The wave-mechanical model or quantum mechanical model was proposed in the 1920s when scientists Erwin

Schrodinger and Louis Victor de Broglie determined that the previous model (the Bohr model) was not useful
determining electron locations.

Ayaw ni e suwat: The wave-mechanical theory proposes that each electron circling an atom’s nucleus occupies a
specific orbital and spins a certain direction, but the orbital is like a cloud or wave of energy, not the ring you
might imagine thinking about the earth’s orbit around the sun.

Who introduced the wave-mechanical model of an atom?

Louis de Broglie (1924) – proposed that the electron (which is thought as a particle) can also be thought as a a
wave.

He states that: No one can predict the exact path an electron will follow as it moves around the nucleus.

Erwin Schrodinger – a physicist and a biologist, was considered as the Father of Quantum Mechanics

Erwin Schrodinger – used the wave idea to develop a mathematical equation to describe the hydrogen atom.

He discovered that: Electrons move around the nucleus in a `a cloud’ not `orbits’

Orbital helps us predict the area where we can find electrons.

The closer the position to the nucleus, the higher the chance to find electrons.

Wernel Karl Heisenberg – discovered that for very small particles like the electron, its location cannot be exactly
known and how it is moving.

This is called UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

Uncertainty principle – you can’t locate the exact position of an electron at any given time (too small, too fast).

Atomic orbital – The volume or region of space around the nucleus where the electron is most likely to be
found.

Louis de Broglie was the first physicist to theorize that all matter exhibited the quantum ability to act like solid
matter or wave. In the mid-1900s, Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer found physical evidence that electrons
did indeed exhibit wave-mechanical properties. These findings coincided with Erwin Schrodinger's
computational findings that mathematically theorized the particle-wave duality of matter.

The Bohr model was sufficient enough to explain the structure and behavior of simple atoms like hydrogen.
However, it could not explain the behavior of more complex atoms.

The most recent atomic model was based on the principle of wave mechanics which involves complex
mathematical equations and are quite complicated.

The theory of wave mechanics - explains that the movement of electrons about an atom has no definite path. It is
therefore impossible to determine the exact location of an electron. Scientists can only predict the probable
location of an electron. It is based on how much energy it has.

(ayaw ni e suwat) The modern atomic model was based on the findings of Rutherford and Bohr and the principle of
wave mechanics.

The modern model of the atom - states that an atom is composed of a small positively charged nucleus,
surrounded by a large region where there are enough electrons surrounding the nucleus to make the atom neutral.

Comes from the mathematical solution to the Schrodinger equation. It views an electron as a cloud of negative
charge having a certain geometric shape.
(put space ari kay nay picture ipapilit. Ang space kay equivalent to short bond paper)

The figure shows that the darker an area, the greater the probability of finding the electron in that area.

The Wave Mechanical model (The Quantum Mechanical Model) also gives information about the energy of the
electron and describes the region of space around the nucleus as consisting of shells.

(table ni ari, put space gihapon)

Quantum Mechanics may be used to determine the arrangement of the electrons within an atom if three specific
principles are applied:

Aufbau Principle: Electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first.

Niel Bohr proposed the Aufbau Principle. Aufbau means building up in Germany, so the Aufbau principle explains
how the electron shells are built up, or filled with electrons.

(Headings ni so dako2 ni ig suwat) ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

Consists of three Quantum numbers:
Example: 4p^5

4 is the distribution of electrons in an atom. Consist of a number denoting the energy level

Angular momentum quantum number (I) that describes the shape of the orbitals.
These line groups are called the sharp(s orbital), principal(p orbital), diffuse(d orbital), and fundamental
orbital ( f orbital)

P is the letter denoting the type of orbital

(space for the picture)

The third quantum number is the magnetic quantum number (ml). It describes the orientation of the
orbital sound around the nucleus.
5 is an example of a superscript denoting the number of electrons in those orbitals.

Pauli Exclusion Principle – an atomic orbital can describe at most two electrons. Proposed by Austrian physicist
Wolfgang Pauli

(space for the picture)

Hund’s Rule – when electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy, electrons will enter empty orbitals first.
Discovered by Friedrich Hund in 1925.

(space for the picture)

Understanding the behavior of atoms and its constituent particles—primarily electrons—is made easier with the
help of the wave model of the atom, commonly referred to as quantum mechanics or quantum theory. The wave-
particle duality, probabilistic nature, and uncertainty principle serve as its foundations. (dli ni isuwat)
The following summarizes the (dli ni isuwat)

Features and Essence of the Atomic Wave Model

Wave-Particle Duality: The wave model recognized the particles with characteristics similar to both waves and
particles, like electrons. Electrons are classified as waves with certain wavelengths and frequencies in addition to
being discrete particles with definite locations and movement.

Probability Distributions: Using probability distributions called orbitals, the wave model characterizes electrons
rather than giving them exact routes. These orbitals show the areas of space that are most likely to contain
electrons. The square of the wave function, which depicts the electron's quantum state, indicates the likelihood of
finding an electron within a specific orbital.

Quantum Numbers: The wave model introduces quantum numbers to characterize the energy, angular momentum,
and orientation of orbitals. These quantum numbers include the principal quantum number, azimuthal quantum
number (l), magnetic quantum number (m), and spin quantum number (s). They provide a more detailed
description of electron states compared to the Bohr model.

Energy Levels and Spectral Lines: The wave model explains the discrete electron energy levels in atoms and the
spectral lines seen in atomic spectra. Solving the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom and other systems
results in the quantize energy levels that electrons occupy. Atomic spectra are characterized by characteristic
spectral lines that arise from the emission or absorption of electromagnetic radiation during transitions between
different energy levels.

In conclusion, compared to traditional models such as the Bohr model, the wave model of the atom offers a more
precise and thorough explanation of atomic structure and function. It is the basis of contemporary quantum
mechanics and has several uses in chemistry, materials science, technology, physics, and other fields. (dili ni isuwat)