amho. KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V g{dñVa ñnîQ> H$am.
CËVa : KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V nwT>rb ‘wX²Xçm§À`m
H$maUo : `mgmR>r à. 11 ‘Yrb (2) Mo CËVa nmhm.
AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVmo :
( Zmo§X : CËVamV H$moUVohr VrZ ‘wX²Xo Ano{jV.)
(1) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V gd©àW‘ àm. Jm°goZ
(5) gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm Am{U EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm `m§À`mV
`m§Zr ‘m§S>bm. na§Vw Ë`mZ§Va àm. Amë’«o$S> ‘me©b `m§Zr 1890 gmbr
H$mhrM g§~§Y Zmhr.
Amnë`m " AW©emñÌmMr ‘ybVËËdo ' `m J«§WmV hm {gX²Ym§V {dñV¥V
CËVa : `m {dYmZmer ‘r Agh‘V Amho.
ñdê$nmV gmXa Ho$bm.
H$maUo : `mgmR>r à. 8 ‘Yrb (1) Mo CËVa nmhm.
(2) {gX²Ym§VmMo {dYmZ : àm. Amë’«o$S> ‘me©b `m§À`m ‘Vo,
* à. 10 n wT>rb VŠË`mMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm : "" BVa n[apñWVr H$m`‘ AgVmZm ‘Zwî`mOdi AmYrnmgyZ Agboë`m
 ( à˶oH$s 4 JwU ) EImXçm dñVyÀ`m gmR>çmV dmT> hmoV Joë`mg Ë`mnmgyZ {‘iUmao
A{V[aŠV g‘mYmZ, Ë`m dñVyÀ`m gmR>çmV hmoUmè`m dmT>r~amo~a
dñVyMo ZJ EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm
H«$‘e: KQ>V OmVo. ''
1 6 6
(3) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V nwT>rb H$moîQ>H$mÀ`m
2 11 5 AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVmo :
3 15 4
dñVyMo ZJ gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm
4 15 0
1 8
5 14 -1 2 6
(1) EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm d gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm dH«$ H$mT>m. 3 4
(2) (A) Ooìhm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm ‘hËV‘ AgVo, Voìhm gr‘m§V 4 2
Cn`mo{JVm .
5 0
(~) Ooìhm EHy$U Cn`mo{JVm KQ>Vo, Voìhm gr‘m§V
6 -2
Cn`mo{JVm .
2. Cn¶mo{JVm {díbofU 23
 (4) darb H$moîQ>H$mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, dñVyMm gmR>m 1 Vo (3) EH${OZgrnUm : Cn^moŠVm godZ H$arV Agboë`m dñVy§Mo
6 ZJg§»`m `mà‘mUo dmT>V Joë`mg gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm 8 nmgyZ - 2 gd© ZJ EH${OZgr AmhoV, Ago {gX²Ym§V J¥hrV YaVmo. åhUOoM
n`ªV H«$‘e: KQ>V OmVo. dñVyMo gd© ZJ a§J, ê$n, AmH$ma, Md, JwUdËVm BË`mXr ~m~VtV
(5) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V nwT>rb AmH¥$VrÀ`m V§VmoV§V EH$gmaIo AmhoV.
AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVmo : (4) Cn^moJ gmVË` : dñVyÀ`m {d{dY ZJm§À`m godZmV {Za§VaVm
(gmVË`) Amho, Ago {gX²Ym§V J¥hrV YaVmo.
(5) `mo½` AmH$ma‘mZ : Cn^mo½` dñVyMm AmH$ma ’$ma ‘moR>m qH$dm
bhmZ ZgyZ ‘Ü`‘ ( gd©gmYmaU ) Amho Ago {gX²Ym§V J¥hrV YaVmo.
(6) pñWaVm : Cn^moJmÀ`m H$mbmdYrV Cn^mo³Ë`mMr CËnÝZ-
nmVir, AmdS>, ng§Vr d dñVyMr qH$‘V BË`mXr KQ>H$ pñWa
Agë`mMo {gX²Ym§V J¥hrV YaVmo. VgoM n¡emÀ`m àË`oH$ EH$H$mMr
Cn`mo{JVm pñWa Agë`mMo J¥hrV Yabo OmVo.
(7) {d^mÁ`Vm : Cn^moŠË`mZo Cn^moJmV AmUbobr dñVy
{d^mÁ` Amho.
(8) EH$M JaO : dñVyMm Xwgè`m H$moUË`mhr JaOm
(6) darb AmH¥$VrV " j ' Ajmda dñVyMo ZJ Am{U " ` ' Ajmda
^mJdÊ`mgmR>r dmna Ho$bm Z OmVm Ho$di Cn^moJmgmR>r dmna Ho$bm
Cn`mo{JVoMo EH$H$ Xe©dbo Amho. darb AmH¥$VrVyZ Ago {XgyZ `oVo
OmVmo, Ago {gX²Ym§V J¥hrV YaVmo.
H$s, dñVyÀ`m n{hë`m ZJmnmgyZ Cn^moŠË`mbm gdmªV OmñV Cn`mo{JVm (9) n¡emVrb CËnÝZmMr gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm pñWa$:$
{‘iVo. Cn^moŠVm OgOgm dñVyÀ`m nwT>rb ZJm§Mo EH$m‘mJmo‘mJ godZ Cn^moŠË`mÀ`m {eëbH$ am{hboë`m n¡em§Vrb CËnÝZmMr gr‘m§V
H$aVmo, Voìhm gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm H«$‘e: KQ>V OmVo. Cn`mo{JVm pñWa Amho.
(7) dñVyÀ`m nmMì`m ZJmÀ`m {R>H$mUr gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm eyÝ` (3) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmMo AndmX ñnîQ>
hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio dñVyÀ`m nmMì`m ZJmÀ`m {R>H$mUr gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm H$am.
dH«$ " j ' Ajmbm ñne© H$aVmo. hm q~Xy gdm©{YH$ g‘mYmZmMr nmVir CËVa : KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§Vmbm Iè`m AWm©Zo
Xe©dVmo. `m q~Xybm gdm©{YH$ g‘mYmZmMm q~Xy Ago åhUVmV. H$moUVohr AndmX ZmhrV. `m {gX²Ym§Vmg nwT>rb H$mhr AndmX ho
(8) dñVyÀ`m ghmì`m ZJmÀ`m godZmZo Cn^moŠË`mbm Ag‘mYmZ, Ho$di ~mobÊ`mnwaVo AmhoV :
åhUOoM F$U Cn`mo{JVm {‘iVo. WmoS>Š`mV Ago {gX²Y hmoVo H$s, (1) N>§X : Xw‘ui {V{H$Q>o, ZmUr, {MÌo BË`mXtMm g§J«h
dñVyÀ`m Cn^moJmV {Za§Va dmT> Pmë`mg gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm KQ>V OmVo. H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm Ë`m§À`mOdirb Xw‘ui dñVy§À`m gmR>çmV dmT>
Ë`m‘wio KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm dH«$ S>mdrH$S>yZ COdrH$S>o dê$Z Pmë`mg; Ë`mMà‘mUo g§JrVem¡H$sZ ì`ŠVtZm A{YH$m{YH$ g§JrV
Imbr gaH$Vmo. EoH$ë`mZo qH$dm dmMZ{à` ì`ŠVtZm A{YH$m{YH$ dmMZ Ho$ë`m‘wio
(2) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmMr J¥hrVHo$ ñnîQ> A{YH$m{YH$ Cn`mo{JVm {‘iVo, Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. na§Vw {gX²Ym§VmÀ`m
H$am. EH${OZgrnUmÀ`m J¥hrVH$mZwgma Aem ì`ŠVtZm EH$mM àH$maÀ`m
CËVa : KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmMr J¥hrVHo$ {V{H$Q>m§Mm qH$dm ZmÊ`m§Mm g§J«h H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo AgVm qH$dm
nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV : EH$M g§JrV EoH$Ê`mg qH$dm EH$M nwñVH$ dmMÊ`mg {Xbo AgVm
(1) {ddoH$erbVm : Cn^moŠË`mMr dV©UyH$ gd©gm‘mÝ` Amho d gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm KQ>Vo. åhUOoM N>§X Iè`m AWm©Zo {gX²Ym§Vmg
‘hËV‘ g‘mYmZ àmßV H$aUo hm Ë`mMm CX²Xoe Amho, Ago {gX²Ym§V AndmX R>aV Zmhr.
J¥hrV YaVmoo. (2) H§$Oyf ì`ŠVr : H§$Oyf ì`ŠVrbm A{YH$m{YH$ n¡emnmgyZ
(2) g§»`mË‘H$ ‘mnZ : Cn`mo{JVm A§H$m‘Ü`o ‘moOVm `oVo Ago A{YH$m{YH$ Cn`mo{JVm {‘iVo, Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. na§Vw H§$Oyf ì`ŠVrMo
{gX²Ym§V J¥hrV YaVmo. åhUOoM Cn`mo{JVm A§H$m§‘Ü`o ‘moOVm `oVo d dV©Z ho {ddoH$s ZgVo. åhUyZ H§$Oyf ì`ŠVr Iè`m AWm©Zo {gX²Ym§Vmg
Cn`mo{JVoMr VwbZm H$aVm `oVo, Ago J¥hrV Yabo OmVo. AndmX R>aV Zmhr.
24 AW©emñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr
 (3) A‘br nXmWmªMo ì`gZ : ‘Xçnr ì`ŠVrbm ‘XçmÀ`m (2) g§»`mË‘H$ ‘mnZ : Cn`mo{JVoMo g§»`mË‘H$ ‘mnZ d
A{YH$m{YH$ godZmVyZ A{YH$m{YH$ Cn`mo{JVm {‘iVo, Ago åhQ>bo VwbZmË‘H$ {ddoMZ H$aUo eŠ` AgVo Ago {gX²Ym§V J¥hrV YaVmo.
OmVo. na§Vw {gX²Ym§VmÀ`m J¥hrVH$mà‘mUo ‘Xçnr ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z ho na§Vw àË`jmV Cn`mo{JVoMo g§»`oV ‘moO‘mn H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo.
{ddoH$s AgV Zmhr. åhUyZ ‘Xçnr ì`ŠVr Iè`m AWm©Zo {gX²Ym§Vmg (3) A{d^mÁ` dñVy : KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V
AndmX R>aV Zmhr. XyaXe©Z g§M, JmS>r, Ka Aem A{d^mÁ` dñVy§gmR>r bmJy nS>V Zmhr.
(4) n¡emMr pñWa gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm : n¡emÀ`m àË`oH$
(4) gËVm : A{YH$m{YH$ gËVm {‘idÊ`mMr BÀN>m AgUmè`m
EH$H$mMr gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm pñWa amhVo Ago {gX²Ym§V J¥hrV YaVmo.
ì`ŠVrg A{YH$m{YH$ gËVonmgyZ A{YH$m{YH$ Cn`mo{JVm {‘iVo, na§Vw àË`jmV n¡emMr gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm pñWa amhV Zmhr.
Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. na§Vw {gX²Ym§VmÀ`m J¥hrVH$mà‘mUo gËVoMr bmbgm (5) EH$M JaO : hm {gX²Ym§V Ho$di {d{eîQ> doir EH$mM
AgUmè`m ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z ho {ddoH$s AgV Zmhr. åhUyZ gËVm Iè`m dñVyÀ`m Cn^moJmVyZ {‘iUmè`m g‘mYmZmnwaVm ‘`m©{XV Amho.
AWm©Zo {gX²Ym§Vmg AndmX R>aV Zmhr. na§Vw àË`jmV ‘Zwî` EH$mM doir AZoH$ JaOm nyU© H$ê$Z g‘mYmZ
(5) n¡gm : A{YH$m{YH$ n¡emnmgyZ A{YH$m{YH$ Cn`mo{JVm {‘idÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmo.
{‘iV OmVo Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. na§Vw àË`jmV n¡emMm gmR>m dmT>bm (6) gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm Am{U qH$‘V `m§Vrb g§~§Y ñnîQ> H$am.
AgVm n¡emMr gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVmhr H$‘r hmoV OmVo. CXm., AË`§V X[aÐr CËVa : ‘mJUrMm {gX²Ym§V KT>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m
ì`ŠVrg 10 én`m§‘Ü`o OmñV Cn`mo{JVm gmnS>Vo, na§Vw H$moQ>çYre {gX²Ym§Vmda AmYm[aV Amho. ‘mJUrÀ`m {Z`‘mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU
ì`ŠVrbm 10 én`m§‘Ü`o H$‘r Cn`mo{JVm gmnS>Vo. åhUOoM n¡gmhr XoÊ`mgmR>r gd©àW‘ gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm Am{U qH$‘V `m§Vrb g§~§Y
OmUyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. gr‘m§V Cn¶mo{JVm d qH$‘V ¶m§Vrb
`m {gX²Ym§Vmg Iè`m AWm©Zo AndmX R>aV Zmhr.
g§~§Y OmUyZ KoʶmgmR>r gd©àW‘ gr‘m§V Cn¶mo{JVobm n¡emÀ¶m
* (4) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V AndmXm§gh ñnîQ>
ñdê$nmV 춳V H$aUo Amdí¶H$ R>aVo. ˶mgmR>r gr‘m§V Cn¶mo{JVoÀ¶m
H$am. {d{eîQ> n[a‘mUmgmR>r n¡emV ‘yë¶ J¥hrV YaUo Amdí¶H$ R>aVo. CXm.,
CËVa : (A) {gX²Ym§V : KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V 1 ZJ = ` 10 Am{U gr‘m§V Cn¶mo{JVm ` ‘ܶo = gr. C.  ` 10.
nwT>rb ‘wX²Xçm§À`m AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVmo : gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm Am{U qH$‘V `m§Vrb g§~§Y nwT>rb VŠË`mX²dmao
(1) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V gd©àW‘ àm. Jm°goZ ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVmo :
`m§Zr ‘m§S>bm. na§Vw Ë`mZ§Va àm. Amë’«o$S> ‘me©b `m§Zr 1890 gmbr "j' "j ' ¶m gr‘m§V ~mOma gr‘m§V
Amnë`m " AW©emñÌmMr ‘ybVËËdo ' `m J«§WmV hm {gX²Ym§V {dñV¥V ¶m dñVyÀ¶m Cn`mo{JVm qH$‘V/ Cn`mo{JVm
ñdê$nmV gmXa Ho$bm. dñVyMo ZJmnmgyZ (` ‘Ü`o) KQ>H$ ZJ Am{U
(2) {gX²Ym§VmMo {dYmZ : àm. Amë’«o$S> ‘me©b `m§À`m ‘Vo, ZJ {‘iUmar 1 ZJ=` 10 qH$‘V {H$‘VrMr
gr‘m§V gr. C.  ` 10 (` 50) VwbZm
"" BVa n[apñWVr H$m`‘ AgVmZm ‘Zwî`mOdi AmYrnmgyZ Agboë`m
Cn`mo{JVm
EImXçm dñVyÀ`m gmR>çmV dmT> hmoV Joë`mg Ë`mnmgyZ {‘iUmao
1 10 100(10* ` 10) 50 100 gr.C.>` 50
A{V[aŠV g‘mYmZ, Ë`m dñVyÀ`m gmR>çmV hmoUmè`m dmT>r~amo~a
2 8 80 (8* ` 10) 50 80 gr.C.> ` 50
H«$‘e: KQ>V OmVo. ''
3 7 70 (7* ` 10) 50 70 gr.C.> ` 50
(~) AndmX : `mgmR>r `mM àíZàH$mamVrb (3) Mo CËVa nmhm.
4 5 50 (5* ` 10) 50 50 gr.C.=` 50
(5) KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V d Ë`mÀ`m ‘`m©Xm
5 3 30 (3* ` 10) 50 30 gr.C.< ` 50
ñnîQ> H$am.
6 1 10 (1* ` 10) 50 10 gr.C.<` 50
CËVa : (A) {gX²Ym§V : `mgmR>r `mM àíZàH$mamVrb àíZ
(1) darb H$moîQ>H$mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, Cn^moJmÀ`m
(4) (A) nmhm.
gwédmVrÀ`m pñWVrV (ZJ 1, 2 d 3) JaOoMr Vrd«Vm A{YH$
(~) {gX²Ym§VmÀ¶m ‘`m©Xm : KQ>˶m gr‘m§V Cn¶mo{JVoÀ¶m Agë`m‘wio (n{hë`m VrZ ZJm§nmgyZ) n¡emVrb gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm
{gX²Ym§Vmg nwT>rb ‘¶m©Xm AmhoV : {H$‘Vrnojm A{YH$ AgVo. `m gd© ZJm§Mr {ddoH$s Cn^mo³Ë¶mH$Sy>Z
(1) AdmñVd J¥hrVHo$ : KQ>Ë`m gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVoMm {gX²Ym§V ‘mJUr Ho$br OmVo.
hm dñVyÀ`m ZJm§Mm EH${OZgrnUm, Cn^moJ gmVË`, n¡emÀ`m (2) Á`m ZJm§nmgyZ {‘iUmar n¡emVrb gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm hr Ë`m
Cn`mo{JVoV pñWaVm, Cn^moŠË`mMo {ddoH$nyU© dV©Z BË`mXr AdmñVd ZJm§À`m {H$‘Vrnojm A{YH$ AgVo, Aem ZJm§Zm gr‘m§Vnyd© ZJ åhUVmV.
J¥hrVH$m§da AmYmabobm Amho. gr‘m§Vnyd© ZJm§À`m ~m~VrV gr.C.>qH$. hr pñWVr AmT>iVo.
2. Cn¶mo{JVm {díbofU 25
 (3) Cn^moJmÀ`m gmVË`mZo EH$m {d{eîQ> pñWVrbm (ZJ 4) (4) Cn`mo{JVm d Cn`wŠVVm `m§V ’$aH$ : Cn`mo{JVm Am{U
n¡emVrb gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm d qH$‘V g‘g‘mZ hmoVo. `m {R>H$mUr Cn`wŠVVm `m nyU©V: {^ÝZ g§H$ënZm AmhoV. dñVyV Cn`mo{JVm
{ddoH$s Cn^moŠVm g§~§{YV dñVyÀ`m ZJmMr ‘mJUr Wm§~dVmo. hr AgyZhr {VÀ`mV Cn`wŠVVm AgobM Ago Zmhr. CXm., Xmê$, {gJaoQ>
{ddoH$s Cn^moŠË`mMr g‘VmobmMr AdñWm AgVo. `m§gma»`m earamg hm{ZH$maH$ nXmWmª‘Ü`o Ho$di Cn`mo{JVm AgVo,
(4) Á`m ZJmnmgyZ {‘iUmar n¡emVrb gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm hr Ë`m Cn`wŠVVm AgV Zmhr.
ZJmÀ`m {H$‘VrEdT>rM AgVo, Aem ZJmbm gr‘m§V ZJ åhUVmV. (5) Cn`mo{JVm d AmZ§X `m§V ’$aH$ : EImXçm dñVyV
gr‘m§V ZJmÀ`m ~m~VrV gr. C. = qH$. hr pñWVr AmT>iVo. Cn`mo{JVm AgyZhr Ë`m dñVyÀ`m godZmZo AmZ§X {‘iVmoM Ago Zmhr.
(5) g‘VmobmÀ`m AdñWoZ§Va Cn^moJ MmbyM R>odbm AgVm (ZJ CXm., H$S>y Am¡fYm§‘Ü`o Cn`mo{JVm AgyZhr Ë`m§À`m godZmZo AmZ§X,
5 d 6) dñVyMr JaO g§në`m‘wio (nmMì`m d ghmì`m ZJmnmgyZ) g‘mYmZ {‘iV Zmhr. åhUyZ Cn`mo{JVm Am{U AmZ§X `m doJdoJiçm
n¡emVrb gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm {H$‘Vrnojm H$‘r AgVo. {ddoH$s Cn^moŠVm g§H$ënZm AmhoV.
`m ZJm§Mr ‘mJUr H$arV Zmhr. (6) Cn`mo{JVm d g‘mYmZ `m§V ’$aH$ : Cn`mo{JVm Am{U
(6) Á`m ZJm§nmgyZ {‘iUmar n¡emVrb gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm hr Ë`m g‘mYmZ `m nyU©V: {^ÝZ g§H$ënZm AmhoV. Cn`mo{JVm dñVyer
ZJm§À`m {H$‘Vrnojm H$‘r AgVo, Aem ZJm§Zm gr‘m§VmoËVa ZJ g§~§{YV AgVo, Va g‘mYmZ ho Cn^moJ H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrer g§~§{YV
åhUVmV. gr‘m§VmoËVa ZJm§À`m ~m~VrV gr.C.<qH$. hr pñWVr AmT>iVo. AgVo. Cn`mo{JVm ho Ano{jV g‘mYmZ AgVo d g‘mYmZ hr àË`j
(7) darb H$moîQ>H$mdê$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, dñVyÀ`m {d{dY AZw^yVr AgVo. Cn`mo{JVm Cn^moJmMr gwédmV AgVo, Va g‘mYmZ hm
Cn^moJmMm A§{V‘ n[aUm‘ AgVmo.
ZJm§Mo bmJmonmR> godZ Ho$bo AgVm, gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm H«$‘e:
(7) Ho$di VmpËËdH$ ‘mnZ eŠ` : Cn`mo{JVm hr ì`pŠV{ZîR>
KQ>V OmVo. Ë`m‘wioM dñVyÀ`m gwédmVrÀ`m ZJm§Mr VwbZoZo OmñV
g§H$ënZm AgyZ Vr g‘mYmZmÀ`m ^mdZoer {ZJ{S>V Amho. Cn`mo{JVobm
{H$‘Vrbm, Va nwT>rb ZJm§Mr Ho$di H$‘r {H$‘VrbmM ‘mJUr
gw{ZpíMV ñdê$nmMo ApñVËd Zmhr. Vr AÑí` d A‘yV© g§H$ënZm
Ho$br OmVo.
Amho. åhUyZ Cn`mo{JVm hr ‘mZgemñÌr` g§H$ënZm Amho. Ë`m‘wioM
(8) Aem àH$mao, gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm d qH$‘V `m§Vrb g§~§Y hm
Cn`mo{JVoMo Ho$di VmpËËdH$ ‘mnZ eŠ` AgVo, na§Vw g§»`mË‘H$
‘mJUrÀ`m {gX²Ym§VmMm nm`m R>aVmo.
‘mnZ eŠ` ZgVo.
(7) Cn`mo{JVoMr d¡{eîQ>ço ñnîQ> H$am.
(8) ~hwn`m©`r : EH$mM dñVyX²dmao EH$mhyZ A{YH$ ì`ŠVtÀ`m
CËVa : Cn`mo{JVoMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV :
{Za{Zamiçm JaOm ^mJy eH$VmV. Ë`m‘wio Cn`mo{JVm ~hwn`m©`r Amho.
(1) gmnoj g§H$ënZm : Cn`mo{JVm ñWimZwgma Am{U
CXm., EImXr ì`ŠVr {dOoMm dmna YwbmB© `§Ì MmbdÊ`mgmR>r H$aVo,
H$mimZwgma ~XbVo. CXm., bmoH$arÀ`m C~Xma H$nS>çm§V ‘w§~B©V Va Xwgar ì`ŠVr {dOoMm dmna dmVmZwHy${bV `§Ì MmbdÊ`mgmR>r
H$‘r Cn`mo{JVm Am{U H$mí‘ra‘Ü`o OmñV Cn`mo{JVm AgVo. VgoM H$aVo.
bmoH$arÀ`m H$nS>çm§V CÝhmiçmV H$‘r Cn`mo{JVm Am{U {hdmiçmV (9) JaOoÀ`m Vrd«Voda Adb§~yZ AgVo : Cn`mo{JVm dñVyÀ`m
OmñV Cn`mo{JVm AmT>iVo. JaOoÀ`m Vrd«Voda Adb§~yZ AgVo. dñVyÀ`m n{hë`m ZJmÀ`m doir
(2) ì`pŠV{ZîR> g§H$ënZm : Cn`mo{JVm ì`ŠVrZwgma ~XbV ì`ŠVrMr Ë`m dñVyMr JaO A{YH$ Vrd« AgVo. Ë`m‘wio n{hë`m
OmVo. ì`ŠVrMo d`, qbJ, {ejU, AmdS>r{ZdS>r `m§Zwgma Cn`mo{JVm ZJmnmgyZ gdm©{YH$ Cn`mo{JVm {‘iVo. na§Vw OgOgm dñVyMm gmR>m
~XbV OmVo. CXm., {Zaja ì`ŠVrbm EImXçm nwñVH$mVyZ H$‘r dmT>V OmVmo, VgVer ì`ŠVrMr Ë`m dñVy~m~VMr JaO H$‘r Vrd«
Cn`mo{JVm gmnS>Vo, na§Vw gmja ì`ŠVrbm Ë`mM nwñVH$mVyZ OmñV hmoV OmVo. åhUyZ dñVyMm gmR>m dmT>V Joë`mg gr‘m§V Cn`mo{JVm
Cn`mo{JVm {‘iVo. KQ>V OmVo.
(3) Z¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm VQ>ñW : AW©emñÌmÀ`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ ‘mZdr (10) ‘mJUrMm AmYma : Cn`mo{JVm ‘mJUrMm AmYma Amho.
JaO nyU© H$aUmè`m Xmê$gma»`m Anm`H$maH$ Am{U XwYmgma»`m EImXçm dñVyV Cn`mo{JVm Zgob, Va {ddoH$s Cn^moŠVm Aem dñVyMr
CnH$maH$ Aem XmoÝhr dñVy§‘Ü`o Cn`mo{JVm AgVo. åhUOoM ‘mJUr H$arV Zmhr. na§Vw EImXçm dñVyV Cn`mo{JVm Agob, Va
Cn`mo{JVoÀ`m g§H$ënZoV `mo½`-A`mo½`, Mm§Jbo-dmB©Q>, CnH$maH$- JaOoÀ`m ‘hËV‘ g‘mYmZmgmR>r Cn^moŠVm Aem dñVyMr ‘mJUr
Anm`H$maH$, Z¡{VH$-AZ¡{VH$ BË`mXr ~m~tMm {dMma Ho$bm OmV H$aVmo. Aem àH$mao hm {gX²Ym§V ‘mJUrÀ`m {Z`‘mbm AmYma R>aVmo.
Zmhr. åhUyZ Cn`mo{JVm Z¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm VQ>ñW AgVo. (Zm|X : CËVamV H$moUVohr AmR> ‘wX²Xo Ano{jV.)

26 AW©emñÌ ZdZrV : B¶ËVm ~mamdr