ME 362 VIBRATIONS I

Lecture 5

DESIGN FOR VIBRATION SUPPRESSION

Faisal Wahib Adam

Mechanical Engineering Department, KNUST
Jan 2014
VIBRATION ISOLATION AND ABSORPTION
• Vibration can often lead to a number of undesirable
circumstances.
• For example, vibration of an automobile or truck can lead
to driver discomfort and, eventually, fatigue.
• Structural or mechanical failure (e.g., cracks) can often
result from sustained vibration.
• Electronic components used in automobiles, machines,
and so on may also fail because of vibration, shock,
and/or sustained vibration input.
Acceptable Levels of Vibration
Average displacement
𝜋
Decibel(dB)
1
𝑥ҧ = lim න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑃1 𝑥1 2
𝑡→∞ 𝜋
0 𝑑𝐵 = 10 log10 = 10 log10
𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑃2 𝑥𝑜 2
𝑥ҧ = 2𝐴/𝜋
Mean square 𝜋value
1 𝐴 Octave
2 2
𝑥 = lim න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑡→∞ 𝜋 2 log 2
0 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛
 Acceptable Levels of Vibrations

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 Discuss
An automobile has a mass of 1000 kg and a stiffness of
400,000 N/m. If it hits a bump that is 0.1 mm high, it will
sustain a sinusoidal vibration. Assuming that the height of
the bump corresponds to the rms value of displacement,
what velocity and acceleration correspond to this
vibration? Is this vibration perceived by the passenger? If
the vibration is perceptible and hence not desirable,
suggest a means of redesigning the system so that the
vibration does not disturb the passengers.

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 Discuss
Calculate and compare the natural frequency, damping
ratio, and damped natural frequency of the single-degree-
of-freedom model of a stereo turntable and of the auto-
mobile given in the Figure. Also plot and compare their
frequency response functions and their impulse response
functions. Discuss the similarities and differences of these
two devices.

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 Vibration Isolation
• The most effective way to reduce unwanted vibration is to
stop or modify the source of the vibration.
• If this cannot be done, it is sometimes possible to design a
vibration isolation system to isolate the source of vibration
from the system of interest or to isolate the device from
the source of vibration.
• This can be done by using highly damped materials such
as rubber to change the stiffness and damping between
the source of vibration and the device that is to be
protected from the vibrations

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 Vibration Isolation

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 Force Transmitted to support
𝐹𝑇 = cxሶ + kx

𝑥 = 𝑋𝑜 sin(ω t − ∅)

1 + 2ξτ 2
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹𝑜
1 − 𝜏 2 2 + 2ξτ 2

𝐹𝑇
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑇 =
𝐹𝑜
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 Example 1
An exhaust fan, rotating at 1000 rpm, is to be supported by
four springs, each having a the same stiffness(k). If only 10%
of the unbalanced force of the fan is to be transmitted to the
base, what should be the value of k? Assume the mass of the
exhaust fan to be 40 kg.

Solution 𝜏=
1+𝑇
=
1 + 0.1
= 3.317
T=10%=0.1 𝑇 0.1
ξ=0
𝐹𝑇 1 + 2ξτ 2 𝜔 1000 × 2𝜋
𝑇= = 𝜏= = 3.317 =
𝐹𝑜 1 − 𝜏 2 2 + 2ξτ 2 𝜔𝑛 4𝑘
60
𝑚
1
𝑇=
9
1 − 𝜏2 𝑘 = 9969.63 𝑁/𝑚
 Vibration Absorption

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 Vibration Absorption

𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑋 sin𝜔𝑡
𝑥𝑎 (𝑡) = 𝑋𝑎 sin𝜔𝑡
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑎 − 𝑚𝜔2 −𝑘𝑎 𝑋 𝐹0
sin 𝜔𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡
−𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑎 − 𝑚𝑎 𝜔 2 𝑋𝑎 0
𝑋 1 𝑘 + 𝑘𝑎 − 𝑚𝜔2 −𝑘𝑎 𝐹0
=
𝑋𝑎 𝑘 + 𝑘𝑎 − 𝑚𝜔 2 𝑘𝑎 − 𝑚𝑎 𝜔 2 − 𝑘𝑎2 −𝑘𝑎 𝑘𝑎 − 𝑚𝑎 𝜔2 0

𝑘𝑎 − 𝑚𝑎 𝜔2 𝐹0
𝑋=
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑎 − 𝑚𝜔 2 𝑘𝑎 − 𝑚𝑎 𝜔 2 − 𝑘𝑎2
𝑘𝑎 𝐹0
𝑋𝑎 =
𝑘 + 𝑘𝑎 − 𝑚𝜔 2 𝑘𝑎 − 𝑚𝑎 𝜔 2 − 𝑘𝑎2
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 Example 2
A radial saw base has a mass of 73.16 kg and is driven harmonically
by a motor that turns the saw's blade as illustrated in the Figure. The
motor runs at constant speed and produces a 13-N force at 180
cycles/min because of a small unbalance in the motor. The resulting
forced vibration was not detected until after the saw had been
manufactured. The manufacturer wants a vibration absorber
designed to drive the table oscillation to zero simply by retrofitting an
absorber onto the base. Design the absorber assuming that the
effective stiffness provided by the table legs is 2600 N/m. In addition,
the absorber must fit inside the table base and hence has a
maximum deflection of 0.2 cm.
Solution
𝐹0 13 N 13 N
𝑘𝑎 = = = = 6500 N/m
𝑋𝑎 0.2 cm 0.002m
Since the absorber is designed such that 𝜔 = 𝜔𝑎 ,
𝑘𝑎 6500 N/m
𝑚𝑎 = 2 = = 18.29 kg
𝜔 180/60 2𝜋 2
Note in this case that 𝜇 = 18.29/73.16 = 0.25.
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 Assignment 1
A 100-kg machine is supported on an isolator of stiffness 700
x 103 N/m. The machine causes a vertical disturbance force
of 350 N at a revolution of 3000 rpm. The damping ratio of
the isolator is 𝜉 = 0.2. Calculate (a) the amplitude of motion
caused by the unbalanced force, (b) the transmissibility
ratio, and (c) the magnitude of the force transmitted to
ground through the isolator.

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 Assignment 2
An air compressor of mass 200 kg, with an unbalance 0f
0.01 kg-m, is found to have a large amplitude of vibration
while running at 1200 rpm. Determine the mass and spring
constant of the absorber to be added if the natural
frequencies of the system are to be least 20% from the
impressed frequency.

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