Principles of

Communications
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
BSECE 2nd year
Engr. Christopher V. Maglaque, MEM
Assistant Professor IV
 Modulation
It is the process of impressing or imparting a low frequency
source information (voice, audio, video, or data) onto a high-
frequency bandpass signal with a carrier frequency fc by the
introduction of amplitude, frequency or phase perturbation.

Amplitude Demodulation
It is the reverse process where the received signals are
Modulation transformed back to their original form.

Amplitude Modulation
It is an analog modulation scheme in which the amplitude
of a relatively high-frequency carrier signal is varied in accordance
with the instantaneous amplitude of an information signal.
 THE AM WAVEFORM

Amplitude
Modulation
A. AM WAVEFORM
 Instantaneous Amplitude of the Modulated Wave

Amplitude
Modulation
AM Waveform
- Instantaneous Amplitude
of the Modulated Wave
 Instantaneous Amplitude of the Modulated Wave
Amplitude The modulating signal is more often an arbitrary waveform, such as
Modulation audio signal. However, an analysis of sine wave modulation is very
useful, since Fourier analysis often allows complex signals to be
AM Waveform express as a series of sinusoids.
- Instantaneous Amplitude
of the Modulated Wave Hence,
 By applying little trigonometry,

Amplitude
Modulation
AM Waveform
- Instantaneous Amplitude
of the Modulated Wave
 Amplitude
Modulation
AM Waveform
- Instantaneous Amplitude
of the Modulated Wave
 NOTE:
First, note that the amplitude of the carrier after modulation is the
same as it was before modulation.
Amplitude
Second, the amplitude of the upper and lower side frequencies is a
Modulation function of both the carrier amplitude and the modulation index.

AM Waveform Third, the carrier component is a +sine function, the upper side
- Instantaneous Amplitude frequency a –cosine function, and the lower side frequency a
of the Modulated Wave +cosine function or the carrier is 90° out of phase with both the
upper and lower side frequencies, and the upper and lower side
frequency are 180° out of phase with each other.
 Coefficient of Modulation (m)
A term used to describe the amount of amplitude changed
(modulation) present in an AM waveform.
Amplitude Mathematically,
Modulation Where:
Vm= peak amplitude of the modulating signal in V
Vc= peak amplitude of the carrier signal in V
AM Waveform
-Coefficient of Modulation
(m) In terms of envelope:
Where:
Vmax= Vc + Vm
Vmin= Vc – Vm
 Sample Problems:
1. An AM signal has the following characteristics: carrier
frequency = 150 MHz; modulating frequency = 3 MHz; peak
carrier voltage = 40 volts; and peak modulating voltage is 30
volts. Calculate the peak voltage of the lower sideband
frequency.
Amplitude
Modulation
AM Waveform
-Coefficient of Modulation
(m)
 2. Calculate the modulation index for a standard AM transmission, if
the maximum peak voltage of the modulated wave is 150 V and the
modulating signal voltage is 50 V peak.

Amplitude
Modulation
AM Waveform
-Coefficient of Modulation
(m)
 Several Cases of m:
a. Undermodulation
(m<1, Vm<Vc)

Amplitude
Modulation b. 100% Modulation
(m=1, Vm=Vc)
AM Waveform
-Coefficient of Modulation
(m)

c. Overmodulation
(m>1, Vm>Vc)
 NOTE:
Amplitude OVERMODULATION creates side frequencies (harmonics) further
Modulation from the carrier known as SPLATTER, BUCKSHOT, or SPURIOUS
EMISSIONS which create interference to other radio services and
AM Waveform since spectrum space is tightly controlled by law, overmodulation is
-Coefficient of Modulation illegal.
(m)
 Sample Problem:
1. A modulating signal consists of a symmetrical triangular wave
having zero dc component and peak-to-peak voltage of 11 V.
Calculate the value of modulation index if it used to amplitude
modulate a carrier of peak voltage 10 V.

Amplitude
Modulation
AM Waveform
-Coefficient of Modulation
(m)
Amplitude
Modulation where:
mT= total modulation index
B. SIMULTANEOUS m1,m2……mn = modulation indices due to several modulating signal
MODULATION
 Sample Problems:
1. An AM transmitter is modulated by two sine waves at 1.5 kHz and
2.5 kHz, with modulation of 20 percent and 80 percent respectively.
Calculate the effective modulation index.

Amplitude
Modulation
B. SIMULTANEOUS
MODULATION
 2. Calculate the modulating voltage of an audio signal necessary to
provide 100% modulation of a 100-V carrier that is simultaneously
modulated by 2 audio waves with m1 and m2 equal to 75% and 45%
respectively.

Amplitude
Modulation
B. SIMULTANEOUS
MODULATION
 SPECTRUM OF CONVENTIONAL AM SIGNAL

1. Frequency Spectrum

Amplitude
Modulation 2. Voltage Spectrum
C. SPECTRUM OF
CONVENTIONAL AM
SIGNAL 3. Power Spectrum
 CONVENTIONAL AM SYSTEM (DSBFC)

1. AM Bandwidth

Amplitude
Modulation
D. CONVENTIONAL AM
SYSTEM (DSBFC) 2. Side Frequency (Sideband)
 CONVENTIONAL AM SYSTEM (DSBFC)

Amplitude
Modulation
D. CONVENTIONAL AM
SYSTEM (DSBFC)
 Sample Problems:
1. What will be the total sideband power of an AM transmitting
station whose carrier power is 1200 W and a modulation of 95%?

Amplitude
Modulation
D. CONVENTIONAL AM
SYSTEM (DSBFC)
 2. Calculate the power in one sideband of an AM signal whose carrier
power is 50 watts. The unmodulated current is 2 A while the
modulated current is 2.4 A.

Amplitude
Modulation
D. CONVENTIONAL AM
SYSTEM (DSBFC)
 3. Calculate the total power and the power in each side frequency
for a standard AM transmission that is sinusoidally modulated to a
depth of 80% if the unmodulated carrier power is 50 kW.

Amplitude
Modulation
D. CONVENTIONAL AM
SYSTEM (DSBFC)
 E. SUPPRESSED-CARRIER AM SYSTEM
1. Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier (DSB-SC)
Amplitude
Modulation
E. SUPPRESSED-CARRIER
AM SYSTEM.
 Sample Problem:
1. A DSB-SC system must suppress the carrier by 50 dB from its
original value of 10 W. To what value must the carrier be
reduced?

Amplitude
Modulation
E. SUPPRESSED-CARRIER
AM SYSTEM.
 E. SUPPRESSED-CARRIER AM SYSTEM
2. Single-Sideband Full-Carrier (SSB-FC)
Amplitude
Modulation
E. SUPPRESSED-CARRIER
AM SYSTEM.
 Sample Problem:
Assuming 100% modulation H3E system, what would be the
transmitted power in the remaining sideband of an AM signal if the
carrier power is 1000 watts?

Amplitude
Modulation
E. SUPPRESSED-CARRIER
AM SYSTEM.
 E. SUPPRESSED-CARRIER AM SYSTEM
3. Single-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier
Amplitude
Modulation
E. SUPPRESSED-CARRIER
AM SYSTEM.
 E. SUPPRESSED-CARRIER AM SYSTEM
4. Single-Sideband Reduced-Carrier (For 90% Suppression)
Amplitude
Modulation
E. SUPPRESSED-CARRIER
AM SYSTEM.
 F. PERCENTAGE POWER SAVING
Amplitude
Modulation
F. PERCENTAGE POWER
SAVING
 Sample Problems:
1. Determine the power saving in percent when the carrier is
suppressed in an AM signal modulated to 80%.

Amplitude
Modulation
F. PERCENTAGE POWER
SAVING
 2. Calculate the percentage power saving for J3E system at 90%
modulation.

Amplitude
Modulation
F. PERCENTAGE POWER
SAVING
 Comparison between Different Systems (Applicable when m=1)

Amplitude
Modulation
Amplitude
Modulation QUESTIONS???
Amplitude THANK YOU & GOD BLESS
Modulation
STAY SAFE!!!