MODI SCHOOLS

KEY CONCEPTS (CONTINUITY)

THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c, if Limit f(x) = f(c). Symbolically
x c
f is continuous at x = c if Limit f(c - h) = Limit f(c+h) = f(c).
h 0 h 0
i.e. LHL at x = c = RHL at x = c equals Value of ‘f’ at x = c.
It should be noted that continuity of a function at x = a is meaningful only if the function is defined in the
immediate neighbourhood of x = a, not necessarily at x = a.
2. Reasons of discontinuity:
(i) Limit f(x) does not exist
x c
i.e. Limit f(x)  Limit f (x)
x c 
x c
(ii) f(x) is not defined at x= c
(iii) Limit f(x)  f (c)
x c
Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit a break at x= c. The graph as shown is discontinuous at x
= 1 , 2 and 3.
3. Types of Discontinuities :
Type - 1: ( Removable type of discontinuities)
In case Limit f(x) exists but is not equal to f(c) then the function is said to have a removable discontinuity or
x c
discontinuity of the first kind. In this case we can redefine the function such that Limit f(x) = f(c) & make it
x c
continuous at x= c. Removable type of discontinuity can be further classified as :
(a) M ISSING P OINT D ISCONTINUITY : Where Limit f(x) exists finitely but f(a) is not defined.
x a
(1  x )(9  x 2 ) sin x
e.g. f(x) = has a missing point discontinuity at x = 1 , and f(x) = has a missing point
1  x  x
discontinuity at x = 0
(b) ISOLATED POINT DISCONTINUITY : Where Limit f(x) exists & f(a) also exists but ; Limit  f(a).
x a x a
x 2  16
e.g. f(x) = , x  4 & f (4) = 9 has an isolated point discontinuity at x = 4.
x4
0 if x  I

Similarly f(x) = [x] + [ –x] =  has an isolated point discontinuity at all x  I.
 1 if x  I
Type-2: ( Non - Removable type of discontinuities)
In case Limit f(x) does not exist then it is not possible to make the function continuous by redefining it. Such
x c
discontinuities are known as non - removable discontinuity or discontinuity of the 2nd kind. Non-removable
type of discontinuity can be further classified as :
1 1
(a) Finite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = x  [x] at all integral x ; f(x) = tan 1 at x = 0 and f(x) = 1 at x = 0 ( note
x
that f(0+) = 0 ; f(0–) = 1 ) 1 2 x

1 or g(x) = 1  cosx
(b) Infinite discontinuity e.g. f(x) = 2
at x = 4 ; f(x) = 2tanx at x = and f(x) = at x = 0.
x4 ( x  4) 2 x
(c) Oscillatory discontinuity e.g. f(x) = sin 1 at x = 0.
x
In all these cases the value of f(a) of the function at x= a (point of discontinuity) may or may not exist but Limit
x a
does not exist.
Note: From the adjacent graph note that
– f is continuous at x = – 1
– f has isolated discontinuity at x = 1
– f has missing point discontinuity at x = 2
– f has non removable (finite type)
discontinuity at the origin.
Page # 3
4. In case of dis-continuity of the second kind the non-negative difference between the value of the RHL at x = c
& LHL at x = c is called THE JUMP OF DISCONTINUITY. A function having a finite number of jumps in a given
interval I is called a PIECE WISE CONTINUOUS or SECTIONALLY CONTINUOUS function in this interval.
5. All Polynomials, Trigonometrical functions, exponential & Logarithmic functions are continuous in their domains.
6. If f & g are two functions that are continuous at x= c then the functions defined by :
F1(x) = f(x)  g(x); F2(x) = K f(x), K any real number; F3(x) = f(x).g(x) are also continuous at x= c. Further,
f (x)
if g (c) is not zero, then F4(x) = is also continuous at x= c.
g(x)

7. The intermediate value theorem:

Suppose f(x) is continuous on an interval I , and a and b
are any two points of I. Then if y0 is a number between
f(a) and f(b) , their exists a number c
between a and b such that f(c) = y0.

NOTE VERY CAREFULLY THAT :

(a) If f(x) is continuous & g(x) is discontinuous at x = a then the product function (x) = f(x). g(x) is not necessarily
be discontinuous at x = a. e.g.
sin x x0
f(x) = x & g(x) = 
0 x0
(b) If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a then the product function (x) = f(x). g(x) is not necessarily be
discontinuous at x = a. e.g.
 1 x0
f(x) =  g(x) = 
 1 x0
(c) A Continuous function whose domain is closed must have a range also in closed interval.
(d) If f is continuous at x = c & g is continuous at x = f(c) then the composite g[f(x)] is continuous at x = c. eg. f(x)
x sin x x sin x
= & g(x) = x are continuous at x = 0 , hence the composite (gof) (x) = will also be continuous
x2  2 x2  2
at x = 0 .

7. CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL :
(a) A function f is said to be continuous in (a , b) if f is continuous at each & every point (a , b).
(b) A function f is said to be continuous in a closed interval a ,b  if :
(i) f is continuous in the open interval (a , b) &
(ii) f is right continuous at ‘a’ i.e. Limit f(x) = f(a) = a finite quantity..
x a
(iii) f is left continuous at ‘b’ i.e. Limit f(x) = f(b) = a finite quantity..
x b
Note that a function f which is continuous in a ,b  possesses the following properties :
(i) If f(a) & f(b) possess opposite signs, then there exists at least one solution of the equation f(x) = 0 in the open
interval (a , b).
(ii) If K is any real number between f(a) & f(b), then there exists at least one solution of the equation
f(x) = K in the open inetrval (a , b).

8. SINGLE POINT CONTINUITY:

Functions which are continuous only at one point are said to exhibit single point continuity
x if x  Q x if x  Q
e.g. f(x) = and g(x) = are both continuous only at x = 0.
 x if x Q 0 if x  Q

Page # 4
 EXERCISE - I

 x  2 , when x  1

1. If f  x   4 x  1 , when 1  x  3 , then correct statement is -
 2
 x  5 , when x  3

(A) lim f  x   lim f  x  (B) f(x) is continuous at x = 3

x 1 x 3

(C) f(x) is continuous at x = 1 (D) f(x) is continuous at x = 1 and 3

 1
, x0
2. If f  x    e 1 / x  1 , then -
0 , x0

(A) xlim f x  1 (B) xlim f x   0

0  0 

(C) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 (D) f(x) is continuous

 log(1  2ax)  log(1  bx)

, x 0
3. If f(x) =  x , is continuous at x = 0 , then k is equal to -
 k , x 0

(A) 2a + b (B) 2a – b (C) b – 2a (D) a + b

[x]  [  x], x  2
4. If f(x )   , f is continuous at x = 2 then  is (where [.] denotes greatest integer) -
 , x  2

(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2


 1  cos 4 x , x0
 x2

5. If f(x) =  a , x 0, then correct statement is -

 x
, x 0
 16  x  4


(A) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0 for any value of a (B) f(x) is continuous at x = 0 when
a=8
(C) f(x) is continuous at x = 0 when a = 0 (D) none of these
1
6. Function f(x) = log | x| is discontinuous at -

(A) one point (B) two points (C) three points (D) infinite number of points

7. Which of the following functions has finite number of points of discontinuity in R (where [.] denotes greatest
integer)
(A) tan x (B) |x| / x (C) x + [x] (D) sin [x]

a 2  ax  x 2  a 2  ax  x 2
8. The value of f(0), so that function, f(x) = becomes continuous for all x, is given by -
ax  ax

(A) a a (B) – a (C) a (D) –a a

Page # 5
 x  e x  cos 2x
9. If f(x)  , x  0 is continuous at x = 0, then -
x2

5
(A) f(0) = (B) [f(0)] = –2 (C) {f(0)} = –0.5 (D) [f(0)].{f(0)}= –1.5
2

where [x] and {x} denotes greatest integer and fractional part function.
x(1  a cos x)  b sin x
10. Let f(x) = , x 0 and f(0) = 1. The value of a and b so that f is a continuous function are -
x3

(A) 5/2, 3/2 (B) 5/2, –3/2 (C) –5/2, –3/2 (D) none of these

 1
11. Let f(x) =  x  2 [ x] when – 2  x  2. Then (where [ * ] represents greatest integer function)
 
(A) f(x) is continuous at x = 2 (B) f(x) is continuous at x = 1
(C) f(x) is continuous at x = –1 (D) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0

 (1  sin x )t  1
12. The function f defined by f(x)= tlim 
 (1  sin x ) t  1
 is
 
(A) everywhere continuous (B) discontinuous at all integer values of x
(C) continuous at x = 0 (D) none of these

2f ( x )  3 f ( 2 x )  f ( 4 x )
13. Let f(x) be continuous at x = 0 and f(0) = 4 then value of xlim is
0 x2
(A) 11 (B) 2 (C) 12 (D) none of these

1 2
14. The function f : R /{0}  R given by f(x) =  2x can be made continuous at x = 0 by defining f(0) as
x e 1
(A) 2 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 1

15. Let f(x) = [cos x + sin x], 0 < x < 2 where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x. the number of
points of discontinuity of f(x) is
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 3

 2 1 
x ; x0
16. The function f(x) =   x2  , is [ x ] represents the greatest integer less than or equal to x
 0 ; x0
(A) continuous at x = 1 (B) continuous at x = –1
(C) continuous at x = 0 (D) continuous at x = 2
sin(ln | x |) x  0
17. The function f(x) =  1 x0

(A) is continuous at x = 0 (B) has removable discontinuity at x = 0
(C) has jump discontinuity at x = 0 (D) has discontinuity of IInd type at x = 0

|x 3| 1
18. The set of all point for which f(x) = | x  2 |  [1  x] is continuous is (where [ * ] represents greatest integer
function)
(A) R (B) R – [–1, 0] (C) R – ({2}  [–1, 0]) (D) R – {(–1, 0)  n, n}

Page # 6
19. If f(x) = sgn (cos 2x – 2 sin x + 3) then f(x) (where sgn ( ) is the signum function)
(A) is continuous over its domain (B) has a missing point discontinuity
(C) has isolated point discontinuity (D) has irremovable discontinuity.

x n  sin x n
20. Consider f(x) = Limit for x > 0, x  1, f(1) = 0 then
n  x n  sin x n
(A) f is continuous at x = 1
(B) f has a finite discontinuity at x = 1
(C) f has an infinite or oscillatory discontinuity at x = 1.
(D) f has a removable type of discontinuity at x = 1.

 x [ x ] 2 log (1 x ) 2 for  1  x  0


21. Consider f(x) =  ln( e x 2  2 { x } ) the
 for 0  x  1
 tan x
(where [ * ] & { * } are the greatest integer function & fractional part function respectively)
(A) f(0) = ln 2  f is continuous at x = 0 (B) f(0) = 2  f is continuous at x = 0
2
(C) f(0) = e  f is continuous at x = 0 (D) f has an irremovable discontinuity at x = 0

sin x  x cos x
22. Consider the function defined on [0, 1]  R, f(x) = if x  0 and f(0) = 0, then the function f(x)
x2
(A) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
(B) has a non removable finite discontinuity at x = 0
(C) has a non removable infinite discontinuity at x = 0
(D) is continuous at x = 0
 3
log( 4 x 3 ) ( x 2  2x  5) if  x  1 & x  1
23. The function f(x) is defined by f(x) =  4
 4 if x  1
(A) is continuous at x = 1
+ –
(B) is discontinuous at x = 1 since f(1 ) does not exist though f(1 ) exists
– +
(C) is discontinuous at x = 1 since f(1 ) does not exist though f(1 ) exists
– +
(D) is discontinuous since neither f(1 ) nor f(1 ) exists.

 x 2 if x is irrational
24. Let f(x) =  then
 1 if x is rational
(A) f(x) is discontinuous for all x (B) discontinuous for all x except at x = 0
(C) discontinuous for all x except at x = 1 or – 1 (D) none of these

25. A point where function f(x) is not continuous where f(x) = [sin [x]] in (0, 2) ; is
([ * ] denotes greatest integer  x)
(A) (3, 0) (B) (2, 0) (C) (1, 0) (D) (4, – 1)

 sin{cos x} 
 , x
 x  2
26. If f(x) =  2 , then f(x) is (where { * } represents the fractional part function)
 
 1 , x
 2

 
(A) continuous at x = (B) Lim f(x) exists, but f is not continuous at x =
2 x
 2
2

Page # 7
 (C) Lim f(x) does not exist (D) Lim f(x) = 1
x x
2 2

a 2[ x ] { x }  1
27. If [x] and {x} represents integral and fractional parts of a real number x, and f(x) = 2[ x]  { x} , x  0, f(0) = loge
a, where a > 0, a  1, then
(A) f(x) is continuous at x = 0 (B) f(x) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
(C) xlim
0
f(x) does not exist (D) None of these

28. Consider the following statements :

sin (  [ x  ])
S1 : Let f(x) = 1  [ x]2
, where [ . ] stands for the greatest integer function. Then f(x) is discontinuous

at x = n + , n 

S2 : The function f(x) = p[x + 1] + q [x – 1], (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function) is continuous
at x = 1 if p + q = 0

S3 : Let f(x) = |[x] x| for – 1  x  2, where [.] is greatest integer function, then f is not differentiable
at x = 2.
S4 : If f(x) takes only rational values for all real x and is continuous, then f(10) = 10.
State, in order, whether S1, S2, S3, S4 are true or false
(A) FTTT (B) TTTF (C) FTTF (D) FFTF

29. Let [x] denote the integral part of x  R and g(x) = x  [x]. Let f(x) be any continuous function with
f(0) = f(1), then the function h(x) = f(g(x)) :
(A) has finitely many discontinuities (B ) is continuous on R
(C) is discontinuous at some x = c (D) is a constant function.

  1
 x 1  x sin  , x0
  x
  1
30. If f(x) =    x 1  x sin  , x  0 , then f(x) is
  x
0 , x0


(A) continuous as well as diff. at x = 0 (B) continuous at x = 0, but not diff. at x = 0
(C) neither continuous at x = 0 nor diff. at x = 0 (D) none of these

Page # 8
 EXERCISE - II

e sin x
1. The value(s) of x for which ƒ (x) = is continuous, is (are) -
4  x2  9

(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 5 (D) all x  (–, –3]  [3, )

2. Which of the following function(s) not defined at x = 0 has/have removable discontinuity at the origin ?

1  sin x   1
(A) f(x)  (B) f(x)  cos   (C) f(x)  x sin (D) f(x) = n x
1  2 cot x  x  x

3. Function whose jump (non-negative difference of LHL & RHL) of discontinuity is greater than or equal to one,
is/are -

 (e1 / x  1)  x1 / 3  1
 1/ x ; x 0  1/2 ; x 1
 x 1
(A) ƒ (x)   (e  1) (B) g(x) = 
 (1  cos x)  nx ;
1
 x 1
 ; x 0  (x  1)
x 2

 sin 1 2x  1
 ; x   0,  log 3 (x  2) ; x 2
 tan 1 3x  2
(C) u(x) =  (D) v(x) =  2
| sin x| log1 / 2 (x  5) ; x  2
 x ; x 0

1  2
4. If ƒ (x)  2 , then ƒ   is discontinuous at x =
x  17x  66  x 2 

7 24
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D) 6,11
3 11

 0; x  Z
5. Let ƒ (x) = [x] & g(x)   2
, then (where [.] denotes greatest integer function) -
x ; x  R  Z

(A) Lim
x 1
g(x) exists, but g(x) is not continuous at x= 1.

(B) Lim
x 1
f(x) does not exist and ƒ (x) is not continuous at x=1.

(C) gof is continuous for all x.

(D) fog is continuous for all x.

6. f(x) is continuous at x=0, then which of the following are always true ?
(A) Lim f(x)  0 (B) f(x) is non continuous at x=1
x 0

(C) g(x) = x2f(x) is continuous at x = 0 (D) xLim

0 
(f(x)  f(0))  0

7. bg x
Indicate all correct alternatives if, f x   1 , then on the interval [0,]
2
1 1
(A) tan (f (x)) & are both continuous (B) tan (f(x)) &
bg
f x b g are both discontinuous
f x
1
(C) tan (f (x))& f –1(x) are both continuous (D) tan (f(x)) is continuous but f b xg is not

Page # 9
 2 cos x  sin 2x e  cos x  1
8. f(x)  ; g(x) 
(   2x)2 8x  4 
h(x) = f(x) for x</2
= g(x) for x>/2
then which of the followings does not holds ?
(A) h is continuous at x = /2 (B) h has an irremovable discontinuity at x=/2
     
(C) h has a removable discontinuity at x = /2 (D) f    g  
2  2

  1 1
(x  1)e  |x| x  (x  0)
9. On the interval I = [–2, 2], the function f(x) = 
0 (x  0)

then which one of the following hold good ?

(A) is continuous for all values of x  I (B) is continuous for x  I –(0)
(C) assumes all intermediate values from f(–2) & f(2) (D) has a maximum value equal to 3/e

  
10. If f(x) = cos  x  cos  2  x  1  ; where [x] is the greatest integer function of x, then f(x) is continuous at -
 
(A) x = 0 (B) x = 1 (C) x = 2 (D) none of these


3

x
3  cot 1 2 x 23 
  for x 0
11. Given f(x)   where { } & [ ] denotes the fractional part and the integral part
  
 x 2 cos e1 / x  for x0

functions respectively, then which of the following statement does not hold good -
(A) f (0– ) = 0 (B) f(0+)=3
(C) f(0)=0  continuity of f at x = 0 (D) irremovable discontinuity of f at x = 0
2 n2
12. Let ‘f’ be a continuous function on R. If f (1 / 4 n )  (sin e n )e n  2 then f(0) is -
n 1
(A) not unique (B) 1
(C) data sufficient to find f(0) (D) data insufficient to find f(0)

13. Given f(x) = b ([x]2 + [x]) + 1 for x  1

= sin ( (x  a)) for x < – 1
where [x] denotes the integral part of x, then for what values of a, b the function is continuous at x = – 1 ?
(A) a  2n  (3 / 2); b  R ; n  I (B) a  4n  2 ; b  R ; n  I
(C) a  4n  (3 / 2) ; b  R  ; n  I (D) a  4n  1 ; b  R  ; n  I

a sin 2 n x for x  0 and n  

14. Let f(x)   2m
then -
 b cos x  1 for x  0 and m  

(A) f(0–)  f(0+) (B) f(0+)  f(0) (C) f(0–)  f(0) (D) f is continuous at x = 0

Page # 10
15. Which of the following function(s) defined below has / have single point continuity.

 1 if x  Q  x if x  Q
(A) f(x) = 0 if x  Q (B) g(x) = 1  x if x  Q
 

 x if x  Q  x if x  Q
(C) h(x) = 0 if x  Q (D) k(x) =  x if x  Q
 

 |x 3| ,x  1
 x 2   3 x   13 
16. The function f(x) =         , x  1 is
 4   2   4 

(A) continuous at x = 1 (B) differentiable at x = 1 (C) continuous at x = 3 (D) differentiable at x = 3

0 , x
17. Let f(x) and g(x) be defined by f(x) = [x] and g(x) =  x 2 , x  R   then

(where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)
(A) lim
x 1
g(x) exists, but g is not continuous at x = 1

(B) lim
x 1
f(x) does not exist and f is not continuous at x = 1.
(C) gof is continuous for all x
(D) fog is continuous for all x

18. Let f(x) = nlim


(sin x)2n, then f is

(A) continuous at x = /2 (B) discontinuous at x = /2

(C) discontinuous at x = 0 (D) discontinuous at an infinite number of points

19. If f(x) is a continuous function for all real values of x satisfying x2 + (f(x) – 2)x + 2 3 – 3 – 3 f(x) = 0, then the
value of f ( 3) is -
(A) 3 (B) 1 – 3 (C) 2(1 – 3 ) (D) 2( 3 – 1)

2x  1
20. The function f(x) = [x]. cos  , where [•] denotes the greatest integer function, is discontinuous at
2
(A) all x (B) all integer points (C) no x (D) x which is not an integer

21. Consider the functions

f (x) = sgn (x – 1) and g (x) = cot–1[x – 1]
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
Statement-1 : The function F (x) = f (x) · g (x) is discontinuous at x = 1.
because
Statement-2 : If f (x) is discontinuous at x = a and g (x) is also discontinuous at x = a then the product function
f (x) · g (x) is discontinuous at x = a.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. (D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

Page # 11
22. If f is defined on an interval [a, b]. Which of the following statement(s) is/are INCORRECT?
(A) If f (a) and f (b), have opposite sign, then there must be a point c  (a, b) such that f (c) = 0.
(B) If f is continuous on [a, b], f (a) < 0 and f (b) > 0, then there must be a point c  (a, b) such that f (c) = 0
(C) If f is continuous on [a, b] and there is a point c in (a, b) such that f (c) = 0, then f (a) and f (b) have
opposite sign.
(D) If f has no zeroes on [a, b], then f (a) and f (b) have the same sign.

23. In which of the following cases the given equations has atleast one root in the indicated interval?
(A) x – cos x = 0 in (0, /2)
(B) x + sin x = 1 in (0, /6)
a b
(C)  = 0, a, b > 0 in (1, 3)
x 1 x  3
(D) f (x) – g (x) = 0 in (a, b) where f and g are continuous on [a, b] and f (a) > g (a) and f (b) < g (b).

Page # 12
 EXERCISE - III
MATCH THE COLUMN
Following questions contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statement(s) in Column-II.
1. Column-I Column-II

sin{x}; x  1
(A) If f(x) =  where {.} denotes (P) 1
cos x  a ; x  1

the fractional part function, such that f(x) is

a
continuous at x = 1. If |k| = then k is
(4  )
2 sin
4

(1  cos(sin x))
(B) If the function f(x) = is (Q) 0
x2

continuous at x = 0, then f(0) is

 x , xQ
(C) f(x) =  , then the values (R) –1
1  x , x  Q

of x at which f(x) is continuous

1
(D) If f(x) = x + {–x} + [x], where [x] and {x} (S)
2
represents integral and fractional part
of x, then the values of x at which f(x)
is discontinuous

2. Column-I Column-II
1
(A) If f(x) = 1/(1–x), then the points at which (P)
2
the function fofof(x) is discontinuous
1 1
(B) f(u) = 2 , where u= . (Q) 0
u  u 2 x 1
The values of x at which 'f' is discontinuous
 x  1, x  0
(C) f(x) = u2, where u =  (R) 2
 x  1, x  0
The number of values of x at which
'f' is discontinuous
(D) The number of value of x at which the (S) 1
2x 5  8 x 2  11
function f(x) = is
x4  4 x3  8 x2  8 x  4
discontinuous
Page # 13
COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS
Comprehension # 1
n
x2 x2
If S n (x)  x   .........  n
and x > 1 lim S n (x)  
n 
x 1 (x  1)(x 2  1) (x  1)(x 2  1).....(x 2  1)

 ax  b  1
 , x 0
g(x)   x
1 , x 0


h : R  R h(x) = x9 – 6x8 – 2x7 + 12x6 + x4 – 7x3 + 6x2 + x – 7

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :
3. If g(x) is continuous at x = 0 then a + b is equal to -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
4. If g(x) is continuous at x = 0 then g'(0) is equal to -
h(6)
(A)  (B) (C) a – 2b (D) does not exist
2
5. Identify the incorrect option -
(A) h(x) is surjective (B) domain of g(x) is [–1/2, )
(C) h(x) is bounded (D)  = 1

Comprehension # 2 N

A man leaves his home early in the morning to have a walk. Road B W E

He arrives at a junction of road A & road B as shown in figure. S

He takes the following steps in later journey :
(a) 1 km in north direction
Road A
(b) changes direction & moves in north-east direction
for 2 2 kms.
Home
(c) changes direction & moves southwards for distance of 2 km.
(d) finally he changes the direction & moves in south-east direction to reach road A again.
Visible/Invisible path :- The path traced by the man in the direction parallel to road A & road B is called
invisible path, the remaining path traced is visible.
Visible points :- The points about which the man changes direction are called visible points except the point
from where he changes direction last time
Now if road A & road B are taken as x-axis & y-axis then visible path & visible point represents the graph
of y = f(x).
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :
6. The value of x at which the function is discontinuous -
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3
7. The value of x at which fof(x) is discontinuous -
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Page # 14
8. If f(x) is periodic with period 3, then f(19) is -
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 19 (D) none of these

Comprehension # 3
If both xLim
c 
f(x) and xLim
c 
f(x) exist finitely and are equal , then the function f is said to have removable
discontinuity at x = c If both the limits i.e. xLim
c 
f(x) and xLim
c 
f(x) exist finitely and are not equal, then the
function f is said to have non-removable discontinuity at x = c and in this case | xLim
c 
f(x) – xLim
c 
f(x) | is
called jump of the discontinuity.

9. Which of the following function has non-removable discontinuity at the origin ?

1  1  | sin x | 
(A) f(x) = n| x | (B) f(x) = x sin(C) f(x) = 1  2 cotx (D) f(x) = cos  x 
x  
10. Which of the following function not defined at x = 0 has removable discontinuity at the origin ?
1
1 1 ex 1 1
(A) f(x) = 1 (B) f(x) = tan–1 (C) f(x) = 1 (D) f(x) = n | x |
1 2 x x ex 1
 1 
tan (tan x); x  4
11. If f(x) =   , then jump of discontinuity is
  [ x]  1 ; x 
 4
(where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function)
   
(A) –1 (B) +1 (C) 1 – (D) – 1 –
4 4 4 4

Comprehension # 4
2 32  
Consider a function, f (x) = ln (sin x  cos x ) for x   0, 
3  2
f (x)
12. The value of Lim 32
is

x  
2   x
2 
2 2 34
(A) is (B) is 1 (C) is ( 2) (D) non existent
3 3
23
3   
  f (x)  x   0, 
2   2

13. The function g (x) is defined as g (x) =  23 . Then g (x)
 3   
 e
 f  x   
 2  2 
  
; x  , 
2 2 

  
(A) is continuous at x = for g   0 (B) has a removable discontinuity at x =
2 2 2

(C) g (x) is discontinuous at x = and jump of discontinuity is equals to 2
2

(D) has a non-removable discontinuity at x =
2
14. The range of g (x) is
 1  1   1   1 
(A) (0, 1] (B)  0, ln 2 (C)  ,1 (D)  0, ln 2   ,1
 2  2   2   2 
Page # 15
 EXERCISE - IV (A)

 2 sin x 
 for   x  
2

 
1. Let f  x   a sin x  b
for  x . If f is continuous on ,  then find the values of a & b.
2 2

 
cos x
for
2
x

 sin  a  1  x  sin x
 for x  0
 x
2. Determine the values of a,b & c for which the function f  x   c for x  0
 x  bx 2 1 / 2  x 1 / 2  
 for x  0
 bx 3 / 2

is continuous at x = 0
21 / x  1
3. Determine the kind of discontinuity of the function y   at the point x = 0
21 / x  1

 f x
4. bg
Suppose that f x  x  3 x  4 x  12 and
3 2 h x   x  3

, x 3
then
 K x3
(a) find all zeros of ‘f’
(b) find the value of K that makes ‘h’ continuous at x =3
(c) using the value of K found in (b) determine whether ‘h’ is an even function.

5. bg
Draw the graph of the function f x  x  x  x 2 ,  1  x  1 & discuss the continuity or discontinuity of f in the
interval 1  x  1 .

6. If fb x g  sin 3 x  A sin 2 x  B sin x

bx  0g is continuous at x = 0, then find A & B. Also find f(0).
x5

7. (a) Let f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y & if the function f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then show that f(x) is
continuous at all x.
(b) If f(x . y) = f(x) . f(y) for all x, y and f(x) is continuous at x = 1. Prove that f(x) is continuous for all x except
at x = 0. Given f(1)  0.

8. Examine the continuity at x= 0 of the sum function of the infinite series :

x x x

b gb
x  1 x  1 2x  1

g b
2x  1 3 x  1 gb
.......... 
g
9. Show that : (a) a polynomial of an odd degree has at least one real root
(b) a polynomial of an even degree has at least two real roots if it attains at least one value
opposite in sign to the coefficient of its highest-degree term.

10. Find all possible values of a and b so that f (x) is continuous for all x  R if
| ax  3 | if x  1

 | 3x  a | if  1  x  0
f (x) =  b sin 2 x
  2b if 0  x  
 x
cos 2 x  3 if x  
Page # 16
11. (a) Let f be a real valued continuous function on R and satisfying f (–x) – f (x) = 0  x  R.
If f (– 5) = 5, f (– 2) = 4, f (3) = – 2 and f (0) = 0 then find the minimum number of zero's of the equation
f(x) = 0.
(b) Find the number of points of discontinuity of the function f(x) = [5x] + {3x} in [0, 5]
where [y] and {y} denote largest integer less than or equal to y and fractional part of y respectively.

1  x , 0  x  2
12. Let f(x) =  . Determine the form of g(x) = f [f(x)] & hence find the point of discontinuity of
3  x , 2  x  3
g , if any.
 1sin 3 x if x  2
 3cos 2 x

13. Determine a & b so that f is continuous at x = where f(x) =  a if x  2
2 b (1 sin x )
 2 if x  2
   2 x 

x 2 n 1  ax 3  bx 2
14. Let f (x) = Lim . If f(x) is continuous for all x R, find the bisector of angle between the
n  x 2n  1
lines 2x + y – 6 = 0 and 2x – 4y + 7 = 0 which contains the point (a, b).

Page # 17
 EXERCISE - IV (B)

b g  tanFGH 2x IJK secFGH 2 x IJK ; r, n  N

n
1. Given f x  r r 1
r 1

n
  x  x   x
 ln  f  x   tan n    f  x   tan n  .  sin  tan  
 2   2    2
 ; x  /4
 Lim n
g  x   n   x
 1   f  x   tan n 
  2 

K ; x  /4

FG IJ
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function and the domain of g(x) is 0,  . Find the value of k, if possible,
H 2K
b
so that g(x) is continuous at x   / 4 . Also state the points of discontinuity of g(x) in 0,  / 4 , if any.. g
1  x 3 , x  0 (x  1)1 / 3 , x  0
2. Let f(x)=  2 ; g(x)   1/2
Discuss the continuity of g(f(x)).
 x  1, x  0 (x  1) , x  0

3. Discuss the continuity of ‘f’ in [0,2] where f x  b g LM[cos

4 x  5 [ x] for x  1
; where [x] is the greatest integer not
N x ] for x  1
greater than x. Also draw the graph

1  a x  xa x n a
 for x  0
4. Consider the function g(x)=  a x x2 where a > 0.
 2 x a x  x n2  x n a  1
 for x  0
 x2
Find the value of ‘a’ & ‘g(0)’ so that the function g(x) is continuous at x = 0.

  2 
  2  sin 1  {x}  .sin 1  {x}
1 1

 for x  0
5. Let f(x) =  2  {x} {x}3  where {x} is the fractional part of x.

 for x  0
 2

 f(x) for x  0
Consider another function g(x); such that g(x) = 
2 2 f(x) for x < 0
Discuss the continuity of the functions f(x) & g(x) at x = 0.

a sin x  a tan x
6. f(x)  for x  0
tan x  sin x
2 2
= n(1  x  x )  n(1  x  x ) for x < 0, if ‘f’ is continuous at x = 0, find ‘a’
sec x  cos x

now if g(x)= n  2  x  .cot(x – a) for x  a, a  0, a > 0. If ‘g’ is continuous at x = a then show that g(e–1) = –e
 a

Page # 18
7. Let [x] denote the greatest integer function & f(x) be defined in a neighbourhood of 2 by
 [x 1]
 
 exp  x  2  n4  4  16
 , x 2
f(x)   4 x  16
 1  cos(x  2)
A , x 2
 (x  2) tan(x  2)

Find the value of A & f(2) in order that f(x) may be continuous at x = 2.

8. bg
Let y n x  x 2 
x2

x2
.........
x2
bg and y x  nLim bg
yn x .
e1  x j
1  x2 2 2
e1  x j 2 n 1 

Discuss the continuity of y bxgb n  1,2,3..... ng and y (x) at x = 0

n

x n f (x )  h(x)  1 sin 2 (·2 x )

Let g (x) = Lim Lim
, x  1 and g (1) = x 1 be a continuous function at
9.
n  2 x n  3x  3 ln sec(·2 x ) 
x = 1, find the value of 4 g (1) + 2 f (1) – h (1). Assume that f (x) and h (x) are continuous at x = 1.

Page # 19
 EXERCISE - V (A)

 x x Q
1. If f(x) =  , then f is continuous at- [AIEEE 2002]
x x  Q
(1) Only at zero (2) only at 0, 1 (3) all real numbers (4) all rational numbers

    1 1

2. If f(x) =  xe |x| x  , x  0 then f(x) is- [AIEEE 2003]

 0 , x 0
(1) discontinuous everywhere (2) continuous as well as differentiable for all x
(3) continuous for all x but not differentiable at x=0 (4) neither differentiable nor continuous at x = 0

1  tan x    
3. Let f(x) = , x  , x  0,   , If f(x) is continuous in 0, 2  , then f  4  is- [AIEEE 2004]
4x  4  2
(1) 1 (2) 1/2 (3) –1/2 (4) –1
1 2
4. The function f : R/{0} R given by f(x) = – 2x can be made continuous at x = 0 by defining f(0) as-
x e 1
[AIEEE 2007]
(1) 2 (2) –1 (3) 0 (4) 1

 sin(p  1)x  sin x

 , x0
x

 q , x 0
5. The values of p and q for which the function f(x) =  is continuous for all x in R, are:-
 x  x2  x
 3
, x 0

 x2

[AIEEE 2011]
3 1 1 3 1 3 5 1
(1) p = – , q = (2) p = , q = (3) p = , q = – (4) p = , q =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

 1
sin , if x0
6. Define F(x) as the product of two real functions f1(x) = x, x  IR, and f2 (x)   x as follows:
 0, if x 0

f (x).f2 (x ) if x0
F (x )   1 [AIEEE 2011]
 0, if x 0
Statement-1 : F(x) is continuous on IR.
Statement-2 : f1(x) and f2(x) are continuous on IR.
(1) Statemen-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
(2) Statemen-1 is true, statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(3) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true, statement-2 is not a correct explanation for statement-1
(4) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false

7. Consider the function, f(x) = |x – 2| + |x – 5|, x R.

Statement–1 : f'(4) = 0.
Statement–2 : f is continuous in [2, 5], differentiable in (2, 5) and f(2) = f(5). [AIEEE 2012]
(1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false.
(2) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true.
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ; Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1.
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true ; Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for Statement–1.
Page # 20
 EXERCISE - V (B)

 e 1 /( x 1)  2
 , x 1
1. Discuss the continuity of the function ƒ(x)   e1 /( x 1 )  2 at x = 1.
 1, x 1


[REE 2001 (Mains), 3]

2. For every integer n, let a n and b n be real numbers. Let function ƒ : IR  IR be given by
 a n  sin x, for x  2n,2n  1 
ƒ(x)   , for all integers n.
b n  cos x, for x   2n  1,2n 

If ƒ is continuous, then which of the following holds(s) for all n ? [JEE 2012, 4]
(A) an–1 – bn–1 = 0 (B) an – bn = 1 (C) an – bn+1 = 1 (D) an–1 – bn = –1

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 ANSWERS

EXERCISE - I

1. C 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. B

8. B 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. D

15. B 16. D 17. D 18. D 19. C 20. B 21. D

22. D 23. D 24. C 25. D 26. C 27. C 28. C

29. B 30. B

EXERCISE - II

1. AB 2. BCD 3. ACD 4. ABC 5. ABC 6. CD 7. CD

8. ACD 9. BCD 10. BC 11. BD 12. BC 13. AC 14. A

15. BCD 16. ABC 17. ABC 18. BD 19. C 20. C 21. C

22. ACD 23. ABCD

EXERCISE - III

1. (A)–(PR) ; (B)–(S) ; (C)–(S) ; (D)–(PQR) 2. (A)–(QS), (B)–(PRS), (C)–(Q), (D)–(Q)

3. D 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. BC 8. A 9. C

10. D 11. C 12. A 13. D 14. D

EXERCISE - IV (A)

1. a = –1 b = 1 2. a = –3/2, b  0 , c = 1/2 3. non-removable - finite type

4. (a) –2, 2, 3 (b) K= 5 (c) even 5. f is continuous in –1  x  1

6. A = –4, B = 5, f( 0) = 1 7. 8. discontinuous at x = 0

9. 10. a = 0, b = 1

11. (a) 5 (b) 30

12. g(x) = 2 + x for 0  x  1, 2  x for 1 < x  2, 4  x for 2 < x  3 ,

g is discontinuous at x = 1 & x = 2

13. a = 1/2, b = 4 14. 6x – 2y – 5 = 0

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 EXERCISE - IV (B)

LMlnbtan xg if 0  x 

k  0 ; gb xg  M
4
1. . Hence g(x) is continuous everywhere.
MM0  
N if
4
x
2

2. gof is discontinuous at x = 0, 1 and –1

1
3. the function ‘f’ is continuous everywhere in [0,2] except for x = 0, ,1 & 2
2
1  n2 2
4. a= , g(0)=
2 8
  
5. f(0+) = ; f(0–) =  ‘f’ is dicontinuous at x = 0 ; g(0+) = g(0–) = g(0) =  ‘g’ is
2 4 2 2
continuous at x = 0

6. a = e–1 7. A = 1 ; f(2) = 1/2

8. yn (x) is continuous at x = 0 for all n and y (x) is discontinuous at x = 0

9. 5

EXERCISE - V (A)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 3 3 4 1 4 4

EXERCISE - V (B)

1. Discontinuous at x = 1 ; f(1+) = 1 and f(1–) = –1 2. B,D

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