Goodrich ISR Systems

Magnetometer Integration Guide

February 8, 2011

Authors: Marius Niculescu / Bill Vaglienti

2621 Wasco Street / PO Box 1500 / Hood River, OR 97031 (541) 387-2120 phone / (541) 387-2030 fax www.cloudcaptech.com / [email protected] / [email protected]

Cloud Cap Technology, a Goodrich Company

www.cloudcaptech.com | [email protected] | Tel. +1.541.387.2120 | Fax +1.541.387.2030

Table of Contents
1 2 Overview................................................................................................................................. 4 Installation............................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 Orientation .............................................................................................................. 4 Connections..................................................................................................................... 5 HMR2300 Connections .......................................................................................... 5 HMR3400 Connections .......................................................................................... 6 Power Requirements ....................................................................................................... 6 Software Setup ................................................................................................................ 7 Calibration Fundamentals ............................................................................................... 8 Calibration Procedure ..................................................................................................... 9 Manual Calibration Procedure ...................................................................................... 10 Obtaining Magnetic Field Readings ..................................................................... 10 2D Manual Calibration ......................................................................................... 11 3D Manual Calibration ......................................................................................... 12

Magnetometer Calibration ...................................................................................................... 7

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Piccolo Magnetometer Integration Guide Change Log

February 8, 2011

Section 3.3: Updated Position Change screen capture. Section 3.2 Calibration Procedure: Updated Calibration Procedure Section 3.3 Manual Calibration Procedure: Updated Manual Calibration Procedure

December 21, 2009

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1 Overview
Piccolo Autopilots can be configured to connect to the Honeywell HMR2300 or the HMR3400 magnetometer to enhance its navigation solution. Magnetometers sense the local magnetic field in three axes by comparing the sensed magnetic field with the expected Earth magnetic field. This is most useful for operation in GPS denied environments where they allow dead reckoning of the aircraft position and velocity. The Honeywell HMR2300 Magnetometer with RS232 interface and the HMR3400 Digital Compass are available at Digikey (www.digikey.com)

Digikey p/n 342-1014-ND - HMR2300 no enclosure (bare board) Digikey p/n 342-1015-ND - HMR2300 flush mount enclosure Digikey p/n 342-1016-ND - HMR2300 extended enclosure (easiest to mount) Digikey p/n 342-1057-ND - HMR3400 no enclosure (bare board)

2 Installation
2.1.1 Orientation
IMPORTANT! For the navigation solution to function correctly the magnetometer must be mounted in the correct orientation.

The orientation is relative to the vehicle coordinate axis. The magnetometer must be level in pitch and roll with respect to the vehicle. The connector of the magnetometer should be pointing toward the direction of flight and mounted inside the fuselage (see Figure 1). The HMR2300 should be mounted with the label facing up.

Aircraft Fuselage Direction of Flight Magnetometer

HMR2300 Mounted with Label Up

Figure 1 - Magnetometer Orientation Magnetometer Integration Guide 2-08-11

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2.2

Connections

2.2.1 HMR2300 Connections The HMR2300 can be connected to any of the Piccolos external serial ports. An interface pigtail cable is available through Cloud Cap Technology. Users will need to configure the appropriate port on the Payload Com Settings window in the Piccolo Command Center to activate the magnetometer.
RX GND TX Any Open Piccolo Com Port 2 5 3 HMR 2300 Magnetometer

Table 1 Piccolo Magnetometer Connections

PIN NAME Type Piccolo Plus, Piccolo II 34 TXD_RS232 0 33 RXD_RS232 I 4 GND 32 SCI_2_TX_232 O 31 SCI_2_RX_232 I 3 GND Piccolo II Secondary Connector 7 TXD1_232 O 6 RXD1_232 I 16 GND 5 TXD2_232 O 4 RXD2_232 I 14 GND 3 TXD3_232 I/O 2 RXD3_232 I/O 1 GND Piccolo LT 27 TXD_RS232 0 26 RXD_RS232 I 25 GND 7 SCI_2_TX_232 O 6 SCI_2_RX_232 I 5 GND Piccolo SL 33 TXD1_RS232 O 50 RXD1_RS232 I 15 GND 49 SCI_2_TXD_232 O 32 SCI_2_RXD2_232 I 14 GND 29 TXD3_RS232/Spare2 O 46 RXD3_RS232/Spare1 I 11 GND LEVEL RS232 RS232 RS232 RS232 FUNCTION COM1 TX - Payload 1 - TPU_B[0] COM1 RX - Payload 1 - TPU_B[1] Ground COM2 TX - ExtCom/Program Port COM2 RX - ExtCom/Program Port Ground COM4 TX Iridium Comm. COM4 RX Iridium Comm. Ground COM5 TX Iridium DTR COM5 RX Iridium CD Ground COM3 TX Payload 2 TPU_B4 COM3 RX Payload 2 TPU_B5 Ground COM1 TX - Payload 1 - TPU_B[0] COM1 RX - Payload 1 - TPU_B[1] Ground COM2 TX - ExtCom/Program Port COM2 RX - ExtCom/Program Port Ground COM1 TX Payload 1 TPU_B[0] COM1 RX Payload 1 TPU_B[1] Ground COM2 Serial TX - Program/User COM2 Serial RX - Program/User Ground COM3 - Serial TX from Piccolo SL (Spare) COM3 - Serial RX to Piccolo SL (Spare) Ground

RS232 RS232 RS232 RS232 RS232 RS232

232 232 RS232 RS232

RS232 RS232 * RS232 RS232 * RS232 RS232 *

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2.2.2 HMR3400 Connections The Piccolo II, Piccolo LT, and Piccolo SL autopilot come standard from the factory with RS232. Since the HMR3400 is a RS232/TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) connected device, it can only be used with a Piccolo II, Piccolo LT, or Piccolo SL autopilot that has been configured at the factory for a TTL connection. The Piccolo Plus does NOT support the HMR3400 magnetometer. If you have an existing autopilot and would like us to configure it for a TTL connection, contact us for an RMA number. If you would like to have a TTL connection in a new Piccolo II, Piccolo LT, or Piccolo SL autopilot, please contact us. A TTL connection can be added to the autopilot prior to shipment. The Payload 2 port is the only port that can be configured for TTL. Please see the Piccolo MicroDot Connector Pin-Out tables in the Piccolo Users Guide for connection information.
Note: Refer to the HMR2300 manual and data sheets for power supply requirements.

2.3 Power Requirements

The HMR2300 must be supplied with 6.5 - 15 volts DC. The HMR3400 must be supplied with 4.8 - 5.2 volts DC.
Caution must be used when connecting to a freshly charged 12-volt battery. Some 12volt batteries can have terminal voltages of more than 15 volts immediately after charge and cause the magnetometer to fail.

Refer to the HMR2300 and HMR3400 manual and data sheets for power supply requirements. Data

sheets can be found at:

http://www.ssec.honeywell.com/magnetic/datasheets/hmr2300.pdf http://www.ssec.honeywell.com/magnetic/datasheets/hmr3400.pdf

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2.4 Software Setup

Go to Window Preflight Payload Com Settings in the Piccolo Command Center. Select the Piccolo external serial port that the magnetometer is connected to. Under Protocol, select the Magnetometer you are using for that that serial port.

Figure 2 - Payload Com Settings Window

Note: The serial port that is connected to the magnetometer must be configured for the magnetometer protocol at 9600 baud. It can be determined that the magnetometer is working by looking at the compass heading value on the telemetry page and verifying that it moves as the aircraft changes heading.

3 Magnetometer Calibration
Using the magnetometer for attitude and navigation aiding requires that any magnetic fields that are not caused by the Earth be accounted for. A calibration process is used to remove hard iron errors. Hard Iron errors are constant changes in the magnetic field produced by the aircraft systems. Another type of error is called soft iron. These are changes in the magnetic field that vary in time, i.e., with a payload being turned on and off. Soft iron effects cannot be calibrated out and must be minimized in the aircraft design.

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3.1 Calibration Fundamentals

The magnetometer calibration interface is located under Window Advanced Windows Sensors Configuration in the Piccolo Command Center.

Req. Cal - Requests the current magnetometer calibration parameters from the avionics. Send Cal - Sends the magnetometer calibration parameters from the PCC to the avionics. Cal 2D - Updates the X and Y biases and scale factors. Cal 3D -Updates all X, Y, Z parameters. Save - Saves the current magnetometer calibration parameters into an XML file. Load - Loads the magnetometer calibration parameters from an XML file into the Piccolo Command Center.

Figure 3 - Sensor Configuration Window

The central part of the Magnetometer Calibration interface contains the six calibration parameters (a bias and a scale factor error for each of the three magnetometer axes). The biases, also known as hard iron errors, are specified in magnetic field units (milliGuaus [mG]) and the scale factor errors are given as fractions of 1. The magnetic field correction performed in the avionics for each axis uses the following formula:
H correct H measured Bias 1 SFerror

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The Magnetometer Calibration section also a status light indicator. The status light indicator displays one of the following states:
Table 2 - Magnetometer Calibration Status
Status Description Calibration settings displayed match the ones that are stored in the avionics. Calibration settings displayed are different than the ones that are stored in the avionics. Magnetometer calibration is in progress. The indicator will also display the estimated remaining time (in seconds) for the calibration.

During the calibration process, the avionics collects magnetic field measurements four times per second. After the avionics has collected 100 magnetic field samples it will run the calibration procedure and compute the biases and scale factor errors for the appropriate axes depending on which calibration procedure was selected 1.

3.2 Calibration Procedure

The following the steps calibrate the magnetometer using the calibration buttons in the Magnetometer Calibration section: 1. Install and setup the magnetometer as described in section 2 Installation 2. Move the vehicle to a location where it will not be affected by neighboring magnetic fields (i.e. away from power systems, generators, buildings, etc.) 3. Turn on any payloads and/or electrical systems on the aircraft that may cause local magnetic fields. 4. In the Sensors Configuration window, click Cal 2D or Cal 3D. In Cal 2D rotate the vehicle through a full 360 of heading around the Z axis. The rotation should be smooth (roughly 15 deg/sec) and the vehicle must remain at zero pitch and roll during the rotation. In Cal 3D, rotate the vehicle a full 360 (if possible) around all three axes (Figure 4). Your progress will be displayed in PCC as a percentage from 0% to 100%.

If the aircraft is too large it may not be practical to rotate the aircraft through the vertical plane in the Cal 3D mode. See Section 3.3 Manual Calibration Procedure for more information.

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+Y

+Pitch

+Roll +X +Yaw +Z

Figure 4 - X, Y, Z Axes

5. When the magnetic calibration is complete, the avionics will automatically send the new calibration parameters to the ground station. The PCC will display the new parameters and the status indicator will turn green to show that the calibration is complete. If the biases are greater than 50 mG or the scale factor errors are greater than 0.1, then the calibration may be faulty or the vehicle may have strong local magnetic fields. Once calibration is complete it should be validated. This can be done by aligning the vehicle with a known heading and comparing this to the compass heading reading on the telemetry page. The compass reading is the true heading, corrected for the difference between the Earths field and true North.
Note: A valid GPS is required for the correction to be accurate (corrections depend on time and location). Reverse the vehicle heading and validate the direction. Typical errors should be less than 5 degrees.

3.3 Manual Calibration Procedure

Manual calibration is for calibrating the magnetometer in an aircraft where it is not practical to physically rotate the aircraft through the vertical plane (3D cal) or if there is a greater probability of human error during the automated calibration process. Before starting the manual calibration procedure it is important to obtain the magnetic model field readings for your area. 3.3.1 Obtaining Magnetic Field Readings 1. Start the Simulator application. Enter your local latitude, longitude and altitude values in the Position Change section.

Figure 5 - Position Change

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2. Enter 0 for roll, pitch, and yaw angles.

Figure 6 - Angles

3. Click Apply Slew. Write down the magnetic field values that are displayed in the Mag section.
Figure 7 - Mag

Note: It is also helpful, to use the calculator available at the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) for computing magnetic field values. 3.3.2 2D Manual Calibration 1. Close the simulator and establish communications with the avionics. 2. Zero the magnetometer calibration in the aircraft. 3. Set the aircraft at zero pitch and roll, away from magnetic disturbances (metal, rocks, etc.) 4. Turn on all relevant aircraft systems. 5. In PCC, go to Window Status Windows Sensor Telemetry. Write down the measured magnetic field values (x, y, z) from the Magnetometer section.

Figure 8 - Magnetometer
There is a label error for magnetic field units in all software versions v.2.1.0 and below. All magnetic field units displayed and entered in PCC should be in [mG] milliGauss not [nT] nanoTesla.

6. Rotate the aircraft exactly 180 in heading. Record the new magnetic field values. This a "paired reading", i.e. two readings exactly 180 apart. 7. Compute the average reading for x and y (i.e. xavg = (x1 + x2)/2). These are the x and y bias terms. 8. Compute the measured Horizontal Field Strength (Shm) for the first and second reading (i.e. ((x1 - xbias)^2 + (y1 - ybias)^2)^0.5. Take the average of these two readings.

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9. Compute the horizontal field strength from the magnetic model (Shs). You may take the Horizontal Intensity value from the NGDC web site (note 1 milliGauss = 100 nT), or use the magnitude of the horizontal magnetic components from the simulator, i.e. (xsim^2 + ysim^2)^0.5. 10. Compute the scale factor error s = (Shm/Shs) - 1. This is the scale factor error for all three terms, ideally it should be close to zero. 11. Calculate z-bias as z-bias = z1 - zfieldfromsim*(1 + s). 12. Input the corrections in the
Magnetometer Calibration fields of the Sensor Configuration

window in PCC. 13. Enter the x, y, z, bias terms from step 7 and step 11. 14. Enter the same scale factor error from step 10 into the x, y, z fields. 15. Click Send Cal. 16. Test the calibration.
Note: Taking multiple paired readings will improve your statistics. Figure 9 - Magnetometer Calibration

3.3.3

3D Manual Calibration

Calibration can also be extended to a 3D calibration (x, y, z) by performing the following additional steps: 1. Take a pair of readings with the vehicle upright and inverted. 2. Compute the z-bias as (z1 + z2)/2. 3. Compute the scale factor error using the ratios of the measured field magnitude to modeled field magnitude, using all three terms (x, y, z).

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