Performance Enhancement of Intrusion Detection
Systems using Advances in Sensor Fusion
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the degree of
BACHELOR / MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATION
Under
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, JAIPUR
BY
YOUR NAME
University Enrolment no: 111111111
University Registration no: 11111111111
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROF. GUIDE NAME
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER APPLICATION
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, JAIPUR
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Approval Certificate
This is to certify that the project report entitled “Performance Enhancement of Intrusion
Detection Systems using Advances in Sensor Fusion” submitted by Candidate name
(Enrolment No. :111111111) in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of
Bachelor / Master of Computer Application from University of Engineering and
Management, Jaipur was carried out in a systematic and procedural manner to the best of our
knowledge. It is a bona fide work of the candidate and was carried out under our supervision and
guidance during the academic session of 2022-2025.
_______________________
Prof. GUIDE NAME
Project Guide, Assistant Professor
(Dept. of Computer Application)
UEM, JAIPUR
___________________________ ______________________
Prof. Somen Nayak Prof. (Dr.) A Mukherjee
HoD, Dept. of Computer Application, UEM Jaipur Dean Academics, UEM, JAIPUR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The endless thanks goes to Lord Almighty for all the blessings he has showered
onto me, which has enabled me to write this last note in my research work. During
the period of my research, as in the rest of my life, I have been blessed by
Almighty with some extraordinary people who have spun a web of support around
me. Words can never be enough in expressing how grateful I am to those
incredible people in my life who made this thesis possible. I would like an attempt
to thank them for making my time during my research in the Institute a period I
will treasure. I am deeply indebted to my research supervisor, Professor Guide
Name me such an interesting thesis topic. Each meeting with him added in
valuable aspects to the implementation and broadened my perspective. He has
guided me with his invaluable suggestions, lightened up the way in my darkest
times and encouraged me a lot in the academic life.
Candidate Name
ABSTRACT
The technique of sensor fusion addresses the issues relating to the optimality of
decision-making in the multiple-sensor framework. The advances in sensor fusion
enable to perform intrusion detection for both rare and new attacks. This thesis
discusses this assertion in detail, and describes the theoretical and experimental
work done to show its validity. The attack-detector relationship is initially modeled
and validated to understand the detection scenario. The different metrics available
for the evaluation of intrusion detection systems are also introduced. The
usefulness of the data set used for experimental evaluation has been demonstrated.
The issues connected with intrusion detection systems are analyzed and the need
for incorporating multiple detectors and their fusion is established in this work.
Sensor fusion provides advantages with respect to reliability and completeness, in
addition to intuitive and meaningful results. The goal for this work is to investigate
how to combine data from diverse intrusion detection systems in order to improve
the detection rate and reduce the false-alarm rate. The primary objective of the
proposed thesis work is to develop a theoretical and practical basis for enhancing
the performance of intrusion detection systems using advances in sensor fusion
with easily available intrusion detection systems. This thesis introduces the
mathematical basis for sensor fusion in order to provide enough support for the
acceptability of sensor fusion in performance enhancement of intrusion detection
systems.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................1
List of Figures..................................................................................................................................2
1. CHAPTER................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................3
1.1 Moore’s Law-But what’s next?.....................................................................................3
1.2 A Possible Solution.......................................................................................................3
1.3 Why QCA?....................................................................................................................3
1.4 Correlation and Coherencein quantum-dot cellular automata.......................................4
1.5 Elements in Quantum Cellular automata.......................................................................4
2. CHAPTER................................................................................................................................5
QCA Device Background............................................................................................................5
2.1 The Basic QCA Device.................................................................................................5
2.2 The Basic QCA Logical Device - The Majority Gate...................................................6
RESULTS & DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
APPENDIX......................................................................................................................................9
BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................10
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 -QCA cell polarizations and representations of binary 1 and binary 0........................10
Figure 2.2 -The fundamental QCA logical device - the majority gate..........................................11
Chapter-1
Introduction
1.1 Moore’s Law-But what’s next?
In 1965, Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors that could be integrated into a
single die would grow exponentially with time. Moore's law has governed microprocessor
manufacturing processes, and consequently microprocessor performance ever since. However,
recent studies indicate that during the next two decades, the laws of nature will begin to govern
microprocessor design and fabrication(Niemer, 2004).
1.2 A Possible Solution
As an alternative to CMOS-VLSI, researchers have proposed an approach to computing with
quantum dots, the quantum cellular automata (QCA). First proposed in 1994, unlike
conventional computers in which information is transferred from one place to another by means
of electrical current, QCA transfers information by propagating a polarization state.
QCA is based upon the encoding of binary information in the charge configuration within
quantum dot cells. Computational power is provided by the Columbic interaction between QCA
cells. No current flows between cells and no power or information is delivered to individual
internal cells. The local interconnections between cells are provided by the physics of cell-to-cell
interaction due to the rearrangement of electron positions (Niemer, 2004).
1.3 Why QCA?
Quantum cellular automata (QCA) is an emerging nanotechnology that has been gaining
attention in the research community because of its interesting features, simple concept, and.
1.4 Correlation and Coherencein quantum-dot cellular automata
QCA’s three fundamental realizations, the metal island , the semiconductor and the molecular
implementations are different from the point of view of coherence and correlation. Coherence
means that the quantum mechanical system evolves according to the Schrödinger wave equation.
Decoherence, on the contrary, denotes the case where the time evolution deviates from the wave
equation. The correlation of A and B, in general, can be given as
1.5 Elements in Quantum Cellular automata
In quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) architecture, computation is performed by relying on
device to device interactions. Elementary units are the QCA cells that typically contain two
electrons and four possible dot locations at each corner of a QCA cell. There are two ground
states for each cell, which can be used to represent 0 or 1. The state of a cell is determined by the
columbic interactions with neighboring cell states.
Chapter-2
Background Theory
QCA cells perform computation by interacting Coulombically with neighboring cells to
influence each other's polarization. In the following subsections we review some simple, yet
essential, QCA logical devices: a majority gate, QCA "wires", and more complex combinations
of QCA cells.
1.6 The Basic QCA Device
A high-level diagram of a four-dot QCA cell appears in Figure 2.1. Four quantum dots are
positioned to form a square. Quantum dots are small semi-conductoror metal islands with a
diameter that is small enough to make their charging energy greater than kBT (where kB is
Boltzmann's constant and T is the operating temperature). (In the future, they will shrink to
regions within specially designed molecules.) If this is the case, they will trap individual charge
barriers (Tougaw & Lent, 1994).
Figure 2.1 -QCA cell polarizations and representations of binary 1 and binary 0.
It is also worth noting that there is an unpolarized state as well. In an unpolarized state, interdot
potential barriers are lowered which reduces the confinement of the electrons on the individual
quantumdots. Consequently, the cells exhibit little or no polarization and the two-electronwave
functions have delocalized across the cell(Lent & Tougaw, A device architecture for computing
with quantum dots, 1997).
1.7 The Basic QCA Logical Device - The Majority Gate
The fundamental QCA logical circuit is the three-input majority gate that appears in Figure 2.2 .
Computation is performed with the majority gate by driving the device cell (cell 4 in the figure)
to its lowest energy state. This happens when it assumes the polarization of the majority of the
three input cells. We define an input cell simply as one that is changed by a signal that is
propagating in a direction that istoward the device cell. The device cell will always assume the
majority polarizationbecause it is this polarization where electron repulsion between the
electrons in thethree input cells and the device cell will be at a minimum.
Figure 2.2 -The fundamental QCA logical device - the majority gate.
Chapter-3
Related Work
Chapter-4
Materials &Methods
Chapter-5
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Chapter-6
CONCLUSION
Chapter-7
Future Works
APPENDIX
LIST OF PUBLICATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Lent, C. S., & Tougaw, P. D. (1997). A device architecture for computing with quantum dots.
Proceedings of the IEEE, 85 (4), 541-557.
Niemer, M. T. (2004, January). Designing digital systems in quantum cellular automata. MS
Thesis,University of Notredame .
Tougaw, P. D., & Lent, C. S. (1994). Logical devices implemented using quantum cellular
automata. Journal of Applied Physics, 75 (3), 1818-1825.
