Name: Asmolo, Kyle Angela Prof.

Rosalina Lopez Date: 03-09-23

Section: BSOA 2-2 Rizal’s Life and Works

Activity #2
The Philippines in 19th Century as Rizal’s Context

Identify the following words or persons.

1. Viceroy - A Viceroy, a representative of a sovereign, governs a country or province,

including Spanish American colonies and peninsular Spain's kingdoms like Aragon and
Valencia.

2. Governor General - A governor-general is an official overseeing multiple officers, each

holding the governor or lieutenant governor title, primarily in Commonwealth countries.

3. Visitador - (Spanish: “inspector”,) plural Visitadores, were royally appointed officials in the
late Middle Ages to investigate justice administration in Spanish towns and civic administration,
finances, and road and bridge repair.

4. Residencia - Residencia, a judicial review of an official's acts, originated in Castile and

extended to Spain's colonial empire. It was applied mainly to corregidora and all major and
minor officials in the New World.

5. Alcalde Mayor - An alcalde mayor was the chief administrator of a territorial unit, with
varying size and significance. In New Spain, there were around 200 units in the 1780s, while in
Peru, similar units were called corregimientos.

6. Gobernadorcillo - The gobernadorcillo, or "little governor," was a Spanish colonial

Philippine municipal judge or governor responsible for town leadership, and economic, and
judicial administration. Appointed through exclusive nomination, their term lasted two years.

7. Indulto de Comercio - Indulto De Comercio was issued to Alcalde Mayors to prevent

personal use of taxes but was abolished in 1884 due to corruption.

8. Barangay - Barangay is an early Filipino settlement, derived from balangay, which refers to
sailboats carrying Malay settlers to the Philippines. These villages often included 30 to 100
families but remained isolated. This isolation facilitated the Spanish conquest in the 16th
century, as resistance remained uncoordinated and sporadic.

9. Cabeza de barangay - A cabeza de barangay, also known as teniente del barrio, was the head
of a barangay political unit in the Philippines during Spanish rule. It was inherited from the
Malayan aristocratic rank of datu. Philip II of Spain granted the nobility honors and privileges
before their conversion to Christianity.

10. Spanish Cortes - Cortes, a bicameral parliament, consists of a lower house and an upper
house, with Congress having legislative power and Senate decision-making authority.
 11. Royal Audiencia - Audiencia, a court in late medieval Spain, administered royal justice and
was a crucial governmental institution in Spanish colonial America. Judges were called oidores
and alcaldes de crimen, and decisions were final until Philip II's reign. However, appeals could
be made to a higher court, the chancillería.

12. Changes in the monarchy of Spain - The Monarchy in its different conceptions and modes,
has been the prevalent form of government or the institution holding the ultimate political power
in Spain and its adjacent territories throughout history. Hence the political and institutional
history of Spain, like that of other European countries, is, in part, the history of its Monarchy and
its kings and queens.

13. Napoleon Bonaparte - Bonaparte, a French general and emperor, rose through the ranks
after the Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered Europe but lost two-
thirds of his army in Russia. After the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to St. Helena.

14. Afrancesados - Afrancesados refers to Spanish and Portuguese partisans of Enlightenment

ideas, Liberalism, or the French Revolution. They were upper-middle-class supporters of the
French occupation of Iberia, preferring Napoleon I's reforms or avoiding war with the greatest
military power in Europe.

15. The Cadiz Constitution of 1812 - The Spanish Constitution of 1812, also known as the
Constitution of Cadiz, was the first Spanish Constitution, establishing limited monarchy power,
abolishing feudalism, providing equality between Spanish and American citizens, and ending the
Spanish Inquisition.

16. Don Fernando VII - Ferdinand VII, born in Madrid, was a Spanish King in the early 19th
century. He briefly ruled in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death in 1833. After being
overthrown by Napoleon, he re-established the absolutist monarchy and rejected the liberal
constitution. In 1820, a revolt led by Rafael del Riego forced him to restore the constitution,
leading to the Liberal Triennium. In 1823, French intervention restored him to absolute power.
Ferdinand VII suppressed the liberal press from 1814 to 1833, leading to Spain losing most of its
American possessions and a civil war. His political legacy remains contested, with some
historians describing him as incompetent, despotic, and short-sighted.

17. Queen Isabel - Isabella I, born in 1451, was queen of Castile and Aragon, ruling jointly from
1479. Her rule unified Spain and led to an overseas empire in the New World, supported by
Christopher Columbus.

18. Ilustrados - The Ilustrados, or "erudite" intellectuals, were the Filipino intelligentsia during
the Spanish colonial period. They were middle to upper-class Filipinos, educated in Spain and
exposed to liberal and European nationalist ideals. They sought reform through a more equitable
arrangement of political and economic power under Spanish tutelage. Many were children of
wealthy landowners or lessee families and were key figures in the development of Filipino
nationalism.

19. Progresistas - The progresistas, heirs of the exaltados, represented a lower middle class and
used the Urban Militia to pressure the crown. General Espartero ousted María Cristina and
established himself as regent in 1841-43. However, he was a disappointment to the radicals, who
allied with his conservative opponents under Ramón María Narváez.

20. Carlista - Spanish Carlismo, a traditionalist political movement, originated in the 1820s and
mobilized in 1827 through paramilitary Royalist Volunteers. It opposed liberalism and emerged
in the 1830s through Don Carlos, King Ferdinand VII's younger brother, who denied Charles
IV's pragmatic sanction and invoked the Salic Law of Succession, which excluded females from
royal succession.

21. World Trade - Global trade involves buying and selling goods or services globally,
involving capital investment and international trade between traders for growth and expansion.

22. Cebu - Cebu, the Philippines' Province of Cebu, is the oldest and largest city in the country,
with Cebu City as its capital. The Cebu Metropolitan Area, the second largest in the Philippines,
is the main center of commerce, trade, education, and industry. Cebu has become a global hub
for business processing services, tourism, shipping, furniture-making, and heavy industry.

23. Peninsulares - Peninsulares are Spaniards born in Spain, living in Spanish colonies, who
hold the highest social status and hold significant power positions in the caste system. Their
name comes from their birth on the Iberian Peninsula.

24. Insulares - Insulares were full-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines or Marianas,
ranking second in the Spanish hierarchy below peninsulares. They ranked above mestizos, native
Filipinos, and Indios.

25. Creoles - Creole, originally a term meaning European or African descent born in the West
Indies or parts of French or Spanish America, was excluded from high office in Spanish colonial
America. Discrimination arose from the Spanish crown policy, which rewarded Spanish subjects
with lucrative colonial posts while excluding Creoles from such positions. Creoles led
revolutions that affected the expulsion of the colonial regime in the early 19th century. After
independence, they entered the ruling class as conservatives, cooperating with higher clergy, the
army, large landowners, and foreign investors.

26. Ilustrado - The Ilustrados, or "erudite" intellectuals, were the Filipino intelligentsia during
the Spanish colonial period. They were middle to upper-class Filipinos, educated in Spain and
exposed to liberal and European nationalist ideals. They sought reform through a more equitable
arrangement of political and economic power under Spanish tutelage. Many were children of
wealthy landowners or lessee families and were key figures in the development of Filipino
nationalism.