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WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

BASIC CALCULUS
Grade 11 Quarter 3, Week 8

IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION OF LOGARITHMIC AND INVERSE

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND PROBLEMS INVOLVING RELATED RATES

Name: ______________________________________ Section: ____________________

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

After going through this learning activity sheets, you are expected to:

1. Solve problems (including logarithmic and inverse trigonometric

functions) using implicit differentiation. (STEM_BC11DIIIi-j-1)

2. Solve situational problems involving related rates. (STEM_BC11D-IIIj-2)

Time Allotment: 2 hours

KEY CONCEPTS:

From the previous activity sheet, we have defined what is an implicit function and
how to solve simple problems involving such function. In this activity sheet, we are
now in a higher order of implicit differentiation. Let us define first the derivatives of
the natural logarithmic and inverse tangent functions.

Derivatives of the Natural Logarithmic and Inverse Tangent Functions.

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
• (𝑙𝑛𝑢) = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
• (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢) = ∙
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

Recall: If we have the expression 𝑓(𝑦), where 𝑦 is a function of 𝑥, then

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
(𝑓(𝑦)) = (𝑓(𝑦)) ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

Example 1:
Differentiate the natural logarithmic function 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(7𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1).

Solution.
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𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(𝑙𝑛𝑢) = ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Let 7𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 be 𝑢, so we have the derivative of 𝑢 as

𝑑𝑢
= 14𝑥 − 3
𝑑𝑥

Finally, we have the derivative of the natural logarithmic function following

the formula as

𝑑𝑦 1
= ∙ (14𝑥 − 3)
𝑑𝑥 7𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1

Example 2:
𝑑𝑦
Find ⁄𝑑𝑥 of the inverse tangent function 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2𝑥 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)

Solution.
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑢) = 2 ∙
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

We have 2𝑥 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 as 𝑢, its derivative is

𝑑𝑢
= 2 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Finally, we have the derivative of the inverse tangent function following the
formula as

𝑑𝑦 1
= ∙ (2 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 1 + (2𝑥 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2

For the next examples, let us apply the natural logarithmic and inverse
tangent function in an implicit differentiation. Note that you must master the
individual differentiation of each function for you to be able to master the
application of these combined functions.

Example 1:
𝑑𝑦
Find ⁄𝑑𝑥 for 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦 2 − 3) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 3 ) + 𝑙𝑛𝑦.

Solution.
Differentiating both sides gives
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑦 2 − 3)) = (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 3 ) + 𝑙𝑛𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑦
−𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦 2 − 3) ∙ 2𝑦 ∙ = ∙ 3𝑥 2+ ∙
𝑑𝑥 1 + (𝑥 3 )2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
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𝑑𝑦⁄
Rearranging by collecting terms with 𝑑𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑦 1 3𝑥 2
(−2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦 2 − 3) − ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 1 + (𝑥 3 )2

𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 + (𝒙𝟑 )𝟐
=
𝒅𝒙 −𝟐𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑) − 𝟏
𝒚

Example 2:
𝑑𝑦
Find ⁄𝑑𝑥 for 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − √𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ).

Solution.
Differentiating both sides gives

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦) = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 − √𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ))
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Note that we can rewrite √𝑥 as 𝑥 1⁄2 , so we have

𝑑 𝑑 1⁄2
(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦) = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 − (𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )) )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 −1⁄2 1 𝑑𝑦
2 ∙ = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 − (𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )) ∙ 2 (1 − 2𝑦 )
1 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑥

−1⁄2 −1⁄2
1 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 (𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )) 𝑦(𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )) 𝑑𝑦
∙ = 3𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 − +
1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 − 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦⁄
Rearranging by collecting terms with 𝑑𝑥 ,

−1⁄2 −1⁄2
𝑑𝑦 1 2−
𝑦(𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )) (𝑙𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ))
( − 3𝑥 ) = 6𝑥𝑦 −
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 − 𝑦2 2(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )

−𝟏⁄𝟐
(𝒍𝒏(𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 ))
𝟔𝒙𝒚 −
𝒅𝒚 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 )
= −𝟏⁄𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒚(𝒍𝒏(𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 ))
𝟏 𝟐−
− 𝟑𝒙
𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐

Note that it is important to not only master the application of implicit, natural
logarithmic, and inverse tangent differentiation but also to master the Chain
Rule differentiation.
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Example 3:
𝑑𝑦
Find ⁄𝑑𝑥 for 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2 − 𝑦 3 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 2 ) − 𝑙𝑛𝑦.

Solution.
Differentiating both sides gives

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑠𝑖𝑛(2 − 𝑦 3 )) = (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 2 ) − 𝑙𝑛𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2 − 𝑦 3 )(−3𝑦 2 ) = 2 2 ∙ 2𝑥 − ∙
𝑑𝑥 1 + (𝑥 ) 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦⁄
Rearranging by collecting terms with 𝑑𝑥 ,

1 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
( − 3𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2 − 𝑦 3 )) =
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥 4

𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙
=
𝒅𝒙 𝟏
(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 ) ( − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 ))
𝒚

Definition
Related Rates. These are problems that involve at least two changing
quantities and asks to find the rate at which one is changing given sufficient
information on all of the others.

Guidelines in solving problems involving related rates:

1. If possible, provide an illustration for the problem that is valid for any time t.
2. Identify those quantities that change with respect to time, and represent them
with variables. (Avoid assigning variables to quantities which are constant,
that is, which do not change with respect to time. Label them right away with
the values provided in the problem.)
3. Write down any numerical facts known about the variables. Interpret each
rate of change as the derivative of a variable with respect to time. Remember
that if a quantity decreases over time, then its rate of change is negative.
4. Identify which rate of change is being asked, and under what particular
conditions this rate is being computed.
5. Write an equation showing the relationship of all the variables by an equation
that is valid for any time t.
6. Differentiate the equation in (5) implicitly with respect to t.
7. Substitute into the equation, obtained in (6), all values that are valid at the
particular time of interest. Sometimes, some quantities still need to be solved
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by substituting the particular conditions written in (4) to the equation in (6).

Then, solve for what is being asked in the problem.
8. Write a conclusion that answers the question of the problem. Do not forget to
include the correct units of measurement.

Example 1.
A water droplet falls onto a still pond and creates concentric circular ripples that
propagate away from the center. Assuming that the area of a ripple is increasing
at the rate of 2𝜋𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠, find the rate at which the radius is increasing at the instant
when the radius is 10 cm.

Solution: (Solve this step-by-step using the guidelines above)

Steps Solutions
1. Illustration

2. Identifying quantities Let 𝑟 and 𝐴 be the radius and area,

respectively, of a circular ripple at any
time 𝑡.
3. The given rate of change 𝑑𝐴
= 2𝜋
𝑑𝑡
4. What is asked? We are asked to find
𝑑𝑟
at the instant
𝑑𝑡
when 𝑟 = 10.

5. Relationship of equations The relationship between 𝑟 and 𝐴 is

given by the formula for the area of a
circle:
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 .

6. Differentiate the equation in We now differentiate implicitly with

(5) implicitly with respect to t. respect to time.
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
= 𝜋(2𝑟)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

7. Substitute into the equation, Substituting 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋 and 𝑟 = 10 gives

𝑑𝑡
obtained in (6). 𝑑𝑟
2𝜋 = 𝜋 ∙ 2(10)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟 𝟏
=
𝑑𝑡 𝟏𝟎
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8. Conclusion The radius of a circular ripple is

𝟏
increasing at the rate of 𝒄𝒎/𝒔.
𝟏𝟎

Example 2.
A ladder 10 meters long is leaning against a wall. If the bottom of the ladder
is being pushed horizontally towards the wall at 2m/s, how fast is the top of
the ladder moving when the bottom is 6 meters from the wall?

Solution:
Illustration:

wall

Let 𝑥 be the distance between the bottom of the

𝑦 ladderand the wall. Let 𝑦 be the distance the top of
ladder
the ladder and the ground. Note that the length of
10𝑚 the ladder is not represented by a variable as it is
constant.
𝑥

It is given that 𝑑𝑥 ⁄𝑑𝑡 = −2. The quantity 𝑥 decreases with time so it is negative.

We want to find 𝑑𝑦⁄𝑑𝑡 at the instant when 𝑥 = 6. We can notice that the wall,
the ground, and the ladder determine a right triangle. So, the relationship
between 𝑥 and 𝑦 is given by the Pythagorean Theorem:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100.

Differentiating both sides with respect to time 𝑡 gives

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Before proceeding to the next step, checked if you already have everything
needed.

So,
• 𝑑𝑥 ⁄𝑑𝑡 is already given,
• 𝑑𝑦⁄𝑑𝑡 is the quantity asked,
• 𝑥 is given

but 𝑦 is still unknown.

Substitute the given condition 𝑥 = 6 into the Pythagorean equation. So,

62 + 𝑦 2 = 100
𝑦 = √100 − 36 = √64 = 8.
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Finally, substitute all the given values into derived equation with respect to 𝑡:
𝑑𝑦
2(6)(−2) + 2(8) =0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 24 3
= = = 𝟏. 𝟓
𝑑𝑡 16 2
Thus, the distance between the top of the ladder and the ground is increasing
at the rate of 1.5m/s. Equivalently, we can also say that the top of the ladder
is moving at the rate of 1.5 m/s.

Example 3.
A light is mounted on a wall 5 meters above
the ground (see figure ). A 2-meter tall person
is initially 10 meters from the wall and is
moving towards the wall at a rate of 0.5
m/sec. After 4 seconds of moving is the tip of
the shadow moving (a) towards or away from
the person and (b) towards or away from the
wall?

Solution:
Illustration:

Note that 𝑥 ′ 𝑝 = −0.5 in both parts.

(a)
In the illustration, we can use the idea of similar triangles to form an
equation,
2 𝑥𝑠 𝑥𝑠
= =
5 𝑥 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑥𝑠

Solving for 𝑥𝑠 ,
2
𝑥𝑠 = (𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠 )
5 𝑝

2 2
𝑥𝑠 = 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑥𝑠
5 5

2
𝑥𝑠 = 𝑥𝑝
3
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Now, differentiating the equation with respect to 𝑡,

2 1
𝑥′𝑠 = (0.5) = −
3 3

The rate is negative so the tip of the shadow is moving towards the person at
𝟏
a rate of 𝒎/𝒔.
𝟑

(b)
In this case, 𝑥′ is required. We can form the equation,

𝑥 = 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑥𝑠

Differentiation with respect to 𝑡 will give,

𝑥′ = 𝑥′𝑝 + 𝑥′𝑠

Plug in the known speeds and note that we need to result from the first part
1 1
here. So, we have 𝑥 ′ 𝑝 = − from the problem statement and 𝑥 ′ 𝑝 = − from
2 3
the previous part.

1 1 5
𝑥 ′ = − + (− ) = −
2 3 6

The rate is negative so the tip of the shadow is moving towards the wall at a
𝟓
rate of 𝒎/𝒔.
𝟔

EXERCISES / ACTIVITIES:
Activity 1
Derive the Implicit Me!
What You Need:
Answer sheet, Pen

What to Do?
Solve for the derivative of the given implicit functions. Write your
answer on the separate sheet of paper. Show your solution.

𝑑𝑦⁄
Problem 1. Find 𝑑𝑥 for 𝑦 = ln (4𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑙𝑛𝑥)).
−1

𝑑𝑦⁄
Problem 2. Find 𝑑𝑥 for 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (3𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥).
−1

Problem 3. Find the derivative with respect to 𝑥 of

𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦 2 ) + 𝑙𝑛(𝑦 + 1) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 (𝑥 + 1) .

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Activity 2
Imagine to Relate and Solve!

What You Need:

Answer sheet, Pen, Calculator
What to Do?
Solve the following related rates problems. Write your answer on the
separate sheet of paper. Show your solution and illustration.

Problem 1: A tank of water in the shape of a

cone is being filled with water at a rate of 12
m3/sec. The base radius of the tank is 26 meters
and the height of the tank is 8 meters. At what
rate is the depth of the water in the tank
changing when the radius of the top of the water
is 10 meters?

Problem 2: A ladder 10 meters long leans against a wall. If the bottom of the
ladder is being pulled away from the wall at the rate of 2m/min, how fast is
the ladder sliding down the wall when the top of the ladder is 3 meters from
the ground?

Problem 3: The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of 5cm/s. How fast
is the area of the circle changing when the radius is 6cm long?

Problem 4: A car traveling at the rate of 20m/s is approaching an intersection.

When the car is 100 meters from the intersection, a bus traveling at the rate
of 40m/s crosses the intersection. The car and bus are on a perpendicular
road. How fast is the distance between the bus and the car changing two
seconds after the truck leaves the intersection?

REFLECTION:
Direction: Answer the questions below in your answer sheet/paper.

1. What are the things you should learn to master the implicit differentiation?

__________________________________________________________________________________

2. Is related rates important? How can you apply related rates in real life situations?

__________________________________________________________________________________
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Rubric for scoring (adapted from courser.org)

Is the response correct?

_________ 1 point – The response is incorrect

_________ 2 points- The response is partially correct
_________ 3 points- The response is correct, insightful, and detailed

REFERENCES:

Arceo, Carlene Perpetua P., Lemence, Richard S., Ortega Jr., Oreste M., Vallejo, Louie
John D. Basic Calculus Learner’s Material. First Edition, Quezon City: Department of
Education, 2016.

Paul’s Online Note:

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Solutions/CalcI/RelatedRates/Prob9.aspx

OregonState:https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/mth251/cq/Stage9/Lesson/related
Rates.html

Answer Key

20m/s 4.
60𝜋 3.
2. 4𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛
25𝜋
1. 𝑚3 /𝑠
3

Activity 2 . Solve me in Real!

1+𝑦4 𝑦+1
+ ) ( 𝑑𝑥
2𝑦 1 = 3.
3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥+1)cos (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑦
1+(3𝑥−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
= 2.
3−2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1+(𝑙𝑛𝑥)2 𝑥 4𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑙𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
∙ ) ∙ (4 + = 1.
1 1 1 𝑑𝑦

Activity 1 . Setting Free, Unchain Me!

Author: RACHIEL O. GALINATO

School/Station: Nasipit National Vocational School, Senior High School Department
Division: Agusan del Norte
Email Address: [email protected]

Validators:

BEVERLY L. MINGKE PERLITA B. ABRENICA

Principal-I, Manapa NHS Principal-I, Abilan NHS