• Maximum TrapLoading

ITEM NO. PIPE SIZE FIXTURE UNIT Notes:

1.Capacity over 3.15 L/s shall
be determined by the
1 32 mm 1 Administrative Authority.
2.For a continuous flow into a
2 38 mm 3
drainage system, such as from
3 51 mm 4 sump pump or ejector, air-
conditioning equipment or
4 76 mm 6 similar devices, two (2) fixture
units shall be allowed for every
5 102 mm 8 0.063 L/s of flow.
3. 1 gpm = 0.063 L/s
Exception: On self-service laundries.
• Discharge Capacity
ITEM NO. LITERS/SEC (GPM) FIXTURE UNIT

1 Up to 0.47 L/s (Up to 7.5 gpm) 1

2 0.50 to 0.95 (8 to 15 gpm) 2

3 1 to 1.89 (16 to 30 gpm) 4

4 1.95 to 3.15 (31 to 50 gpm) 6

MINIMUM SLOPEOF
SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES

• Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal

drainage pipe – 2% or 20mm/m (¼” per
foot).
• Exception: Where it is impracticable due to
depth of street sewer, adverse structural
features and irregular building plans, pipes
102 mm dia or larger may have a slope of not
less than 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot),
approved by the Administrative Authority
Types of PermissibleTraps:
• The Common P-Trap
• Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks,
laundry tubs, & urinals
• Materials commonly used for the P-
trap: nickel, chrome plated brass,
galvanized malleable copper, &
PVC.

• The Deep Seal P-Trap

• Water seal is about twice the size
of the common P-trap
• Used for extreme conditions
because resealing quality is greater
Types of PermissibleTraps:
• The Stand Trap
• Used for fixtures such as slop sinks
that are usually built low in the
ground, leaving very little space for
a foundation & a trap
• Serves as a water seal & structural
support for the fixture

• The Running Trap

• Used within the line of the house
drain
Types of PermissibleTraps:
• The Drum Trap
• Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)
• Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water
(bathtubs, shower or floor drains)
Types of ProhibitedTraps:
1. Traps with movable parts or concealedinterior
partitions
2. No fixtures shall be double-trapped
3. The S-Trap

• Predecessor of P-traps
• Used before traps had to connect to a ventilation line
 TRAPS

REQUIREMENTS:

Traps REQUIRED
• Eachplumbing fixture, except those with integral traps,
shall be separately trapped with an approved-type
waterseal trap.
• Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion
of a fixture drain between a trap and the vent)
• One trap, centrally located, may serve three single
compartment sinks or laundry tubs or lavatories,
adjacent to each other and in the same room, where
their waste outlets are not more than 0.75 m apart.
SIZE OF TRAPS:
• The trap shall be the same size as the trap
arm to which it is connected.
• Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of
water of not less than 51mm and not
more than 102 mm (except where a
deeper seal is found necessary by the
Administrative Authority for special
conditions.
Minimum sizes of traps for common
plumbing fixtures

DRAINAGE
ITEM TRAP & TRAP
FIXTURE FIXTURE
NO. ARM SIZE
UNITS

1 Bathtubs 38 mm 2
2 Bidets 38 mm 2
3 Floor Drains 51 mm 2
4 Shower, single stall 51 mm 2

5 Sink (residential) 38 mm 2
6 Urinal, wall mounted, integral trap 51 mm 3

7 Wash Basin (single) 32 mm 1

8 Water Closet (private installation) 76 mm 4

INSTALLATION OFTRAPS:
• The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece
and the trap weir shall not exceed 0.60m in length.

Horizontal Distance of TrapArms

TRAP ARM DIAMETER DISTANCE TO VENT Note: In no case shall
the trap distance be less
32 mm 0.76 m than 2 times the diameter
of the trap arm.
38 mm 1.07 m
51 mm 1.52 m
76 mm 1.83 m
102 mm & larger 3.05 m
• The developed le ngth of the trap ar m (measured from
the top of closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water
closet or similar fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.
• For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required
for a change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.
INDUSTRIAL INTERCEPTORS (CLARIFIERS) &
SEPARATORS:
Interceptors (a device designed and installed to separate and retain
deleterious, hazardous or undesirable matters from normal wastes
and permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into the
disposal terminal by gravity) shall have a water seal of not less than
152mm deep.

• Each interceptor shall be properly vented.

• Slaughterhouses, packing establishments, and any establishment
which discharges wastewater with considerable amount of
grease, hairs, feathers , etc. shall drain through a screening
device and thence into a greaseinterceptor.
• Auto wash racks and/or floor or slabs used for cleaning machinery
or machine parts shall be adequately protected against storm or
surface water and shall drain into an interceptor which will
separate oil and grease before the effluent reaches the public
stream.
 Clean-outs
REQUIREMENTS:

Clean-outs REQUIRED
• at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste
line
• at each run of piping more than 15meters (50 feet) in
total developedlength
• at every 15m (50 ft) of total developed length or a
fraction thereof
• additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal
line with an aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°
• inside the building near the connection between the
building drain and the building sewer or installed
outside the building at the lower end of the building
drain and extended to grade.
 Clean-outs

Clean-outs NOTREQUIRED
• on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless
such line is serving sinks or urinals.
• on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope
of 72 deg or less from the vertical line (or at an angle
of 1/5bend)
 Clean-outs

SIZEOFCLEAN-OUTS:
• Size of clean-out shall be in conformity with the size
of pipeserved

SIZE OF PIPE SIZE OF THREADS

CLEANOUT PER 25.4mm

38 mm 38 mm 11-1/2
51 mm 38 mm 11-1/2

64 mm 64 mm 8
76 mm 64 mm 8
102 mm & larger 89 mm 8
 INSTALLATION OFCLEAN-OUTS:
• Each clean-out shall be installed so it opens with the
direction of flow or at right angles to the direction of flow
except in the case of a wye branch.
• Each 90° clean-out extension shall be constructed from a wye
fitting or an approved fitting of equivalent sweep.
• Each clean-out 51 mm or less shall have a front clearance of
not less than 305 mm; those 51 mm or more shall have a front
clearance of 450 mm.
• Clean-outs in underfloor piping shall be extended to or above
finish floor or shall be extended outside the building when
there is less than 450 mm vertical clearance or 750 horizontal
clearance to the means of access.
• No underfloor clean-out for residential occupancies shall be
located more than 6.1 m from an access door, trap door or
crawl hole.
 Vents & Venting System

VENTILATION
• Portion of the drainage pipe
installation intended to maintain a
balanced atmospheric pressure
inside the system

• Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening

used for ensuring the circulation
of air in a plumbing system and
for relieving the negative
pressure exerted on trap seals.
 Vents & Venting System
Main Types:
Main Soil & Waste Vent

the „backbone‟ of the entire sanitary

system
Connected to the Main Soil & Waste
Stack
The portion where waste does not
travel through
Continues to the roof; the portion
penetrating the roof is called the
Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)
 Vents & Venting System

Main Vent

the principal artery of the venting

system to which vent branches are
connected.
a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’
serves as support to the Main Soil &
Waste Vent
 Vents & Venting System

Individual Vent or Back Vent

a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that

connects with the vent system above the
fixture served or terminates in the open air.
 Vents & Venting System
Other Types:
Unit, Common, or Dual Vent

an arrangement of venting so installed

that one vent pipe serve two (2) traps.
 Vents & Venting System

Relief Vent

a vertical vent line that provides

additional circulation of air between
the drainage and vent systems or to
act as an auxiliary vent on a specially
designed system such as a
“yoke vent” connection between the
soil and vent stacks.
 Vents & Venting System
Yoke or By-pass Vent

a pipe connecting upward froma soil

or waste stack below the floor and
below horizontal connection to an
adjacent vent stack at a point above
the floor and higher than the highest
spill level of fixtures for preventing
pressure changes in the stacks.
 Vents & Venting System
Circuit Vent

• a group vent pipe which starts in front

of the extreme (highest) fixture
connection on a horizontal branch and
connects to the vent stack.

• a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’

• Serves a battery of fixtures
 Vents & Venting System
Looped Vent

•a vertical vent connection on a

horizontal soil or waste pipe
branch at a point downstream
of the last fixture connection
and turning to a horizontal line
above the highest overflow
level of the highest fixture
connected there

• Used in spaces without partitions

 Vents & Venting System
Wet Vent
• that portion of a vent pipe through which
wastewater also flows through.
 Vents & Venting
System
Local Vent

• a pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a

plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air.

Dry Vent

• a vent that does not carry liquid or

water-borne wastes.
 Vents & Venting System
Stack Vent

• the extension of a soil or waste stack above

the highest horizontal drain connected to the
stack.
Vent Stack
• the vertical vent pipe installed primarily for
providing circulation of air to and from any
part of the soil, waste of the drainage system.
The uppermost end above the roof has
traditionally been referred to as Vent Stack
Through Roof (VSTR).
 Vents & Venting System
REQUIREMENTS:
Vents REQUIRED
• Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-
pressure through venting.

Vents NOT REQUIRED

• on a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges
through a horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary
interceptor. The secondary interceptor shall be properly
trapped and vented.
• Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink
shall discharge by means of an approved indirect waste
pipe into a floor sink or other approved type receptor.
 Vents & Venting System

SIZE OF VENTS:
• The sizes of vent piping shall be
determined from its length and the
total number of fixture units connected
thereto.
• The diameter of an individual vent shall
not be less than 32 mm (1-1/4”) nor less
in size than one-half (1/2) the diameter
of the drain to which it is connected.
Installation of Vents
GRADES & CONNECTIONS
• All horizontal or branch vents shall be free from drops or sags
& shall be graded and connected to drip back by gravity to
the drainage pipe it serves.

• Each vent shall rise vertically 152mm above the highest level
rim of the fixtures served before offsetting horizontally.
• All vent pipes shall extend undiminished in size above the
roof or shall be reconnected to the soil or waste stack vent
at a point below the roof. The “vent stack through roof”
(VSTR) shall be increased one (1) pipe size above the
connection between the stack vent and the horizontal vent.
• Two (2) fixtures having same level inlet openings, may be
served by a common vertical vent pipe connected to an
approved double branchfitting.
VENTTERMINATION

• VSTRshall terminate vertically not less than 150 mm

above the roof nor less than 300 mm from any vertical
surface nearby.
• Each vent opening shallterminate:
• Not less than 3.00 m from any openable window;
• Not less than 0.90 m above any openable window;
• Not less than 0.90 m away from any lot line, alley and
street boundary lines.
• Vertical vent pipes shall extend 3.00 m distant from any
part of the roof that is used for human activities and shall
extend not less than 2.10 m above such roof.
VENT STACK & RELIEFVENTS
• Each soil or waste stack extending ten (10) or more storeys
above the building drain shall be served by a parallel vent
stack which shall extend undiminished in size from its upper
terminal at the roof and connect to the soil or waste stack at
ground level and at every fifth floor levels with a “yoke vent”
at a point below the horizontal soil or waste branch
connection to the stack and at the nearby vent stack above
the same floor to provide a relief vent.

• The size of yoke vent shall be not less in diameter than either
the soil stack or the vent stack, whichever is smaller.

• The yoke vent connection at the vent stack shall be placed

1.0 m above the floor level and, by means of a wye branch at
the soil stack, shall be placed below the fixture branch
serving that floor.
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS (VENTS):

Trap Seal Loss

-Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system due to
inadequate ventilation of traps
- Attributed to the following conditions:
Siphonage- direct and momentum
 BackPressure CapillaryAttraction

• Evaporation- caused by extreme temperatures,

idleness

• Wind Effects- strong winds blow the trap seal

• Retardation of flow
Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity
• Deterioration of theMaterials
Due to the formation of acids
 INDIRECT WASTEPIPING,
WET-VENTED SYSTEMS & SPECIAL WASTES

Indirect Waste Pipe

– is a pipe that does not connect directly with the drainage
system but conveys liquid wastes by discharging into a
plumbing fixture, interceptor or receptacle directly
connected to thedrainage system.