THE

CONTEMPORAR
1 S T S E M E S T E R , A . Y. 2 0 2 3
Y WORLD
SUBJECT ORIENTATION
GLOBALIZATIO
N
 According to Dicken (1998)
“we now live in the borderless
world, in which the national
boundaries is no longer
relevant.”
GLOBALIZATIO
IncreaseN:
the interdependence,
connectivity and integration
on global level on the social,
cultural, political,
technological, economic, and
ecological levels.
GLOBALIZATIO
N:
process of interaction and
integration among people,
companies and governments
of different nations
GLOBALIZATIO
N:
breaking down of national
barriers so that nations can
interact freely with one
another.
GLOBAL POLICY
FORUM (GPF):
• Globalization of Economy

Allows the flow Goods,

Services and capitals.
GLOBAL POLICY
FORUM (GPF):
2. Globalization of Politics
National government has
been ultimately responsible
for maintening the security
and welfare of the citizens.
GLOBAL POLICY
FORUM (GPF):
3. Globalization of Culture
Adopting other cultures.
GLOBAL POLICY
FORUM (GPF):
4. Globalization of Law

• Internation court of justice

• Intergovernmental
cooperation
ELEMENTS OF
GLOBALIZATION:
Trade Agreement - Bilateral,
regional or multilateral
economic arrangement to
reduce or eliminate the trade
barriers.
ELEMENTS OF
GLOBALIZATION:
Capital Flow - Increase or
decrease in a nation’s domestic
or foreign assets.
ELEMENTS OF
GLOBALIZATION:
Migration Pattern - Impact of
labor market.
ELEMENTS OF
GLOBALIZATION:
Information Transfer - helps to
mitigate the asymmetric
functioning of markets and
economies.
ELEMENTS OF
GLOBALIZATION:
Spread of Technology - rapid
dispersion of the means and
methods of producing goods
and services.
TRENDS IN
GLOBALIZATION:
• Population Trends -
increasing population in
developing countries while
decreasing in developed
countries.
TRENDS IN
GLOBALIZATION:
2. Science and Technology -
includes the internet and other
computer componetnts as well
as GPS and Genetically
modified food.
TRENDS IN
GLOBALIZATION:
3. Increasing integration and
interdependence - increasing
exchange of product and
services across national
borders.
TRENDS IN
GLOBALIZATION:
4. Governance - national and
international laws govern the
economic activity and
transnational institutions.
IDEOLOGIES IN
GLOBALIZATION:
• GLOBALIZATION IS
ABOUT THE
LIBERALIZATION AND
GLOBAL INTEGRATION
OF MARKETS
IDEOLOGIES IN
GLOBALIZATION:

2. GLOBALIZATION IS
INEVITABLE AND
IRREVERSIBLE
IDEOLOGIES IN
GLOBALIZATION:

3. NOBODY IS IN CHARGE OF
GLOBALIZATION
IDEOLOGIES IN
GLOBALIZATION:

4. GLOBALIZATION
BENEFITS EVERYONE
IDEOLOGIES IN
GLOBALIZATION:

5. GLOBALIZATION
FURTHERS THE SPREAD
OF DEMOCRACY IN THE
WORLD
IDEOLOGIES IN
GLOBALIZATION:

6. GLOBALIZATION
REQUIRES A WAR ON
TERROR
 According to Dally (1999)
“Globalization is considered by
many to be inevitable wave of
the future, is frequently confused
with internationalization, but it is
in fact something totally
different.”
 INTERNATIONALIZ
ATION
-refers to increasing
importance of international
trade, international relations,
treaties, alliances, etc.
 GLOBALIZATION
-refers to global economic
integration of many formerly
national economies into one
global economy, mainly by free
trade and capital mobility but
also by easy and uncontrolled
migration.
 GLOBALISM
Keohane and Nye, Jr. (2000)
defined globalism as a state pf
the world involving networks
of independence at
multicomponental distances.
DIMENSIONS OF
GLOBALISM
• ECONOMIC GLOBALISM
• MILITARY GLOBALISM
• ENVIRONMENTAL
GLOBALISM
• SOCIAL AND CULTURAL
 UNIT II
THE GLOBAL
ECONOMY
 According to Gereffi (2005)
"Policy-makers, managers, workers,
social activists, and many other
stakeholders in developed as well
as developing nations need a firm
understanding of how the
contemporary global economy
works if they hope to improve their
position in it, or forestall an
 The global economy can be
traced by to the expansion of
long-distance trade during the
period of 1450- 1640.
 Wallerstein labeled, “long
sixteenth century”
trading companies emerged in
Europe, such us East India
Company and Hudson Bay
Company which created
international trade empire.
 According to Dicken, the
development of the world trading
system over a period of several
centuries helped to create
tripartite, Core, Semiperipheral,
and Peripheral economic areas.
Bretton woods, New Hamshire, in
1944
Establishment of:
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• International bank for
reconstruction and development
(Present day, World Bank)
• General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) - Elimination of
protectionism
Bretton woods, New Hamshire, in
1944

• Currency: US DOLLAR
• Equivalent of Gold: $35 an ounce
of Gold
Bretton woods, New Hamshire, in
1944
• IN 1960'S, EURO CURRENCY
PLACED INCREASING STRAIN ON
THE BRETTON WOOD’S
FINANCIAL ORDER.
• August 15, 1971 President Nixon
– announced US dollar was no
longer freely convertible into gold.
Bretton woods, New Hamshire, in
1944

• International Trade Organization -

1947 Havana Charter, abandoned
by President Truman after it was
staunchly opposed in the US
Congress.
• GATT became the primary
international trade agency.
• World Trade Organization (WTO) –
1995 superseded GATT.
• AIM: to reduce or eliminate non-
tariff barriers and uneven trading
conditions between countries.
• WTO – 1995 superseded GATT, to
reduce or eliminate non-tariff
barriers and uneven trading
conditions between countries.
ECONOMIC GLOBAIZATION

• Historical process that results to

human innovation and
technological progress.
• MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE (LABOR)
AND KNOWLEDGE (TECHNOLOGY)
ACROSS INTERNATIONAL
BORDERS (IMF,2008).
INTERCONNECTED DIMESIONS
(BENCZES, 2014)

1. Globalization of Trade of
Goods and Services
2. Globalization of Financial and
Capital Market
3. Globalization of Technology
and Communication
4. Globalization of Production
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
(David Ricardo)

“ONE WITH THE BEST PACKAGE HAS

THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.”
• -One country’s ability to produce
good or service more efficiently
and inexpensively than another,
aims to give both nations involved
in a trade a win-win situation.
GLOBAL STRATIFICATION

• Measures of well-being, life

expectancy, infant mortality, and
access to health services.
• RICH OR POOR
GLOBAL STRATIFICATION

CLASSIFYING GLOBAL
STRATIFCATION
SOCIOLOGY: BRIEF EDITION (v1.1,
2012)

• World is composed of three

categories of nations, based on
their degree of wealth and poverty.
DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES OF
GLOBAL STRATIFICATIONS

1. FIRST TYPOLOGY

a. First World – Western capitalist

democracies of North America and
Europe.
Ex. Australia, New Zealand and Japan)
DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES OF
GLOBAL STRATIFICATIONS

b. Second World – belonging to

Soviet Union.
Ex. Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan.

c. Third World – Central and South

America, Africa and Asia.
DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES OF
GLOBAL STRATIFICATIONS

2. REPLACEMENT TYPOLOGY

a. Developed
b. Developing
c. Undeveloped
DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES OF
GLOBAL STRATIFICATIONS
3. POPULAR TYPOLOGY

a. Wealthy – wealthy nations are most

industrialized nations, and they consist
primarily of the nations of North America
and Western Europe; Australia, Japan,
and New Zealand and certain other
nations in Middle East and Asia.
DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES OF
GLOBAL STRATIFICATIONS

b. Middle-income – consist primarily of

nations in Central and South America,
Eastern Europe, and parts of Africa and
Asia and constitute about one-third of the
world’s population.
DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES OF
GLOBAL STRATIFICATIONS

c. Poor or Low Income – least

industrialized and most agricultural of all
the world’s countries. Living in a
desperate existence in the most
miserable conditions possible.
THEORIES ON GLOBAL
STRATIFICATION

• Cultural diffusion between them

creates common ground, while
cultural differences may become
more important as the relationships
among nations become intimate.
THEORIES ON GLOBAL
STRATIFICATION
1. MODERNIZATION THEORY –
individual explanation for global
stratification.
RICH NATIONS BECAME WEALTHY
because early on they were able to
develop the correct, beliefs, values and
practices –in short, the correct culture –
MODERNIZATION
THEORY
• According to the theory, Western
European nations began to emerge
several centuries ago as economic
powers because their populations
adopted the kinds of values and
practices just listed.
MODERNIZATION
THEORY
• According to Max Weber (1864-1920),
one of the founders of sociology.
Western Europe was able to do this
because the Protestant Reformation
diminished the traditional distrust of
the Catholic Church for material
success and social and economic
MODERNIZATION
THEORY
• MODERNIZATION HAS MUCH
IN COMMON WITH CULTURE
POVERTY THEORY - it
attributes the poverty of poor
nations to their failure to
develop the proper beliefs,
values and practices
DEPENDENCY THEORY
• a structural explanation for global
stratification.

The poor nations never got the chance

to pursue economic growth because
early on they were conquered and
colonized by European ones.
DEPENDENCY THEORY
In our today’s world, huge multinational
corporations continue to exploit the
labor and resources of the poorest
nations, say dependency theorists.
DEPENDENCY THEORY

WEALTHY NATIONS AND

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
MUST STOP EXPLOITING THE
RESOURCES OF POOR NATIONS.
DEPENDENCY THEORY
FORMS OF DEPENDENCE

a. DOMINANT COUNTRIES OR
METROPOL
– can expand itself and can be self-
sustaining.
b. DEPENDENT OR SATELLITES
– can expand and self-sustain as a
WORLD SYSTEM THEORY

WORLD SYSTEM THEORY

(Immanuel Wallerstein) – some
become modernized because of
exploiting other nations.
WORLD SYSTEM THEORY

The continuing exploitation prevents

less developed nations from
becoming fully modernized (Ferrer,
et al.)
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION
OF LABOR (Wallerstein)

a. Core Nations – most

modernized nations, having
diversified economies and stable
internal politics that dominates the
world system.
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION
OF LABOR (Wallerstein)

b. Peripheral Nations – forced to

specialize in the export of
unprocessed raw materials and food
to the core nations and that must
import manufactured goods.
THE MODERN WORLD
SYSTEM
(Wallerstein) It started in the 16th
century primarily in Europe and
America which has been a Capitalist
Modern World.
THE MODERN WORLD
SYSTEM
WORLD ECONOMY – as a large
geographic zone with which there is
a division of labor and significant
internal exchange of basic or
essential goods as well as flows of
capital goods or labors.
THE MODERN WORLD
SYSTEM

FIVE INSTITUTIONS IN THE

MODERN WORLD SYSTEM
(WALLERSTEIN, 2006)
FIVE INSTITUTIONS IN
THE MODERN WORLD
SYSTEM (WALLERSTEIN,
2006)
1.Market – where individuals and
firms can sell products and buy
goods.
FIVE INSTITUTIONS IN THE
MODERN WORLD SYSTEM
(WALLERSTEIN, 2006)
2. Firms – who produces goods and
provide services in the market.
a. Core-like Process – group
themselves in a few states and
constitute the bulk of the production
activity in this state.
FIVE INSTITUTIONS IN THE
MODERN WORLD SYSTEM
(WALLERSTEIN, 2006)
b. Peripheral Process – scattered
in a large numbers of states and
constitute the bulk of the production
activity in these states.
c. Semi-periphery – mix or core-
like and peripheral.
FIVE INSTITUTIONS IN THE
MODERN WORLD SYSTEM
(WALLERSTEIN, 2006)
3. States - are related to the
geographical division of labor. The
geographical division of labor was
discussed in the World System
Theory of Wallerstein.
FIVE INSTITUTIONS IN THE
MODERN WORLD SYSTEM
(WALLERSTEIN, 2006)
4. Household - According to
Wallersteins (2006) household
consist of three to 10 persons who,
over a long period of time, pool
multiple source of income in order to
survive collectively.
Five kinds of income in the
household:
A. Wage Income - payment in the
form of money by persons outside
the household for work of a member
of the household that is performed
outside the household in some
production process.
Five kinds of income in the
household:
B. Subsistence activity - Not limited to
the work of rural persons who grow
food and produce necessities for
their own consumption without
passing through a market.

Ex. Cooking Meals, Washing Dishes,

Five kinds of income in the
household:
C. Petty Commodity Production - A
product produced within the confines
of the household but sold for cash on
a wider market.

Ex. OFW
Five kinds of income in the
household:
C. Petty Commodity Production - A
product produced within the confines
of the household but sold for cash on
a wider market.

Ex. Online Selling and Retail Selling

Five kinds of income in the
household:
D. Rent - Can be drawn from some
major capital investment or form
capital ownership

Ex. Apartment, Dormitories, Private

Lots
Five kinds of income in the
household:
E. Transfer payments - An income
that comes to an individual by virtue
of a defined obligation of someone
else to provide this income.

Ex. Inheritance, Dowry, Pen-sion,

Maturity Insurance
FIVE INSTITUTIONS IN THE
MODERN WORLD SYSTEM
(WALLERSTEIN, 2006)
5. Classes - classes have something
to do with the placement of the
household or individual in the
capitalist economic system.
 UNIVERSALISM
VS.
ANTI - UNIVERSALISM
UNIVERSALISM:
Universalims is a theme prominently
associated with the modern system.
It means the priority to general rules
applyin equally to all persons and yje
rejection of particularistic
preferences in the most sphere.
UNIVERSALISM:
Believed to ensure relatively
competent performance and thus
make for a more effecient world -
economy, which in turn improves
the ability to accumulate capital.
Hence, normally those who contril
production processes push for
such universalistic criteria
ANTI -UNIVERSALISM:

It is linked with racism and

sexism
RACISM AND SEXISM

are norms, but they are

negative norms, in that most
people deny their belief in
them.
 UNIT III
MARKET
INTEGRATION
MARKET
INTEGRATION
As defined by Koester (2000), is a
state of affairs or a process
involving attempts to combine
separate national economies into
larger economic regions
Two types of integration:

• Negative Integration reduces non-

tariff and tariff barriers to trade
as a main tool for integrating
markets.
Two types of integration:

2. Positive Integration, adjusts

domestic
policies and institutions through the
creation of supranational
arrangements.
The integration come in five
forms:
1. Preferential
agreement involves lower trade
barriers between those countries,
which have signed the
agreement
The integration come in five
forms:
2. The free trade area (FTA)
reduces barriers to trade among
member countries to zero, but each
member country still has autonomy
in
deciding on the external rate of
tariff for its trade with non-member
countries. European Free Trade
 The integration come in five
forms:
3. Customs union represents a
higher stage of economic
integration. In this form, countries
agree to abolish tariff and non-tariff
barriers to trade in goods f lo wing
between them.
The integration come in five
forms:
4. The common market allows for
free movement of labor and capital
withinthe member-countries.
The integration come in five
forms:
5. The Economic Union is the highest
form of economic integration. in
a d d i t i o n to t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f a
common market, member countries
also agree to integrate monetary,
fiscal, and other policies.
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS
• World Trade Organization
• INTERNATIONAL MONETARY
FUND
• WORLD BANK
WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION
Formerly known as General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT)
WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION
Only global international
organization dealing with the
rules of trade between nations.
INTERNATIONAL
MONETARY FUND
Provide such an institution as
would exert control on
international exchange rates as
well as act as reserve base
bailing out BOP deficit countries
INTERNATIONAL
MONETARY TRADE
it is autonomus organization
affiliated to the UNIO. From initial
strength of 31 members it
became 125 membership.
Function of IMF:
• Works as a short-term credit
institutions;
• Provides for the orderly
adjustment of exchange rates;
• Acts as a reserve base for
member countries to borrow
from;
• provides foreign exchange loans
Function of IMF:
5. Provides international financial
consultancy services.
 WORLD BANK
• International Bank for
reconstructions and
• development .
international and
intergovernmental institutions
for providing long-term loans on
easy terms for specific
developmental projects.
Function of World Bank:
• Provides loans services to
member Governments .
• Provides development loans on
soft terms to poor member
nations.
• Provide support to private or
joint sector projects.
• Provides insurance guarantees
 Function of World Bank:
5. Setting investment - related
disputes among member nation
through concillation or arbitration
 GLOBAL
CORPORATIONS
Types of Global Corporation:

• International Companies
• Multinational Companies
• Global Companies
• Transnational Companies
 POWER OF GLOBAL
CORPORATIONS:
• Economic Control -
Global corporations have
on world trade, financial
markets.
 POWER OF GLOBAL
CORPORATIONS:
2. Political Influence - Global
corporations have on national
governments and regional
governance structures.
 POWER OF GLOBAL
CORPORATIONS:
3. Social and Cultural
Influence - Global
corporations have on
people’s, attitudes, values,
and lifestyle choices through ,
 POWER OF GLOBAL
CORPORATIONS:
4. Environmental Impact -
Global corporations have on
the natural environment.
MULTINATIONAL
CORPORATIONS
 ROLE OF MULTINATIONAL
Lapko (2015) Discussed the differet role of
COMPANIES
multinational companies:

1. MNC’s act as modernizer

of the world’s economy

2. Promote efficiency and

growth of the world economy
 ROLE OF MULTINATIONAL
Lapko (2015) Discussed the differet role of
COMPANIES
multinational companies:

3. Promote regional
agreements and alliances

4. Increase of money
circulation in the economy
CHALLENGES OF MULTINATIONAL
COMPANIES:
1. Public Relations.
2. Ethics
3. Organizational Structure
4. Leadership
 UNIT IV
THE GLOBAL
INTERSTATE
SYSTEM
One cannot deny the fact that
many facets of the lives that we
live now are an off-shoot of
globalization. The system of
education at present is a good
example.
The Depar tment of Education
implemented the K -12 program, and
the Commission on Higher Education
is implementing the new curriculum in
tertiary education as a result of the K
-12 program. Later on in this chapter,
we will understand why changes in the
educational system happened as a
result of globalization.
“But whether we want it or not,
change is bound to happen and it
will def initely happen”
 ECONOMIC
INTERDEPENDENCE
Globalization changed the
relationships
and interactions of countries all over
the world. Just like the opening of the
Suez Canal in the 19th centur y,
globalization also opened many
opportunities and possibilities.
Surugiu and Surugiu (2015) def ined
economic interdependence as
relationships
between countries in which each
country is
dependent on another for necessary
goods
or services.
According to Davis (study.com),
companies
become part of the trading network,
when
they depend on other companies to
supply
the products that they cannot produce
THE ELECTRONIC
HERD AND THE
GOLDEN
STRAITJACKET
In the latter 1980s and the early 1990s,
loan in the United States had a boom. This
boom in the lending industry and the
improvements in communication technology
made lending in different parts of the world
possible. Developing countries want a piece of
this new money too because it promises
improvement in the quality of the people’s lives.
The promise of good prof it and
inf luence made the global f inancial
community happy to lend to these
developing countries (Dave, 2007).
 The Electronic Herd
Friedman (2000) referred to it as the
electronic herd. He defined the electronic herd
as a group made up of all the faceless stock,
bond, and currency traders sitting behind a
computer
screens all over the globe, moving their
money around from mutual funds to pension
funds to emerging market funds, or trading on
the Internet from their basements.
 The Golden Straitjacket
According to Dave (2007), the herd is
powerful because it has lots of money that
it is willing to lend to others. Once invested, it
has the ability to sell off its investments if
conditions in the country are no longer
favorable for them. To get her money, you
have to make yourself look attractive to it.
To fit into the Golden Straitjacket, a
country must either adapt or be seen
as
moving toward, the following golden
rules (Friedman, 2000):
1. making the private sector the primary
engine of its economic growth;
2. maintaining a low rate of inflation and price
stability;
3. shrinking the size of its state bureaucracy;
4. maintaining as close to a balanced
budget as possible, if not a surplus;
5. eliminating and lowering tariffs on
imported goods;
6. removing restrictions on foreign
investment;
7. getting rid of quotas and domestic
monopolies;
8. increasing exports;
9. privatizing state-owned industries and
10. deregulating capital markets;
11. making its currency convertible;
12. opening its industries, stock, and bond
markets to direct foreign ownership and
investment;
13. deregulating its economy to promote
as much domestic competition as possible;
14. eliminating government corruption;
15. subsidies and kickbacks as much as
possible;
16. opening its banking and
telecommunications systems to private
ownership and competition; and

17. allowing its citizens to choose from an

array of competing pension options and
foreign-run pension
and mutual funds.
Friedman (2000) said that the Golden
Straitjacket is pretty much “one size fits all.”
So it pinches certain groups, squeezes
others, and keeps a society under pressure
to constantly streamline its economic
institutions and upgrade its performance.
But on the political front, the Golden
Straitjacket narrows the political and
economic policy choices of
those in power to relatively tight
parameters (Friedman, 2000).
ECONOMIC AND
POLITICAL
INTEGRATION
Madeira (2014) explained regional
integration as a process of increasing
political and economic cooperation among
states in close geographic proximity to
each other. Scholars often conceptualize.
conceptualize regional integration as two
broadly conceived processes: economic
integration and
political integration
Economic integration is a more informal,
societal-driven process that removes trade
and investment barriers. This type of
integration has been occurring at
significant levels around the world.
Political integration is a more top-down,
state driven process of institutional
creation at the regional level. It is a policy
project motivated by interests by identity
and adeological factors. Political
integration, including the creation of
regional political institutions, is a process
that has developed much more slowly
outside of Europe, although recent
developments in Southeast Asia and South
 REGIONAL AND
ECONOMIC
PARTNERSHIPS/INSTIT
UTIONS
The following are some of the regional/
economic partnerships/institutions that
foster development and growth of member
countries: ASEAN, European Union, APEC,
NAFTA, OECD, OPEC.
 ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN
NATIONS (ASEAN)
The Association of Southeast Asian Nation, or
ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967 in
Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN
Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the
Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia,
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
Brunei Darussalam (1984), Vietnam (1995) Lao
PDR and Myanmar on (1997), and Cambodia
(1999) makes up what is today the 10 member-
 ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN
NATIONS (ASEAN)
The ASEAN Community Is comprised of three
pillars, namely the ASEAN Political- Security
Community, ASEAN Economic Community and
ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community. Each pillar has
its own Blueprint, and, together with the Initiative
for ASEAN Integration (IAI) Strategic Framework
and IAI Work Plan Phase II (2009-2015), they form
the Roadmap for an ASEAN Community 2009
-2015 (asean.org).
 EUROPEAN UNION

The EU was not always as big as it is today. When

European countries started to cooperate
economically in 1951, only Belgium, Germany,
France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands
participated. Over time, more and more countries
decided to join. The Union reached its current
size of 28 EU countries. The goals of the
European Union are:
 EUROPEAN UNION
1.Promote peace, its values and the Well-being of
its citizens;
2.Offer freedom, security and justice Without
internal borders;
3.Sustainable development based on Balanced
economic growth and price Stability;
4. Highly competitive market economy With full
employment and social Progress;
5. environmental protection;
6. combat social exclusion and Discrimination;
 EUROPEAN UNION
7. promote scientific and technological Progress;
8. enhance economic, social And Territorial
cohesion and solidarity Among EU countries;
9. respect its rich cultural and linguistic Diversity;
and
10. establish an economic and monetary Union
whose currency is the euro.
 THE EU IN THE WORLD:
1.Trade. The European Union is the Largest trade
block in the world. It Is the world’s biggest
exporter of Manufactured goods and services,
And the biggest import market for Over 100
countries. Free trade among Its members was
one of the EU’s
Founding principles.
 THE EU IN THE WORLD:
2. Humanitarian aid. The EU is committed to
helping victims of man-made and natural
disasters worldwide and supports over 120
million people each year. Collectively, the EU and
its constituent countries are the world’s leading
donor of humanitarian aid.
 THE EU IN THE WORLD:

3. Diplomacy and security. The EU plays an

important role in diplomacy and works to foster
stability, security and prosperity, democracy,
fundamental freedoms and the Rule of law at
international level.
 ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC
COOPERATION
The idea of APEC was first broached by former
Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke during a
speech in Seoul, Korea, On 31 January 1989.
Between 1989 and 1992, APEC met as an
Informal senior official- and ministerial-level
Dialogue. In (1993) former US President Bill
Clinton established the practice of an annual
APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting to provide
Greater strategic vision and direction for
Cooperation in the region (apec.org).
 ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC
The Asia-PacificCOOPERATION
Economic Cooperation (APEC) operates
as a cooperative, multilateral economic and trade forum.
It is the only international intergovernmental grouping in
the world committed to reducing harriers to trade and
investment without requiring its members to enter into
legally binding obligations. APEC achieves its goals by
promoting dialogue and arriving at decisions on a
consensus basis, giving equal weight to the views of all
members. Funding APEC is not a donor Organization.
APEC activities are centrally Funded by annual
contributions from APEC Member economies presently
totaling USD5 million.
 APEC’S TRADE AND INVESTMENT
LIBERALIZATION AND FACILITATION GOALS
AND TO MEET CAPACITY-BUILDING NEEDS,
ESPECIALLY FOR APEC DEVELOPING
ECONOMIES. IN GENERAL, PROJECTS DO
THE FOLLOWING:
1. Relate to the priorities of APEC Economic Leaders and
APEC ministers
2. Cover the interest of at least several APEC member
economies
3. Build capacity
4. Improve economic efficiency
5. Encourage the participation of the
Business sector, nongovernmental institutions and
women
NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE

In 1994) the North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA) came into effect, Creating one of the world’s
largest free trade zones and laying the foundations for
strong economic growth and rising prosperity for
Canada, the United States, and Mexico.
NAFTA WAS SUPPLEMENTED BY
TWO OTHER REGULATIONS:
the North American Agreement on Environmental
Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American
Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC). These side
agreements were intended to prevent businesses from
relocating to other countries to exploit lower wages,
lenient worker health and safety regulations, and looser
environmental regulations (investopedia.com).
ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC
COOPERATION AND
DEVELOPMENT
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) trace back its roots to the rubble of
Europe after World War II. Determined to avoid the
mistakes of their predecessors in the wake of World War
I, European leaders realized that the best way to ensure
lasting peace was to encourage cooperation and
reconstruction, rather than punish the defeated. Today,
35 OECD member countries Worldwide regularly turn to
one another To identify problems, discuss and analyze
Them, and promote policies to solve them.
 TODAY, OECD FOCUSED ON
HELPING GOVERNMENTS
AROUND THE WORLD TO
1.Restore confidence in markets and the institutions that
(OECD.ORG):
make them Function.
2.Re-establish healthy public finances as a basis for
future sustainable Economic growth.
3.Foster and support new sources of growth through
innovation, environmentally friendly ‘green Growth’
strategies and the development of emerging economies.
4.Ensure that people of all ages Can develop the skills to
work Productively and satisfyingly in the Jobs of
tomorrow.
 ORGANIZATION OF THE
PETROLEUM EXPORTING
COUNTRIES
is a permanent intergovernmentalOPEC
Organization of 15 oil-
exporting developing Nations that coordinates and
unifies the Petroleum policies of its Member Countries. It
is created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10
-14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and
Venezuela.
 ORGANIZATION OF THE
PETROLEUM EXPORTING
COUNTRIES
The Declaration OPEC An
of Cooperation constitutes
unprecedented milestone in the history of The
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC). For the first time ever, the Member Countries of
OPEC coordinated with 11 non-OPEC oil producing
countries in a Concerted effort to accelerate the
stabilization Of the global oil market through voluntary
Production adjustments, which amounted to
Approximately 1.8 million barrels per day.
 THE RISE OF INTERNATIONAL
LAW AND UNIVERSAL
PRINCIPLES
The World War II opened the eyes of Many states that no one is
exempted fromWar and all the devastating effects it can bring. At
the end of the most destructive war of all time, the League of
Nations was established, but failed. The failure of the League of
Nations led to the desire of world leaders to form international
organizations that will serve as a venue for global concerns,
promotion of human rights and fundamental freedom. The United
Nations was formed in (1945 as an answer to this call. (This topic
will be discussed in the latter part of the chapter). The limitations
of the United Nations in solving the pressing problems (e.g.,
apartheid and genocide) of the international community finally led
to the establishment of the International Criminal Court in 2002 As
states rise and draft or revise their own constitutions,
 TRANSGOVERNMENTAL
NETWORKS
Slaughter and Hale (2010) defined Transgovernmental
networks as informal Institutions linking regulators,
legislators, Judges, and other actors across_national
Boundaries to carry out various aspects of Global
governance. Interactions between Domestic officials and
foreign counterparts Are direct and supervision from
foreign Offices or ministries are minimal. Schattle (2014)
states that transgovern- Mental networks improve the
competence and regulatory effectiveness of
governments and also bring governments around the
world into greater harmony with international norms And
treaties.
 TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM
Transnational activism gained momen- tum on the the
latter part of the 90's. Awareness, responsibility,
participation and cultural empathy are usually the driving
force of transnational activists. Caoutte (2006) defined
transnational activism as social movements and other
civil society organizations and individuals_operating
across borders. Transnational collective action on the
other hand is the coordinated international campaigns
on the part of networks of activists against international
actors, other states, or international institutions.
Included in the transnational activists are nonstate
actors who may not have political influence but can gain
moral support from the public through persuasion and
 The Greenpeace

is a non-governmental organization that aims

towards having a greener, healthier environment. It
protects the forests and the seas. If for example, the
Philippines lack programs and policies for
environmental protection, the Greenpeace as a
transnational advocacy network may pressure the
state to come up with rules and regulations that will
protect the environment.
THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF
TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISTS
ORGANIZATIONS (CAOUTTE, 2006):
1. Transnational social movements are socially
mobilized groups with constituents in at least two
states, engaged in sustained contentious
interaction with power holders in at least one state
other that their own, or against an international
institutions, or multinational economic actors;
THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF
TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISTS
ORGANIZATIONS (CAOUTTE, 2006):
2. International NGOs are organizations that
operate independently of governments, are
composed of members from two or more
countries and are organized to advance their
members internationally or provide services to
citizens of other states through routine
transactions with states, private actors, and
international institutions.
THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF
TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISTS
ORGANIZATIONS (CAOUTTE, 2006):
3. Transnational advocacy networks (TANS)
include those relevant actors working
internationally on an issue, who are bound
together by shared values, a common discourse,
and dense exchanges of information and
services.