University of Bejaia

Faculty of Human and Social sciences

Department of Psychology
Master I/II students of Clinical Psychology
Teacher: Mrs. AIT ELDJOUDI
E-mail: [email protected]

Part 01:
Tenses

The verb is the most fundamental part of speech. Only verbs can make a statement
about the subject. So, every sentence must have a verb.

The use of the English Tenses

Type of Tense Type of Action Expressed

Simple - Actions occuring at a regular intervals;
- General trurhs, or situations existing for a period of time; -
Non-continuous actions.
Continuous - Continuous, ongoing actions.
Perfect - Non-continuous actions completed before a certain time.
Perfect Continuous - Continuous, ongoing actions completed before a certain time.

Simple tenses
Auxiliary verbs: to be, to have and to do.

Present simple

We use it for:
• Thoughts and feelings: I think so / I like it.
• States, things staying the same, facts and things that are true for a long time: We live quite
near.
• Repeated actions: We come here every week.

In the present simple we use the verb without an ending.

For example: I get the lunch ready at one o'clock, usually. We always do our shopping at
Greenway. Most children like ice cream. You know the answer.

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But in the third person singular (after he, she, it), the verb ends in “s” or “es”. For example:
Sarah catches the early train. She faxes messages all over the world.
NEGATIVE QUESTION I/you/we/they
do not get OR don't get Do I/we/you/they get?
He/she/it does not get OR doesn't get Does he/she/it get?

To be To have To do
Personal Present Personal Present Personal Present
pronouns simple pronouns simple pronouns simple
I Am I Have I Do
You Are You Have You Do
He Is He Has He Does
She Is She Has She Does
It Is It Has It Does
We Are We Have We Do
You Are You Have You Do
They Are They Have They Do

Past simple

Past simple expresses an action or condition that took place in the past.
A regular past form ends in “ed”. For example: It happened very quickly. The van crashed
into the cat. I posted the letter yesterday. We once owned a caravan.
Some verbs have an irregular past form. For example: The car came out of a side road. Vicky
rang earlier. I won the game. I had breakfast at six. The train left on time. We took some
photos.
For a list of irregular verbs, see page (04).
The past simple is the same in all persons except in the past tense of to be.
For example: I/he/she/it was I was ill last week, you/we/they were. Those cakes were nice.
NEGATIVE Question
- We use did in negatives and questions.
I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not stop Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they stop?
OR didn't stop
The car did not stop. What did you tell the police? ~ Nothing.
The driver didn't look to his right. Did you ring home? ~ Yes, I did.
- We also use was and were in negatives and questions.
I/he/she/it was not OR wasn't Was I/he/she/it?

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 You/we/they were OR weren't Were you/we/they?
I wasn't very well last week. Where was your friend last night?
The gates weren't open. Was your steak nice?
To be To have To do
Personal Past Personal Past simple Personal Past simple
pronouns simple pronouns pronouns
I Was I Had I Did
You Were You Had You Did
He Was He Had He Did
She Was She Had She Did
It Was It Had It Did
We Were We Had We Did
You Were You Had You Did
They Were They Had They Did

Future simple

We use the future simple to express one’s believes, expects, fears, hopes, etc. For example: he
will come back sooner or later.
We form the future simple with will/shall.

NEGATIVE Question I will

not/I won’t work or I shall not/I shan’t work. Will/shall I work?
You will not/you won’t work. Will you work?
He will not/he won’t work etc. Will he work?

To be To have To do
Personal Future Personal Future Personal Future
pronouns simple pronouns simple pronouns simple
I Will be I Will have I Will do
You Will be You Will have You Will do
He Will be He Will have He Will do
She Will be She Will have She Will do
It Will be It Will have It Will do
We Will be We Will have We Will do
You Will be You Will have You Will do
They Will be They Will have They Will do
Some common irregular verbs.

Present and infinitive Past simple Past participle Present and Past simple Past participle
infinitive

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- Be - Was - Been - Lead - Led - Led
- Begin - Began - Begun - - Leave - Left - Left
- Blow - Blew Blown - Let - Let - Let
- Break - Broke - Broken - Lie - Lay - Lain
- Bring - Brought - Brought - Lose - Lost - Lost
- Buy - Bought - Bought - Make - Made - Made
- Choose - Chose - Chosen - Mean - Meant - Meant
- Come - Came - Come - Meet - Met - Met
- Cut - Cut - Cut - Pay - Paid - Paid
- Deal - Dealt - Dealt - Put - Put - Put
- Dig - Dug - Dug - Read - Read - Read
- Do - Did - Done - Ride - Rode - Ridden
- Drink - Drank - Drunk - Run - Ran - Run
- Drive - Drove - Driven - Say - Said - Said
- Eat - Ate - Eaten - See - Saw - Seen
- Fall - Fell - Fallen - Sell - Sold - - Sold -
- Feel - Felt - Felt - Send Sent Sent
- Find - Found - Found - Shine - Shone - Shone
- Fly - Flew - Flown - Shut - Shut - Shut
- Forget - - Forgot - Forgotten - Sing - Sang - Sung
Freeze - Froze - Frozen - Sit - Sat - Sat
- Get - Got - Got - Speak - Spoke - Spoken
- Give - Gave - Given - Spend - Spent - Spent
- Go - Went - Gone - Stand - Stood - Stood
- Have - Had - Had - Steal - Stole - Stolen
- Hear - Heard - Heard - Stick - Struck - Struck
- Hide - Hid - Hidden - Swim - Swam - Swim
- Hit - Hit - Hit - Take - Took - Taken
- Hold - Held - Held - Think - Thought - Thought
- Keep - Kept - Kept - Throw - Threw - Thrown
- Know - Knew - Know - Wake - Woke - Woken
- Lay - Laid - Laid - Wear - Wore - Worn
- Win - Win - Won

(Thomson, A. J. Martinet, A. V. (1997). Oxford Pocket English Grammar. Oxford University

Press).