University of Kwazulu-Natal

ENCV4GS-H1: Grounds & Structures

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING-BSC ENGINEERING

TEST 1: 15 March 2024

Test Duration: 1 HOUR Marks: 5

Lecturer/Examiner: Dr Aneke Frank Ikechukwu
INSTRUCTIONS: SOLUTIONS
Ensure to include the correct dimensions and units for all the calculations.
Calculations must be shown in detail to illustrate a clear understanding of the work
procedure.
Question 1

A soil foundation as shown in Figure 1 has a characteristic property as follows: ∅′𝑘 = 360 , 𝛾𝑏 =
20𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 , 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 22𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 ; 𝑐𝑘′ = 26𝑘𝑃𝑎 and it is expected that to carry a permanent action of
𝐺𝑘 = 1500 𝑘𝑁, and variable action of 𝑄𝑘 = 1000𝑘𝑁 with a corresponding horizontal variable
action of 𝐻𝐺𝑘 = 250𝑘𝑁.

(Note: use DA 2; 𝛾𝑐 = 25𝑘𝑁/𝑚3 )

a. Design to determine the degree of utilization using EC 7 to stratify the Meyerhof

equation and design against sliding to the ultimate limit state.
[3 marks]

b. Design against overturning.

[2 mark]

1
 Fig. 1 Rectangular Footing

Solution

a.

Applying Design Approach 2

- 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆. 𝑊 = 𝑊𝐺𝑘 = 25[1.8 × 2.5 × 0.4] = 45𝑘𝑁 = 𝑊𝐺𝑘
-
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑉𝑑 = 𝛾𝐺 (𝑊𝐺𝑘 + 𝑉𝐺𝑘 ) + 𝛾𝑄 × 𝑉𝑄𝑘 )
𝑉𝑑 = 1.35(45 + 1500) + 1.5 × 1000 = 3586𝑘𝑁

−𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐻𝑑 = 𝛾𝐺 (𝐻𝐺𝑘 ) = 1.35(250) = 338𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑃 = 1500 + 1000 = 2500𝑘𝑁,

𝑀 450 𝐻 250
𝑒= , 𝑀 = 250 × 1.8 = 450𝑘𝑁𝑚 ∴ 𝑒 = = 0.18𝑚 = ( × 𝑍 = × 1.8) = 0.18𝑚
𝑝 2500 𝑉 2500

𝐵 1.8
𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘: 𝑒 ≤ = = 0.18 ≤ 0.30 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑‼!
6 6

∴ 𝐵′ = 𝐵 − 2𝑒 = 1.8 − 2(0.26) = 1.28𝑚

𝐴′ = 𝐵′ × 𝐿 = 1.28 × 2.5 = 3.2𝑚2

𝑉𝑑 3586
∴ 𝑞𝑒𝑑 = = = 1121𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴′ 3.2

2
 𝑢𝑘𝑏 = 9.81(1 − 0) = 9.81𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 (𝐹𝑎𝑣): 𝑢𝑑 = 𝛾𝐺𝑓𝑎𝑣 × 𝑢𝑘𝑏 = 1.0 × 9.18 = 9.81𝑘𝑃𝑎

′
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒: 𝑞𝑒𝑑 = 𝑞𝑒𝑑 − 𝑢𝑑 = 1121 − 9.81 = 1111𝑘𝑃𝑎

Material properties and resistance

𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑀1, 𝛾𝑐𝑢 (1.0), 𝜸′∅ (1.0), 𝛾𝑐 (1.0)

𝑡𝑎𝑛36
∅′𝑑 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 360
1.0

26
𝑐𝑑′ = ( ) = 26𝑘𝑃𝑎
1.0

20
𝛾𝑑 = ( ) = 20kN/𝑚3
1

[0.5 Marks]

𝑩𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔

𝜑𝑑 36
𝑁𝑞 = 𝑒 𝜋 tan(𝜑𝑑 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 + ) = [𝑒 𝜋 tan(𝜑𝑑 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 + )] = 38
2 2

𝑁𝑐 = [(𝑁𝑞 − 1) × cot (𝜑𝑑 )] = 𝑁𝑐 = [(38 − 1) × cot (36)] = 51

𝑁𝛾 = [(𝑁𝑞 − 1) × tan(1.4𝜑𝑑 )] = [(38 − 1) × tan(1.4 × 36)] = 45

1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑑 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛36 𝜑𝑑
𝑘𝑝 = = = 3.9 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (450 + )
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑑 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛36 2

Shape factors

𝐵′ 1.26
𝑆𝑐 = 1 + 0.2 𝑘𝑝 = [1 + 0.2 ( ) × 3.9] = 1.58
𝐿 1.7

𝐵′ 1.26
𝑆𝑞 = 𝑆𝛾 = 1 + 0.1 𝑘𝑝 = 1 + 0.1 × × 3.9 = 1.29
𝐿 1.7

3
 Depth actors

𝐷 0.6
𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 0.2 ′ √𝑘𝑝 = 1 + 0.2 × × √3.9 = 1.19
𝐵 1.26

𝐷 0.6
𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝛾 = 1 + 0.1 √ 𝑘 𝑝 = 1 + 0.1 × × √3.9 = 1.09
𝐵′ 1.26

𝑰𝒏𝒄𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔

∑𝐻 250
𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 70
∑𝑉 2050

2𝛼 2×7
𝑖𝑐 = 𝑖𝑞 = [1 − ] = [1 − ] = 0.92
180 180

7 2
𝑖𝛾 = [1 − ] = 0.67
36

[0.5 Marks]

Bearing resistance

Overburden at foundation base

′
𝑞 = 𝜎 = 𝛾𝑘 × 𝑑 = 20 × 2 = 40𝑘𝑃𝑎 ∴ 𝜎𝑣𝑘,𝑏 = (𝜎 − 𝑢𝑑 ) = (40 − 9.81) = 30.19𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝛾 ′ = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 = 22 − 9.81 = 12.2𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

Partial factors from set

(𝑅1): 𝛾𝑅𝑣 = (1.4)

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑑′ 𝑁𝑐 𝑆𝑐 𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑐 + 𝜎𝑣𝑘,𝑏

′
𝑁𝑞 𝑆𝑞 𝑑𝑞 𝑖𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝑘 𝐵′ 𝑁𝛾 𝑆𝛾 𝑑𝛾 𝑖𝛾

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 26 × 51 × 1.58 × 1.19 × 0.92 + 30.19 × 38 × 1.29 × 1.09 × 0.92

+ 0.5 × 20 × 1.28 × 45 × 1.29 × 1.09 × 0.67

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 2294 + 1484.1 + 534 = 4312.1𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 4312.1
𝑞𝑅𝑑 = = = 3080𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑅𝑣 1.4

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑘; 𝑞𝐸𝑑 ≤ 𝑞𝑅𝑑 = 1121 ≤ 3080 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

4
 𝑞𝐸𝑑 1121
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∪ % = = = 0.364 = 36.4% 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑞𝑅𝑑 3080

[0.5 Mark]

Sliding -Drained sliding (Unfavorable under this condition)

𝑢𝑑 = 1.35𝑢𝑘 = 1.35 × 9.81 = 13.24𝑘𝑃𝑎

Vertical action is favorable because it provides resistance against sliding.

𝑉𝐺𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 1.0(25 + 1500) + 0 × 1000 = 1525𝑘𝑁

Horizontal loads are unfavorable under this condition.

Horizontal action

𝐻𝑑 = 𝛾𝐺 (𝐻𝑄 ) = 1.35(250) = 337.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Design against sliding

𝐴′ = 𝐵′ × 𝐿 = 1.28 × 2.5 = 3.2𝑚2

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑𝑐𝑣,𝑘
𝜑𝑑 = 𝑘𝜑𝑐𝑣,𝑑 = 𝑘𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 360
𝛾∅

𝑉𝐺𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑑 (𝑉𝐺𝑑 − 𝑢𝐺𝑑 ) (3586 − 0)𝑡𝑎𝑛36

𝜏𝑅𝑑 = = = = 1107𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝛾𝑅𝐻 𝐴′ 𝛾𝑅𝐻 𝐴′ 1.1 × 2.14

[0.5 Mark]

Design shear stress acting across the base of the footing.

∑ 𝐻𝑑 𝛾𝐺 (𝐻𝐺𝑘 + 𝑃𝑎𝐺𝑘 ) + 𝛾𝑄 𝐻𝑄𝑘 1.35(250 + 100) + 1.3(0) 273

𝜏𝑒𝑑 = = = = = 201𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐴′ 𝛾𝑅𝐻 𝐴′ 2.354 2.14

𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑘‼‼ 𝜏𝑒𝑑 ≤ 𝜏𝑅𝑑 = 201 ≤ 1107𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

[0.5 Marks]

Passive and active earth pressure action are being ignored because EC7, it states that in
practice these earth pressures are often ignored since 𝑃𝑃.𝐺𝑘 > 𝑃𝑎,𝐺𝑘

[0.5 Marks]
5
Design against overturing

b.

Total overturing moment: 𝑀 = 250 × (1.8) = 450𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀 450
𝑒= = = 0.18
𝑃 1500 + 1000

[0.5 Marks]

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 2.5

𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑓 𝑒 < = = 0.42𝑚
6 6

𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
∴𝑒< = 0.18 < 0.42, 𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑘𝑎𝑦
6

[0.5Mark]