3rd Topic

Partial Differential Equations

Linear partial differential equation of first order

(Lagrange’s linear equation)

Prepared by:
Prof. Sunil
Department of Mathematics & Scientific Computing
NIT Hamirpur (HP)

DEFINITIONS:
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE FIRST ORDER:
A differential equation involving first order partial derivatives p and q only is
called a partial differential equation of the first order.
LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
A partial differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable z and
its derivatives are of degree one and products of z and its derivatives do not appear in the
equation.

e.g. x 2 p + y 2 q = z is linear partial differential equation in z and of first order.

QUASI-LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:
Partial differential equation is said to be quasi-linear if degree of highest ordered
derivative is one and no products of partial derivatives of the highest order are present.

( )
e.g. zz xx + z y 2 = 0 is quasi-linear partial differential equation in z and of second order.

NON-LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:

A P.D.E., which is not linear, is known as non-linear P.D.E.
2
 ∂ 2u 
e.g.   + u 2  ∂u  = f (x , y ) is non-linear in u and of second order.
 ∂x 2   ∂y 
   
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 2
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HOMOGENEOUS PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION:

If in a P.D.E., each term contains the dependent variable or its derivatives, THE
p.d.e. is known as homogeneous p.d.e. Otherwise p.d.e. is non-homogeneous.
LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF THE FIRST ORDER:
If p and q both occur in the first degree only and are not multiplied together, then
it is called a linear partial differential equation of the first order.

LAGRANGE’S LINEAR EQUATION:

The general form of a quasi-linear partial differential equation of the first order is
P(x , y, z )p + Q(x, y, z )q = R (x, y, z ) . (i)
This equation (i) is known as Lagrange’s linear equation.
If P and Q are independent of z and R is linear in z, then (i) is a linear equation.
Such an equation is obtained by eliminating an arbitrary function φ from φ(u, v ) = 0 , (ii)
where u, v are specific (known) functions of x, y, z.
Lagrange’s auxiliary equations:
Differentiating (ii) partially w. r. t. x and y.

∂φ  ∂u ∂u  ∂φ  ∂v ∂v  ∂φ  ∂u ∂u  ∂φ  ∂v ∂v 
 + p  +  + p  = 0 and  + q +  + q = 0 .
∂u  ∂x ∂z  ∂v  ∂x ∂z  ∂u  ∂y ∂z  ∂v  ∂y ∂z 

∂φ ∂φ
Eliminating and , we get
∂u ∂v
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
+ p + p
∂x ∂z ∂x ∂z = 0
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
+ q + q
∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z

 ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v   ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v  ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
⇒  . − . p +  . − . q = . − . . (iii)
 ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂y   ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂z  ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
This is of the same form as (i) with
 ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v   ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v   ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v 
P =  . − .  , Q =  . − .  and R =  . − .  .
 ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂y   ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂z   ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x 
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 3
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To determine u, v, from P, Q, R:
Suppose u = a and v = b, where a, b are constants, so that
∂u ∂u ∂u
dx + dy + dz = du = 0 ,
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂v ∂v ∂v
dx + dy + dz = dv = 0 .
∂x ∂y ∂z
By cross-multiplication, we get
dx dy dz
= = .
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
. − . . − . . − .
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
dx dy dz
⇒ = = . [by virtue of (i) and (iii)] (iv)
P Q R
The solution of these equations are u = a and v = b.
dx dy dz
Thus, determining u, v from the simultaneous equations = = ,
P Q R
we have the solution of the partial differential equation.
Thus, φ(u, v ) = 0 or u = f ( v) is the required solution of Pp + Qq = R .
dx dy dz
Note: Equations = = are called Lagrange’s auxiliary equations or
P Q R
subsidiary equations

Method of obtaining General Solution:

(i) Rewrite the equation in the standard form Pp + Qq = R .
dx dy dz
(ii) Form the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations (A.E.) = = .
P Q R
(iii) Solve the auxiliary equations by the method of grouping or the method of
multiplier or both to get two independent solutions u = a and v = b, where a,
b are arbitrary constants.
(iv) Then φ(u, v ) = 0 or u = f ( v) is the general solution of the equation
Pp + Qq = R .
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 4
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Extended form for more than two independent variables:

In the differential equation Pp + Qq = R , there are two independent variables x and y. To
solve it, we have to find two independent solutions satisfying the equation
dx dy dz
= = . This procedure can be extended to linear partial equations of the last
P Q R
order involving more than two independent variables.
If u1 = c1 , u 2 = c 2 ,........u n = c n are n independent solutions of the equations

dx1 dx 2 dx dz
= = ....... = n = .
P1 P2 Pn R
Then, the general solution of the differential equation
∂z ∂z ∂z
P1 + P2 + .........Pn =R.
∂x1 ∂x 2 ∂x n

is φ(u1 , u 2 ,.........u n ) = 0 , where φ is an arbitrary function.

Now let us solve some linear partial differential equation of the first order:

Q.No.1.: Solve the following differential equation: pz − qz = z 2 + (x + y )2 .

Sol.: Given differential equation is pz − qz = z 2 + (x + y )2 .

This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
dx dy dz
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are = = 2 .
z − z z + (x + y )2

Taking the first two members, we get dx + dy = 0 .

Integrating, we get x + y = a . (i)
This is first independent solution.
Again taking first and third members, we get
dx dz zdz
= ⇒ dx = , since x + y = a.
2
z 2
z + (x + y ) z + a2
2

2zdz
⇒ = 2dx .
z2 + a 2
Integrating both sides, we get

( ) [ ]
log z 2 + a 2 = 2 x + b ⇒ log z 2 + (x + y )2 − 2x = b . (ii)
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 5
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This is second independent solution.

Since we know that if u = a and v = b are two independent solutions, then φ(u, v ) = 0 or
u = f ( v) is the general solution of the equation Pp + Qq = R .
Thus, from (i) and (ii), the required general solution is

[ ( ) ]
φ x + y, log x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy − 2x = 0 . Ans.
Q.No.2.: Solve the following differential equation:

(mz − ny ) ∂z + (nx − ℓz ) ∂z = ℓy − mx .
∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z
Sol.: Given differential equation is (mz − ny ) + (nx − ℓz ) = ℓy − mx .
∂x ∂y
This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
dx dy dz
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are = = .
mz − ny nx − ℓz ℓy − mx
Using multipliers x, y, z, we get
xdx + ydy + zdz
each fraction = ⇒ xdx + ydy + zdz = 0 .
0
Integrating, we get

x 2 + y2 + z 2 = a . (i)
Again using multipliers ℓ , m and n, we get
ℓdx + mdy + ndz
each fraction = ⇒ ℓdx + mdy + ndz = 0 .
0
Integrating, we get
ℓx + my + nz = b . (ii)
Since we know that if u = a and v = b are two independent solutions, then φ(u, v ) = 0 or
u = f ( v) is the general solution of the equation Pp + Qq = R .
Hence, from (i) and (ii), the required general solution is

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = f (ℓx + my + nz ) .

( )
Q.No.3.: Solve the following differential equation: x 2 − y 2 − z 2 p + 2xyq = 2xz .

( )
Sol.: Given differential equation is x 2 − y 2 − z 2 p + 2xyq = 2xz .
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 6
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This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.

dx dy dz
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are = = .
x 2 − y2 − z2 2xy 2xz

dy dz
From the last two fractions, we have = .
y z
Integrating both sides, we get
y
log y = log z + log a ⇒ =a. (i)
z
Using multipliers x, y and z, we have
xdx + ydy + zdz xdx + ydy + zdz dz
each fraction = ⇒ =
( 2
x x +y +z 2 2
) (
x x 2 + y2 + z2 ) 2xz

2xdx + 2 ydy + 2zdz dz

⇒ = .
(x 2 2
+y +z 2
) z

Integrating both sides, we get

x 2 + y2 + z2
( )
log x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = log z + log b ⇒
z
= b. (ii)

Since we know that if u = a and v = b are two independent solutions, then φ(u, v ) = 0 or
u = f ( v) is the general solution of the equation Pp + Qq = R .

 y
Hence, from (i) and (ii), required general solution is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = zf   .
z

(
Q.No.4.: Solve the following differential equation: x 2 − yz p + y 2 − zx q = z 2 − xy . ) ( )
( ) (
Sol.: Given differential equation is x 2 − yz p + y 2 − zx q = z 2 − xy . )
This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
dx dy dz
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are = = . (i)
2 2 2
x − yz y − zx z − xy
dx − dy dy − dz
Each of these equations = = .
x − y − (y − x )z
2 2
y − z 2 − x (z − y )
2

d (x − y ) d (y − z ) d (x − y ) d ( y − z )
⇒ = ⇒ = .
(x − y )(x + y + z ) (y − z )(x + y + z ) x−y y−z
Integrating both sides, we get
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 7
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x−y
log(x − y ) = log(y − z ) + log c ⇒ = c. (ii)
y−z
Using multipliers x, y and z, each fraction of (i)
xdx + ydy + zdz xdx + ydy + zdz
= = . (iii)
3 3 3
x + y + z − 3xyz (x + y + z )(x 2 + y2 + z 2 − yz − zx − xy)
dx + dy + dz
Also, each of the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations = . (iv)
x + y + z 2 − yz − zx − xy
2 2

Equating (iii) and (iv) and canceling the common factor, we get
xdx + ydy + zdz
= dx + dy + dz ⇒ (xdx + ydy + zdz ) = (x + y + z )d(x + y + z )
x+y+z
Integrating both sides, we get

∫ (xdx + ydy + zdz) = ∫ (x + y + z )d(x + y + z ) + c

⇒ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = (x + y + z )2 + 2c
⇒ xy + yz + zx + c' = 0 . (v)
Since we know that if u = a and v = b are two independent solutions, then φ(u, v ) = 0 or
u = f ( v) is the general solution of the equation Pp + Qq = R .

x−y 
Hence, from (i) and (ii), required general solution is φ , xy + yz + zx  = 0 .
 y−z 

Q.No.5.: Solve the following differential equation: y 2 zp + x 2 zq = y 2 x .

Sol.: Given differential equation is y 2 zp + x 2 zq = y 2 x .

This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
dx dy dz
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are 2
= 2
= .
y z x z xy2

Taking first two members, we get x 2dx = y 2dy .

Integrating, we get

x 3 − y3 = a . (i)
Again taking first and third members, we get xdx = zdz
Integrating, we get

x 2 − z2 = b . (ii)
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 8
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Since we know that if u = a and v = b are two independent solutions, then φ(u, v ) = 0 or
u = f ( v) is the general solution of the equation Pp + Qq = R .

Hence, from (i) and (ii), required general solution is φ x 3 − y3 , x 2 − z 2 = 0 . ( )

Q.No.6.: Solve the following differential equation: x 2 (y − z )p + y 2 (z − x )q = z 2 (x − y ) .

Sol.: Given differential equation is x 2 (y − z )p + y 2 (z − x )q = z 2 (x − y ) .

This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
dx dy dz
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are = = .
x 2 (y − z ) y 2 (z − x ) z 2 (x − y )
1 1 1
Using 2
, 2
, as multipliers, we get
x y z2
1 1 1
2
dx + 2
dy + dz
x y z2
Each fraction = .
0
dx dy dz
∴ 2
+ 2
+ = 0.
x y z2
Integrating, we get
1 1 1
+ + =a. (i)
x y z
1 1 1
Again using , , as multipliers, we get
x y z
1 1 1
dx + dy + dz
x y z dx dy dz
Each fraction = ⇒ + + = 0.
0 x y z
Integrating, we get
log x + log y + log z = log b ⇒ log(xyz ) = log b ⇒ xyz = b . (ii)
Since we know that if u = a and v = b are two independent solutions, then φ(u, v ) = 0 or
u = f ( v) is the general solution of the equation Pp + Qq = R .

1 1 1 
Hence, from (i) and (ii), required general solution is φ + + , xyz  = 0 .
x y z 
Q.No.7.: Solve the following differential equation:
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 9
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(z 2
)
− 2 yz − y 2 p + (xy + zx )q = xy − zx .

( )
Sol.: Given differential equation is z 2 − 2 yz − y 2 p + (xy + zx )q = xy − zx .
This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
dx dy dz
Now here the auxiliary equations are 2 2
= = .
z − 2 yz − y xy + zx xy − zx

Taking x, y, z as multipliers, we get

xdx + ydy + zdz
Each fraction =
0
∴ xdx + ydy + zdz = 0 .
Integrating, we get

x 2 + y2 + z 2 = a . (i)
Again taking the last two numbers, we get
dy dz
= ⇒ (y − z )dy = (y + z )dz ⇒ ydy − (zdy + ydz ) − zdz = 0
xy + zx xy − zx

⇒ ydy − d(yz ) − zdz = 0 .

Integrating, we get

y 2 − 2 yz − z 2 = b . (ii)
Since we know that if u = a and v = b are two independent solutions, then φ(u, v ) = 0 or
u = f ( v) is the general solution of the equation Pp + Qq = R .

( )
Hence, from (i) and (ii), required general solution is φ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , y 2 − 2 yz − z 2 = 0 .
∂u ∂u ∂u
Q.No.8.: Solve the following differential equation: x +y +z = xyz .
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂u ∂u
Sol.: Given differential equation is x +y +z = xyz .
∂x ∂y ∂z
This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
dx dy dz du
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are = = = .
x y z xyz
dx dy
Taking first and second members, we get = .
x y
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 10
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Integrating both sides, we get

x x
log x = log y + log c1 ⇒ log = log c1 ⇒ = c1 . (i)
y y
y
Similarly, taking second and third members, we get = c2 . (ii)
z
yzdx + zxdy + xydz du
Also, we have = ⇒ d(xyz ) = 3du .
3xyz xyz
Integrating both sides, we get
xyz − 3u = c3 . (iii)

Since we know that if u = a and v = b are two independent solutions, then φ(u, v ) = 0 or
u = f ( v) is the general solution of the equation Pp + Qq = R .
Thus, from (i), (ii) and (iii), the required general solution is
x y 
φ , , xyz − 3u  = 0 . Ans.
y z 
Q.No.9.: Solve the following differential equation: xp + yq = 3z .
Sol.: This is a PDE of first order Pq + Qq = R with P = x, Q = y and R = 3z.
dx dy dz
The Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are = = .
x y 3z
dx dy
Integrating the first two equations = , we get
x y
x
In x = In y + c1 ⇒ = c.
y
dx dz
Integrating first and last equations = , we get
x 3z

3 In x = In z + c 2 ∴ x 3 = c1z .

x
Thus the required solution is x 3 = z f   .
 y
 x3 x 
The general solution can also be written as F ,  = 0,
 z y
 
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 11
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dy dz
Note: By integrating 2nd and 3rd equations = , we also get y 3 = c 2 z so the general
y 3z

x
solution is also given by y 3 = zf   .
 y
Q.No.10.: Solve the following differential equation: p − q = log(x + y ) .
Sol.: Given differential equation is p − q = log(x + y ) .
This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
= =
1 − 1 In ( x + y)
Integrating the first two fractions dx + dy = 0 yields
x + y = c1
From first and last fractions In (x + y )dx = dz
Put x + y = c1 , then In c1dx = dz
Integrating x In c1 = z + c 2 ⇒ x. In (x + y ) = z + c 2 .
The general solution is
F(x + y, In ( x + y) − z ) = 0 .
Q.No.11.: Solve yzp − xzq = xy .
Sol.: Given differential equation is yzp − xzq = xy .
This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
= =
yz − xz xy
from first and second fractions, we get
dx dy dx dy
= ⇒ = ⇒ xdx + ydy = 0
yz − xz y −z

Integrating x 2 + y 2 = c1
From first and third fraction
dx dz dx dz
= ⇒ =
yz xy z x
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 12
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Integrating, x 2 − z 2 = c 2
Thus the general solution is

(
F x 2 + y2 , x 2 − z2 = 0 . )
(
Q.No.12.: Solve z z 2 + xy (px − qy ) = x 4 )
(
Sol.: Given differential equation is z z 2 + xy (px − qy ) = x 4 . )
This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
= =
(
xz z + xy2
) ( 2
− yz z + xy ) x4
From first and second fractions, we get
dx dy
=
x −y
on integration xy = c1
From first and third fraction

(
x 3 dx = z 3 + xyz dz )
using xy = c1 , x 3 dx = z 3 + c1z dz ( )
x4 z4 z2
Integrating = + c1 + c 2 ⇒ x 4 − z 4 − 2c1z 2 = c 2
4 4 2

Substituting for c1.x 4 − z 4 − 2(xy )z 2 = c 2

The general solution is

(
F xy, x 4 − z 4 − 2xyz 2 = 0 . )
Q.No.13.: Solve (z − y )p + (x − z )q = y − x .
Sol.: Given differential equation is (z − y )p + (x − z )q = y − x .
This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
= =
z−y x−z y−x
Choosing multipliers as 1, 1, 1
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 13
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dx + dy + dz = (z − y ) + (x − z ) + (y − z ) = 0
Integrating x + y + z = c1
Choosing multipliers as x, y, z
xdx + ydy + zdz = x (z − y ) + y(x − z ) + z(y − x ) = 0

Integrating x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = c 2
The general solution is

( )
F x + y + z, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0 .

Q.No.14.: Solve (y + zx )p − (x + yz )q = x 2 − y 2 .

Sol.: Given differential equation is (y + zx )p − (x + yz )q = x 2 − y 2 .

This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
= = .
y + zx − (x + yz ) x − y 2
2

Choosing multipliers as x , y,− z

( )
xdx + ydy − zdz = x (y + zx ) + y(− 1)(x + yz ) − z x 2 − y 2 = 0

Integrating x 2 + y 2 − z 2 = c1
Choosing multipliers as y, x, 1, we get

( )
ydx + xdy + dz = y(y + zx ) + x (− 1)(x + yz ) + x 2 − y 2 = 0
Integrating xy + z = c 2 .
The general solution is

( )
F x 2 + y 2 − z 2 , xy + z = 0 .

( )
Q.No.15.: Solve y 2 + z 2 p − xyq + zx = 0 .

( )
Sol.: Given differential equation is y 2 + z 2 p − xyq + zx = 0 .
This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
= =
2 2 − xy − zx
y +z
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 14
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From the second and third fractions

dy dz y
= ⇒ = c1
y z z
Choosing multipliers as x, y, z

( )
xdx + ydy + zdz = x y 2 + z 2 + y(− xy ) + z(− zx ) = 0

Integrating x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = c 2
The general solution is
y 
F , x 2 + y 2 + z 2  = 0 .
z 
Q.No.16.: Solve px (x + y ) = qy(x + y ) − (2x + 2 y + z )(x − y ) .
Sol.: Given differential equation is px (x + y ) = qy(x + y ) − (2x + 2 y + z )(x − y ) .
This is a Lagrange’s linear partial differential equation of first order.
Now here the Lagrange’s auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
= =
x (x + y ) − y(x + y ) − x (x − y )(2x + 2 y + z )
From first two fractions, canceling (x + y ) ,
We get
dx dy
=− ⇒ d(In x ) + d(In y ) = c
x y
which on integration gives xy = c1
dx + dy dx + dy dz
= =
x (x + y ) − y(x + y ) (x + y )(x − y ) − x (x − y )(2x + 2 y + z )
Canceling the x − y terms, we get
(2x + 2y + z )(dx + dy ) + (x + y )dz = 0

or (x + y + z )(dx + dy ) + (x + y )(dx + dy ) + (x + y )dz = 0

(x + y + z )d(x + y ) + (x + y )d(x + y + z ) = 0
i.e. d[(x + y )(x + y + z )] = 0
Integrating (x + y )(x + y + z ) = c 2 .
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 15
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Thus the general solution is

F[xy, (x + y )(x + y + z )] = 0 .

( ) (
Q.No.17.: Solve x 2 − y 2 − yz p + x 2 − y 2 − zx q = z(x − y ) . )
Sol.: Auxiliary equations are
dx dy dz
= =
2 2
x − y − yz 2
x − y − zx 2 z (x − y )

(
dx − dy − dz = x 2 − y 2 − yz − x 2 − y 2 − zx − z(x − y ) = 0 )
Integrating x − y − z = c1
From first and second fraction
xdx − ydy dz xdx − ydy dz
= ⇒ =
x 3 − xy 2 − x 2 y − y 3 z (x − y ) (x 2 − y 2 )(x − y) z (x − y )

i.e.,
1
2
[( )]
d In x 2 − y 2 = d (In z )

∴
(x − y ) = c
2 2
2
z2
∴ The general solution is

f  x − y − z,
(x 2 − y2 ) = 0 .
 z2 
 

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Home Assignments

Q.No.1.: Solve the following differential equation: p x + q y = x .

Ans.: x − y = f ( x− z . )
Q.No.2.: Solve the following differential equation: p cos(x + y ) + q sin (x + y ) = z .

  x + y π 
Ans.: [cos(x + y ) + sin (x + y )]c y − z = φz 2 tan +  .
  2 8 
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 16
(Lagrange’s linear equation) For Video Lecture, Visit: https://youtu.be/PWobEwMvXZc

Q.No.3.: Solve the following differential equation: pyz + qzx = xy .

(
Ans.: x 2 − y 2 = f y 2 − z 2 . )
Q.No.4.: Solve the following differential equation: p tan x + q tan y = tan z .

 sin x sin y 
Ans.: φ ,  = 0
 sin y sin z 

Q.No.5.: Solve the following differential equation: xp − yq = y 2 − x 2 .

Ans.: x 2 + y 2 + 2z = [log(xy)] .
Q.No.6.: Solve the following differential equation: (y + z )p − (z + x )q = x − y .

Ans.: x 2 + y 2 − z 2 = f (x + y + z ) .

Q.No.7.: Solve the following differential equation: x (y − z )p + y(z − x )q = z(x − y ) .

Ans.: x + y + z = f ( xyz) .
Q.No.8.: Solve the following differential equation:

( ) ( ) ( )
x y2 − z2 p + y z 2 − x 2 q − z x 2 − y2 = 0 .

( )
Ans.: φ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , xyz = 0 .

Q.No.9.: Solve the following differential equation: y 2 p − xyq = x (z − 2 y ) .

(
Ans.: x 2 + y 2 = f y 2 − yz . )
( ) ( )
Q.No.10.: Solve the following differential equation: px z − 2 y 2 = (z − qy ) z − y 2 − 2x 3 .

 y z y2 
Ans.: φ , − + x2  = 0.
z x x 
 
Q.No.11.: Solve the following differential equation: 2p + 3q = 1 .
Ans.: φ(3x − 2 y, y − 3z ) = 0 .

Q.No.12.: Solve the following differential equation: (y − z )p + (x − y )q = z − x .

 x2 

Ans.: φ x + y + z, + yz  .
 2 
 
Q.No.13.: Solve the following differential equation: (y + z )p + y(z + x )q = x + y .
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 17
(Lagrange’s linear equation) For Video Lecture, Visit: https://youtu.be/PWobEwMvXZc

x − y 
Ans.: φ , (x − y )2 (x + y + z ) = 0 .
y−z 
y−z z−x x−y
Q.No.14.: Solve the following differential equation:  p +  q = .
 yz   zx  xy

Ans.: φ(x + y + z, xyz ) = 0 .

Q.No.15.: Solve the following differential equation: x 2 p + y 2 q = (x + y )z .

x−y 1 1
Ans.: φ , −  = 0 .
 z y x

Q.No.16.: Solve the following differential equation: z(xp − yq ) = y 2 − x 2 .

( )
Ans.: φ xy, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0 .
Q.No.17.: Solve the following differential equation:

(y3x − 2x 4 )p + (2y 4 − x 3 y)q = 9z(x 3 − y3 ) .

 y x 
Ans.: φ + , xyz1 / 3  = 0 .
 x 2 y2 
 
Q.No.18.: Solve the following differential equation:
x1p1 + 2x 2 p 2 + 3x 3 p 3 + 4x 4 p 4 = 0 .

x 2 x 3 x 4 
Ans.: z = φ 1 , 1 , 1  .
 x 2 x3 x 4 
 
Q.No.19.: Solve xp + yq = z .

x y
Ans.: F ,  = 0 .
z z

Q.No.20.: Solve x 2 p + y 2 q = z 2 .

1 1 1 1
Ans.: F − , −  = 0 .
x y y z
Q.No.21.: Solve p + 3q = 5z + tan (y − 3x ) .

( )
Ans.: F y − 3x, e −5x {5z + tan (y − 3x )} = 0 .

( ) ( ) (
Q.No.22.: Solve x 3 + 3xy 2 p + y 3 + 3x 2 y q = 2 x 2 + y 2 z . )
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 18
(Lagrange’s linear equation) For Video Lecture, Visit: https://youtu.be/PWobEwMvXZc

 xy 
Ans.: F(x − y )− 2 − (x + y )− 2 ,  = 0 .
 z2 

( ) ( ) (
Q.No.23.: Solve x 2 y 3 − z 3 p + y 2 z 3 − x 3 q = z 2 x 3 − y 3 . )
 1 1 1
Ans.: F x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , + +  = 0 .
 x y z

( ) (
Q.No.24.: Solve 2x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2 yz − zx − xy p + x 2 + 2 y 2 + z − yz − 2zx − xy q )
(
= x 2 + y 2 + 2z 2 − yz − 2xy . )
x−y y−z
Ans.: F ,  = 0 .
 y−z z−x

Q.No.25.: Solve (x + 2z )p + (4zx − y )q = 2x 2 + y .

( )
Ans.: F xy − z 2 , x 2 − y − z = 0 .

Q.No.26.: Solve x (y − z )p + y(z − x )q = z(x − y ) .

Ans.: F(x + y + z, xyz ) = 0 .
Q.No.27.: Solve (y + z )p + (z + x )q = x + y .

x−y y − x 
Ans.: F , = 0.
 y−z x+y+z 
 

( ) (
Q.No.28.: Solve px z − 2 y 2 = (z − qy ) z − y 2 − 2x 3 . )
 y y2 z 
Ans.: F , − − x2  = 0 .
z x x 
 

( ) ( ) (
Q.No.29.: Solve x y 2 − z 2 p + y z 2 − x 2 q = z x 2 − y 2 . )
( )
Ans.: F x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , xyz = 0 .

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4th Topic
Partial Differential Equations: Linear partial differential equation of first order 19
(Lagrange’s linear equation) For Video Lecture, Visit: https://youtu.be/PWobEwMvXZc

Partial Differential Equations

Non-linear partial differential equation of first order
Standard forms:
(i) f (p, q ) = 0 ,
(ii) f (z, p, q ) = 0 ,
(iii) f (x, p ) = F(y, q ) ,
(iv) z = px + qy + f (p, q ) .

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