SURIGAO EDUCATION CENTER

Km. 2, 8400 Surigao City, Philippines

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Introduction

This world is getting more urbanized than ever. By 2050, nearly 7 of 10 people

in the world will live in cities (World Bank, 2019).The continuous expansion of urban

areas and population growth has resulted in a pressing need for effective and efficient

street cleaning mechanisms. Urban cleanliness is not just an aesthetic concern; it has

direct implications for public health, environmental sustainability, and overall

community well-being (Bai, 2012). Historically, manual 00push carts have been

widely used by sanitation workers for collecting street waste. These carts are simple in

design, cost-effective, and easily maneuverable in congested urban areas (Allanigue,

2022).

However, the sole reliance on manual labor for cleaning has posed challenges

such as physical strain on workers, time inefficiency, and inconsistencies in

cleanliness levels (Pups, 2023). Furthermore, conventional motorized street sweepers,

while effective, often come with high purchase and operational costs, making them

less feasible for many municipalities. Additionally, their larger sizes can be less

maneuverable in narrow streets and alleys (Wright, 2021).

Given these challenges, there’s a rising interest in designing innovative

solutions that can bridge the gap between the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of

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manual push carts and the efficiency of motorized sweepers. Transforming the

traditional pushcart into a manual operated road sweeper has the potential to be a

game-changer in this scenario. Such a design could combine the benefits of both

manual and mechanized cleaning, offering, and ergonomic, efficient, and economical

solution to urban cleanliness challenges.

This study seeks to explore the design and feasibility of this innovative

approach, aiming to revolutionize street cleaning practices, improve the working

conditions for sanitation workers, and enhance the overall cleanliness of urban areas.

A human-powered road sweeper mainly solves the problems that an existing

automatic sweeping device is complicated in structure, high in cost, higher in

requirements on operators and difficult to popularize in regions with economic

difficulties (Zhou, 2012). While our study which is a human-powered road sweeper is

simple in structure, low in manufacturing cost, convenient in mounting, extremely

easy for operation of road surface sanitation staff, and labor intensity of the

environment-friendly workers can be greatly relieved. The manually operated pushcart

will use a chain and sprocket mechanism and operated on a simple principle of

centrifugal motion of cross type brush throwing waste material from the ground

surface onto a compartment (Erinosho, Angula, & Shaanika, 2023).

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Review of Related Literature

Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management is the process of collecting, transporting, treating,

and disposing of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste

management process and waste-related laws, technologies, and economic mechanisms.

The goal of waste management is to reduce the adverse effects of waste on human

health, the environment, planetary resources, and aesthetics. Waste can be solid,

liquid, or gases and each type have different methods of disposal and management.

Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial, biological,

household, municipal, organic, biomedical, radioactive wastes (DENR, 2019).

It also requires residents to practice segregation of wastes at source. Reusable

solid wastes such as bottles, plastics, cellophanes, and papers shall be brought to the

barangay material recovery facility duly segregated or directly to the agent-buyers.

Non-recyclable materials and special solid wastes will be brought to the material

recovery facility, while hazardous wastes or chemicals will be disposed of in

coordination with concerned government agencies according to prescribed methods.

The local government is responsible for collecting reusable, recyclable, and non-

biodegradable waste materials from the material recovery facilities; and transporting

them to the recycling centers and or to the municipal material recovery facility (Saley,

2012).

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Dust Emissions

The major sources of dust emissions on the roads are agricultural field

operations, parking lots or feed lots, rural areas, waste cleanup sites, industrial

facilities, land clearing, construction activities, demolition activities, storage pile,

masonry, Landscaping, paved and unpaved roads transportation and track out

activities on vacant land equipment yards. Another common source of road dust

pollution is road paint (Sever, 2019). The major effects due to dust pollution of human

and environments are health and respiratory problems vehicle accidents from low

visibility, impacts to fish and other aquatic life, impacts to soil and vegetation, impacts

to water quality, vehicle and equipment erosion, lowered property values, lowered

quality of life, complaints from the public. The dust on the road can be collected using

various techniques. According to this report, methods that can be used to control dust

spread on the roads are limiting the creation or presence of dust-sized particles, reduce

wind speed at ground level, bind dust particles together, capture and remove dust from

its sources (Jeth, 1999).

To control dust spread on the roads, various methods can be used such as

limiting the creation or presence of dust-sized particles, reducing wind speed at ground

level, binding dust particles together, capturing and removing dust from its sources

(Environmental Protection Agency, 2017).

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Air Pollution

Air pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the air-pollutants which are

detrimental to human health and the planet. According to the World Health

Organization (WHO), each year air pollution is responsible for nearly seven million

deaths around the globe. The effects of air pollution on the human body vary

depending on the type of pollutant and the length and level of exposure as well as

other factors, including a person’s individual health risks and the cumulative impacts

of multiple pollutants or stressors. (Turrentine, 2021).

Manual Pushcart

A pushcart is a versatile, wheeled utility device designed to easily transport

goods, materials, or items. Commonly used in retail environments, golf courses, and

warehouses, these carts enhance convenience and efficiency by reducing manual effort

and increasing carrying capacity. The simple yet effective design of push carts has

made them indispensable tools in various industries, proving that sometimes, the

simplest solutions are the most impactful.

Various embodiments herein relate to powered pusher devices configured to

push wheeled objects from one location to another. Further embodiments relate to

wheeled objects such as carts for transporting items from one location to another.

Another embodiment relates to platform powered pushers that can be coupled to a

family of various wheeled objects. (Johnson, 2016)

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Pedal-Operated Road Sweeper

A pedal-operated road sweeper is a device that can collect and dispose of trash

on the streets using a bicycle mechanism. It is designed to help street sweepers,

especially the elderly, to do their job more easily and efficiently. Some students from

the Technological Institute of the Philippines have invented a pedal-operated road

sweeper called LK-99 as their thesis project. They have received praise and

recognition from the media and the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority for

their innovative and thoughtful invention (Jaya, 2022)

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Conceptual Framework

The first frame of the schematic diagram is the input. These are the factors to

be considered in the design process of the manually operated road sweeper.

The second frame consists of the process needed for the study includes (i)

designing of the manually operated pushcart road sweeper; (ii) selecting and collecting

of the materials; (iii)construction of the pushcart road sweeper; (iv) testing of the

pushcart road sweeper.

The last frame is the output of the study. It is a manually operated pushcart

road sweeper.

Input Process Output

• Designing of the
manually
operated pushcart
Design road sweeper.
consideration • Selecting and
A manually
collecting of
operated
materials
pushcart road
• Construction of sweeper.
Material
the pushcart road
selection
sweeper
• Testing of the
pushcart road
sweeper

Figure 1. Schematic diagram

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Statement of the Problem

This study primarily aims to design and construct a manually operated road

sweeper.

The researchers are guided by the following questions:

1. What are the design considerations that will be needed to develop a

manually operated sweeper?

2. What will be the efficiency of the manually operated road sweeper?

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study will benefit the following groups of beneficiaries:

Street Sweepers. Suppose that the efficiency of the pushcart road sweeper is high. In

that case, street sweepers can reduce their manual labor.

Individuals. This study will identify the struggles of street sweepers and thus improve

their waste management.

Future Researchers. The findings of the study will be useful for future researchers

who will study related problems or what will be needed to improve in the machine.

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Scope and Limitation

This study will focus on constructing an innovative design of a pushcart into a

manually operated road sweeper. A pushcart that can pick-up trash or garbage along

its pathway. The pushcart can only be used on flat surfaces area like school grounds

and roads. This study only uses fallen leaves and papers as the medium for

determining efficiency.

Definition of Terms

Chain- a connected flexible series of metal links used for pulling and supporting

loads.

Chassis- is the load bearing framework of a manufactured object, which structurally

supports the object in its construction and function.

DENR- Department of Environment and Natural Resources is responsible for the

conservation, management, and development of the country’s environment and natural

resources.

G.I pipe- galvanized iron (G.I) a metal tubes known for their ability to withstand high

heat and extremes temperatures.

Mechanisms- a system of parts working together in a machine; a piece of machinery.

Prototype- a functional model

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CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Prototyping is the process of putting research into practice. This is where the

researchers will turn their ideas into reality. The proposed prototype of the designed

project will be constructed. In the case of the researcher's investigation, the researchers

will build a manual road sweeper.

Experimentation follows the prototyping stage. This will reveal whether the

prototype works properly. If the prototype works properly, the researchers will move

on to data collection. If not, the researchers will review the prototype and make

changes to produce the desired functioning prototype.

Data collection is a scientific approach for getting information from a specific

experiment. The researchers collected a variety of data after conducting a series of

studies.

Data collection is followed by data analysis and computations. This comprises

the application of principles behind the research notion.

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Selection of materials

A Manually operated road sweeper body comprises three structures named a

support body, a rotating disk, and a compartment respectively, a pushcart is pushed

manually, power is transmitted to the rotary disk through the transmission body, and

the rotating disk drives a plurality of single sweeping parts to rotate, so that a function

of convenient sweeping is realized (Zhou, 2012).

Materials used in this study are the following:

• 1 1/2 inch Angle bar

• 1 1/2 inch Flat bar

• Caster Swivel Wheel

• Brush

• 1 mm Plain Sheet

• 1 inch GI pipe

• Pillow block

• Sprockets

• Bike Chain

• Welding rod

• 1/8 Drill bit

• Cutting disc

• Revits

• Bolts and Nuts

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Prototype Components and Design

Plain sheet

GI pipe handle
Chassis

Brush

Compartment
wheels
Chain

Figure 2. Exploded view and label of the components.

Figure 3. Isometric View of the Prototype

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Chassis: the chassis is one the major components on which the various components

such as shafts, bearings, brush, compartment, and other components are mounted. It

carries the load exerted on it due to various components and load of the waste material

collected during the operation. The 1-inch angle bars will be used for the construction

of the chassis.

Handle: the handle acts as the component for transmitting the manual power from the

hand of the operator to the chassis to push the machine. The 1-inch GI pipes will be

used for the construction of the handle.

Figure 4. Chassis with Handle

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Wheel: the wheel will be used to provide rotational motion and torque to the machine.

It transfers the load on chassis into the ground and provides the balance load of the

machine.

Figure 5. Wheel

Brush: The brush will be used to sweep waste materials on the road or any flat

surfaces. Since there was no circular roller type brush available in the market the

researcher made a DIY cross type brush.

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Sprockets: sprockets of different diameters will be used to transmit the power acting as

spur gear varying speeds and torque to transmit to shafts with the help of the chain

drives.

Chain: the chain drive is used to transmit the power from the wheel to the shaft of the

brush. The chain drive acts as a simple gear train and open belt drive as its transfers

the rotation in the same direction as that of driven shaft.

Figure 6. Brush, Sprockets, and Chain

Calculation for chain drive:

To get the length of the chain we use this formula (Lauze,2017).

𝑁 𝑁
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑐 + ( 4 + 4 + 1) Eq.1

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Where: N = number of teeth sprocket

c = distance between center of sprockets

Calculation for length of chain,

𝑁 𝑁
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 2𝑐 + ( + + 1)
4 4

16 16
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 2(25) + ( + + 1)
4 4

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 59 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

Since the available chain length on the market is 60 inches, we use this.

Speed ratio of the sprockets

To get the speed ratio of the sprockets we use this formula.

𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = Eq. 2
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡

3
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
3

𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 1: 1

Compartment: the compartment will be used to collect and store the waste material

thrown by the roller type brush.

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Figure 7. Compartment

Calculation for compartment capacity,

To get the maximum mass capacity of the compartment. We need to get the

volume of the compartment, so we use this formula.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐿 × 𝑊 × 𝐻 Eq.3

Where:

L = length of the compartment

W = width of the compartment

H = height of the compartment

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Calculation for volume,

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝐿 × 𝑊 × 𝐻

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 24 × 15 × 8

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2880 𝑖𝑛3

Calculation for maximum mass capacity if compartment,

To determine the maximum capacity of the compartment we collected waste

materials like crumpled papers and fallen leaves and put it into the compartment that

has a volume of 2370 cubic inch without compressing it.

Calculation for efficiency:

To get the efficiency of the machine and the man we used this formula.
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑐
𝑒= × 100 Eq.4
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑠

Where:

e = efficiency of the machine

output wc = ave. waste collected

input ws = waste spread

To get the average output of each sample collected, we use this formula.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = Eq. 5
𝑛𝑜.𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠

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Testing Procedure

To get the average output and efficiency of the prototype the researchers must

follow the following procedures:

Step 1. Collect 50 pcs of paper, 50 pieces of fallen leaves, and 50 pcs of mixed paper

and fallen leaves.

Step 2. Scatter the 50 pcs of paper on a 10 meter by 1-meter area.

Step 3. Run the prototype and collect the scattered papers in a 15 seconds limits, then

record in Table 2 the total collected papers.

Step 4. Repeat all the procedure 1-3, 9 times.

Step 5. Repeat procedure 1-4 using fallen leaves and mixed paper and leaves.

To get the average output, time taken, and efficiency of the man the

researchers must follow the following procedures:

Step 1. Collect 50 pcs of paper, 50 pcs of fallen leaves, and 50 pcs of mixed paper and
fallen leaves.

Step 2. Scatter the 50 pcs of paper on a 10 meter by 1-meter area.

Step 3. The man will sweep the scattered papers manually with a 15 seconds limit,
then record in Table 2 the total collected papers.

Step 4. Repeat all the procedure 1-3, 9 times.

Step 5. Repeat procedure 1-4 using fallen leaves and mixed paper and leaves. Record
data on table 3 for fallen leaves and table 4 for mixed paper & leaves.

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CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This portion discusses the result in the first experiments using the crumpled

paper as its medium, and 10m x 1m area and 15 seconds as parameters. The table

below will show the data collected on the manually operated sweeper and the man.

Table 1. Collecting data using crumpled papers.

50 pcs crumpled papers, 10m x 1m area, 15 seconds

For manual pushcart For man

No.
Trials Collected Collected
1 43 17

2 46 22

3 46 21

4 45 17

5 48 24

6 50 26

7 49 24

8 48 18

9 49 30

10 44 28

Total 468 227

Average 47 23
Output

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The table above shows the collected data using 50 pieces of paper scattered on

10 m x 1 m area with a time limit of 15 seconds only. After 10 trials the average

output of a manually operated road sweeper is 47 with an efficiency of 94% while the

average output of the man is 23 with an efficiency of 46% only. The researchers also

record the time taken for both, to collect all 50 pieces of crumpled papers scattered

within 10m x 1m area. The findings shows that the manually operated road sweeper

could collect all 50 pieces of crumpled paper within 15 seconds while the man could

sweep all the crumpled papers within 45 seconds.

Using equation no. 5, we get the average output of the machine and man.

For manually operated road sweeper:

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 468

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = = = 47 pieces
𝑛𝑜.𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 10

For man:

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 227

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = = = 23 pieces
𝑛𝑜.𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 10

Using equation no. 4, we get the efficiency of the machine and man.

For manually operated road sweeper:

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑐 47
𝑒= × 100 = × 100 = 94%
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑠 50

For man:

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑐 23
𝑒= 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑠
× 100 = 50
× 100 = 46%

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This portion discusses the result in the first experiments using the fallen leaves

as its medium, and 10m x 1m area and 15 seconds as parameters. The table below will

show the data collected on the manually operated sweeper and the man.

Table 2. Collecting data using fallen leaves

50 pcs fallen leaves, 10m x 1m area, 15 seconds

For manual pushcart For man

No.
Trials Collected Collected
1 48 21
2 45 18
3 43 15

4 43 20
5 45 22

6 43 19

7 44 19

8 41 21

9 44 22

10 48 21

Total 444 198

Average 44 20
Output

The table above shows the collected data using 50 pieces of fallen leaves

scattered on 10 m x 1 m area with a time limit of 15 seconds only. After 10 trials the

average output of the machine is 44 pieces of fallen leaves with an efficiency of 88%

on the other hand the man average output is 20 pieces with an efficiency of 40% only.

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The researchers also record the time taken for both, to collect all 50 pieces of

crumpled papers scattered within 10m x 1m area. The findings shows that the

manually operated road sweeper could not collect flat fallen leaves while the man

could sweep all the scattered fallen leaves within 45 seconds.

Using equation no. 5, we get the average output of the machine and man.

For manually operated road sweeper:

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 444

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = = = 44 pieces
𝑛𝑜.𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 10

For man:

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 198

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = = = 20 pieces
𝑛𝑜.𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 10

Using equation no. 4, we get the efficiency of the machine and man.

For manually operated road sweeper:

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑐 44
𝑒= × 100 = × 100 = 88%
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑠 50

For man:

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑐 20
𝑒= × 100 = × 100 = 40%
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑠 50

This portion discusses the result in the first experiments using the mixed waste

material which is crumpled papers and fallen leaves as its medium, and 10m x 1m area

and 15 seconds as parameters. The table below will show the data collected on the

manually operated sweeper and the man.

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Table 3. Collecting data using mixed crumpled papers and fallen leaves.

50 pcs mixed crumpled papers and fallen leaves,

10m x 1m area, 15 seconds
For manual pushcart For man
No.
Trials Collected Collected
1 45 17

2 44 20

3 46 18

4 50 20

5 46 19

6 50 21

7 46 18

8 47 19

9 45 21

10 46 20

Total 465 193

Average 47 19
Output

The table above shows the collected data using 50 pieces of mixed crumpled

papers and fallen leaves scattered on 10 m x 1 m area with a time limit of 15 seconds

only. After 10 trials the average output f of the machine is 47 pieces of mixed

crumpled papers and fallen leaves with an efficiency of 94% on the other hand the

man average output is 19 pieces with an efficiency of 38% only. The researchers also

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record the time taken for both, to collect all 50 pieces of crumpled papers scattered

within 10m x 1m area. The findings also shows that the manually operated road

sweeper could collect all 50 pieces of crumpled paper within 15 seconds while the

man could sweep all the mixed crumpled papers and fallen leaves within 45 seconds.

Using equation no. 5, we get the average output of the machine and man.

For manually operated road sweeper:

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 465

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = = = 47 pieces
𝑛𝑜.𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 10

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 193

For man: 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = = = 19 pieces
𝑛𝑜.𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 10

Using equation no. 4, we get the efficiency of the machine and man.

For manually operated road sweeper:

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑐 47
𝑒= × 100 = × 100 = 94%
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑠 50

For man:

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑐 19
𝑒= × 100 = × 100 = 38%
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑤𝑠 50

The researchers also try to collect waste materials like small plastic bottles,

cups, and wrappers using the manually operated road sweeper. The findings show that

it can collect such things as long as it fits to the brush. The findings also shows that the

manually operated road sweeper could not collect flat materials such as straight cut

papers and leaves. And some collected waste materials gets out on a open spot

between the brush and compartment.

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CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The main goal of the research is to create a manually operated road sweeper by

designing and modifying a conventional pushcart. A pushcart with the ability to

collect rubbish or trash from its path. The pushcart is limited to usage on level terrain,

such as roadways and school premises. The efficiency of the manually operated road

sweeper is another goal of this study, as is figuring out what design factors will be

required to create one. In this investigation, the only materials used to measure

efficiency are crumpled paper and fallen leaves.

At the Surigao Education Center, the researchers design and carry out the

study. The researchers used this process to determine the prototype's average output

and efficiency. They start by gathering garbage, which includes paper and fallen

leaves regardless of their sizes. Secondly, they measure a 10 m × 1 m area to be used

for randomly dispersing the waste items. Third, they use the prototype for a 15-second

time limit to gather the waste materials that have been strewn; the man does the same

thing, but he will personally sweep the area. Finally, record the information gathered.

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Conclusion

Based on the findings the following conclusions are drawn:

1. The manually operated sweeper machine gets the exact output we need

when using the design. The compartment's height above the ground

must be taken into account because if it is too high, waste material may

not be collected. Additionally, the distance between the brush and the

compartment should be considered as waste items may not reach the

compartment if the distance is too great.

2. The manually operated sweeper machine met the requirements of the

objective. The manually operated sweeper is faster to collect waste

materials than a man doing it manually given the same parameters since

the man the tripled the time of the machine. The machine increases

efficiency while saving time as it can collect more waste materials than

a man doing it manually. It effectively collects waste material and

reducing man labor requirements.

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Recommendations

Based on the findings, observation, and conclusion the researchers recommend

the following:

1. The future researchers need to improve the design and study the

mechanism of the machine further. They must put better stopper for the

waste material so it could perfectly goes into the compartment and add

a mechanism that let the waste collected compressed inside the of

compartment. We also recommend putting a chain guard on the chain

so the waste material cannot hinder the rotation.

2. To have another type of waste materials like small plastic bottles and

cups and another parameters on gathering data in order to showcase

more the capacity and efficiency of the machine.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCES

Allanigue, A. (2022). DENR-Nthird,ides push carts for waste collection

Retrieve on January 19, 2022 from https://pia.gov.ph /news /2022/01/19/ denr-
ncr-provides-push-carts-for-waste-collection

Bai, X. et al., 2012. Health and wellbeing in the changing urban environment:
complex challenges, scientific responses, and the way forward. Current
Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4(4), pp.465–472.

DENR (2019). Intensified Environmental Protection: Solid Waste Management

Retrieve on January 11, 2019 from https://www.denr.gov.ph /index.php
/priority-programs/solid-waste-management

Environmental Protection Agency. (2017). Dust Control Handbook for Industrial

Minerals Mining and Processing. https://www.epa.gov /sites/production /files
/2017- 04/documents/dust_control_handbook_for_industrial_minerals
_mining_and_processing.pdf

Erinosho, M., Angula, E., Shaanika, S. (2023). Design and Fabrication of a

Hand Operated Sweeping Machine. In: Awang, M., Al-Kayiem, H.H., Bor,
T.C., Emamian, S.S. (eds) Advances in Material Science and Engineering.
ICMMPE 2022. Proceedings in Technology Transfer. Springer, Singapore.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5318-9_16

Jaya F. (2020). TIP Quezon City Students Invent Pedal-OperatedRoad Sweeper,

Street Sweeping Made Faster & Easier. Retrieve on February 7, 2022 from
https://thesmartlocal.ph/pedal-operated-road-sweeper/

Jeth. (1999). Dust Control Handbook for Industrial Minerals Mining and
Processing. https://www. cdc.gov/niosh/mining/UserFiles/works/ pdfs/dc. pdf

Johnson, D. (2016). Cart Pushers, Mate-able Carts, and Related System, Method,
and Devices Retrieved on January 21, 2016 from https:// typeset.io/
papers/cart-pusher-mateable-carts-and-related-systems-methods-and-
39n59pffum

Lauzé, S (2017) How To Determine Bike Chain Length Retrieve on November

1,2017 from https://ilovebicycling.com/determine-bike-chain- length/
#:~:text=L%20%3D%202%20(C)%20%2B,convert%20this%2
0to%20decimal%20form

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Pups, H. (2023). Rethinking manual material Handling in Warehouses Retrieve on

October 11, 2023 from https://ohsonline. com/articles /2023/ 10/11/ rethinking-
manual-material-handling-in-warehouses.aspx

Saley, R. (2012). Solid Waste Management in the Philippines: A Case

Study of Barangay Poblacion in San Juan, Batangas.
https://www.academia.edu/3102889/

Sever, M. (2019), Road dust: A health hazard hidden in plain sight,

Eos, 100, Retrieved on 07 November 2019 from
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EO136341.

Turrentine, J. & Mackenzie, J. (2021). Air Pollution: Everything You

Need To Know Retrieved on June 22, 2021 from
https://www.nrdc.org/stories/air-pollution-everything-you-need-know#whatis

World Bank, (2019). Urban Development: Understanding Poverty

Retrieved on July 05, 2019 from https:// www.worldbank.org /en/ topic/
urban development /overview

Wright S. (2021). First all-electric street sweeper hits the road Retrieve on
August 1, 2021 from https://www.themunicipal.com/2021/08/first-all-electric-
street-sweeper-hits-the-road/

Zhou, L. (2012) Human-powered road sweeper Retrieve on April 18,

2012 from https://typeset.io/ papers/ human- powered -road- sweeper-
3yc4atxy4n

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Cost of materials

Good quality, low-cost materials were chosen to create an affordable manually

operated road sweeper that everyone can build and afford. The costs of the materials

are shown in the table below.

Table 4. Materials Costing for the construction of Manually Operated Road

Sweeper.

Materials Quantity Price (pesos)

1 1/2 inch Angle bar 1 396

1 1/2 inch Flat bar 1 250

Caster Swivel Wheel 4 540

Brush 4 440

1 mm Plain Sheet 1 300

1 inch GI pipe 1 610

Pillow block 2 380

Sprockets 2 220

Bike Chain 1 145

Welding rod 1 kg 88

1/8 Drill bit 2 150

Cutting disc 1 33

Revits 50 50

Bolts and Nuts 17 204

Total cost P 3,806

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Appendix 2. Materials Selection & Measurements

A. Selecting brush and wheels

B. Measuring the length of GI pipe for handle

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Appendix 3. Fabrication Process

A. Cutting and welding process of the frame

B. Constructing compartment & brush

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Appendix 4. Testing Process

A. Trial on crumpled papers

B. Trial on fallen leaves

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CURRICULUM VITAE

AJ JANSO L. VILLAR

Age : 22

Email Address : [email protected]

Home Address : P-Mangga, Brgy. Pob. 2, Burgos, SDN

Date of Birth : October 6, 2001

Place of Birth : Caraga Regional Hospital, Surigao City, SDN

Name of Parents : Alexander C. Villar

: Jolly L. Villar

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary School : Burgos Central Elementary School 2013-2014

High School : Pulo National High School 2017-2018

College : Surigao Education Center 2023-2024

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Km. 2, 8400 Surigao City, Philippines

CURRICULUM VITAE

BRIX IAN P. MORILLON

Age : 21

Email Address : [email protected]

Home Address : P-3 Brgy.Honrado, San Francisco, SDN

Date of Birth : September 14, 2002

Place of Birth : Anao-aon, San Francisco, SDN

Name of Parents : Rinson D. Morillon

: Rowena P. Morillon

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary School : Honrado Elementary School 2013-2014

High School : San Francisco National High School 2017-2018

College : Surigao Education Center 2023-2024

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Km. 2, 8400 Surigao City, Philippines

CURRICULUM VITAE

JOHN RED M. DUMA

Age : 22

Email Address : [email protected]

Home Address : P-Silangan, Poblacion, Tubod, SDN

Date of Birth : January 3, 2002

Place of Birth : Poblacion, Tubod, SDN

Name of Parents : Joel L. Duma

: Eden C. Maglinte

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary School : Tubod Central Elementary School 2013-2014

High School : Tubod National High School 2017-2018

College : Surigao Education Center 2023-2024

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CURRICULUM VITAE

SHEIK SHAJED B. ARAPOC

Age : 22

Email Address : [email protected]

Home Address : P-4 Dona Helene Basilisa, Dinagat Islands

Date of Birth : September 9, 2001

Place of Birth : Dinagat District Hospital

Name of Parents : Nilo P. Arapoc Jr.

: Jean B. Arapoc

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary School : Surigao West Central Elem, School 2013-2014

High School : Saint Paul University Surigao 2017-2018

College : Surigao Education Center 2023-2024

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