Religion

Religion
The definition of religion can be classified into two namely:
Functional
French sociologist Emile Durkheim defines religion as a "unified system of

beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set
apart and forbidden - beliefs and practices which unite into one single
moral community.”
Substantive
According to Grace Davie (as cited in Cornelio et al., 2019), religion

involves bellefs and practices a "unified system of beliefs and practices
relative to that assume the presence of supernatural beings.
Religion In the lens of Social Sciences

A system of beliefs and practices by which a group of people interprets and
responds to what they feel is sacred and, usually, supernatural as well.
(Ronald Johnstone, as cited in Cornelio et al., 2019)
Religion
Religion is shaped by the interaction of its human agents and their
sociohistorical contexts.
💡 But when did we really have a religion, or at least the idea of it?
Religion in the ancient times

The Sorcerer of Les Gabilou (Dordogne, France)
Early societies (Egyptians, Greeks, and Sumerians) used religious symbols and
practiced ritualistic ceremonies, which made religionne of the central parts of
the development of human societies.
EVIDENCES: Religion and mythology of Ancient Greece
Religion 1
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE ON RELIGION
1. CONFLICT - KARL MARX
Religion Is the "opium of the people"
Religion was used to maintain the unequal social system that provides
more benefits to the elites or the upper-class while negatively affecting the
lower social classes.
2. FUNCTIONAL - EMILE DURKHEIM
Religion serves several functions for society.

1. Giving meaning and purpose to life.
2. Reinforcing social unity and stability
3. Serving as an agent of social control of behavior.
4. Promoting physical and psychological well-being
5. Motivating people to work for positive social change
3. SOCIOLOGICAL - MAX WEBER
1. Religion as an important factor toward the rise of capitalism

2.Calvinist doctrine of ascetism (mabuhay ka lang ng simple) and
predestination led to the development of the Protestant work ethic
3.Focuses on the ways in which individuals interpret their religious
experiences. It emphasizes that beliefs and practices are not sacred unless
people regard them as such.
4. Religion can affect a society's behavior and can thereby become a possible
agent of social change
Religion 2
Religion 3
TYPES OF RELIGION
Monotheism
Belief of one God
Judaism,
Christianity
Islam
Polytheism
Belief in multiple gods
Hinduism
Taoism
Religion 4
Shintoism
Atheism
Lack of belief in the existence of any god
Animism
Belief in the divinity of nonhuman beings
Totemism
Belief in a divine connection between humans and other natural beings
INSTITUTIONALIZED RELIGION
Religion in which belief systems and rituals are systematically arranged and
formally established.
Religion 5
Separation of the Church and the State
ORIGIN
The Treaty of Westphalia marked the recognition of the first ever agreement
that signified the automony of Politic institution from Religious one
ORIGIN IN THE PHILIPPINES

The 1987 Philippine Constitution Article III Section 6
"The separation of Church and state shall be inviolable”
CHURCH
The church is a religious organization that claims to possess the truth about
salvation exclusively
An example is the Roman Catholic Church.
The church adapts to some extent to the fact that it must embrace everyone
SECT
A sect is a group or organization whose beliefs and practices are totally
different from what is considered to be orthodox, or a breakaway group from a
mainstream religion with radically different beliefs it constitutes a minority in a
given society and requires a high level of commitment and activity
Life as a sect member constitutes a major contrast to the lives of people in

society
DENOMINATION
A denomination is a large, mainstream religious organization, but it does not
claim to be official.
Unlike the church and sect, denomination is oriented toward cooperation, as it

relates to other similar denominations.
Religion 6
The demands for compliance are moderate, and there is a relatively
harmonious relationship between the denomination and the larger society.
CULT
The term cult has negative connotations.
These are often considered deviant groups within a society.
A cult is a relatively small group of people having religious beliefs or practices

regarded by others as strange or sinister.
SYNCRETISM
mixing of different religious beliefs and practices called religious syncretism.
Religion 7

Religion

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Religion

The definition of religion can be classified into two namely:

French sociologist Emile Durkheim defines religion as a "unified system of

According to Grace Davie (as cited in Cornelio et al., 2019), religion

Religion In the lens of Social Sciences

Religion in the ancient times

EVIDENCES: Religion and mythology of Ancient Greece

Religion Is the "opium of the people"

2. FUNCTIONAL - EMILE DURKHEIM

Religion serves several functions for society.

3. SOCIOLOGICAL - MAX WEBER

1. Religion as an important factor toward the rise of capitalism

Belief of one God

Belief in multiple gods

Lack of belief in the existence of any god

Belief in the divinity of nonhuman beings

Belief in a divine connection between humans and other natural beings

ORIGIN IN THE PHILIPPINES

"The separation of Church and state shall be inviolable”

An example is the Roman Catholic Church.

Life as a sect member constitutes a major contrast to the lives of people in

Unlike the church and sect, denomination is oriented toward cooperation, as it

These are often considered deviant groups within a society.

A cult is a relatively small group of people having religious beliefs or practices

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