Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathematics Stage 7| Hoaii

UNIT 6 + UNIT 16

COLLECTING DATA + INTERPRETING RESULTS

1. Type of data
a. Categorical data
- Worded data:
 Colors
 Days of the week
 Animals
 Type of sports,…
- The data are WORDS – NOT NUMBERS
b. Numerical data: data which is in the form of numbers. There are two types of numerical
data.
- Discrete data:
 A count that involves integers (such as frequency), the values can be only 0;
1; 2; ...
 Can take particular values only
 Example: The n umbers of students, pens,…
- Continuous data:
 An uncountable number of values within a range
 They are measurements
 Example: masses, lengths, times, height,…

2. Two - way tables

- A two way table is a type of frequency table used for organizing data
- Are mostly used for categorical data, though they can used for numerical data too
- We need a data set with two categorical variables
- Ex: this is two way table shows a data set about what students eat for lunch

Boys Girls Total

Cooked food 18 22 40
Packed lunch 17 33 50
Total 35 55 90

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- HOW TO CONSTRUCT TWO WAY TABLES

 STEP 1: Fill in the known values into the two way table
 STEP 2: calculate missing values
 STEP 3: calculate the row and column totals
 STEP 4: check the final total
- Example: A school is researching the handedness of 90 students in Year 3.17
students in Class A are right-handed. 14 students in Class B are left-handed. 16
students in Class C are left-handed. There are 44 students who are right-handed,
and 30 students in Class B. Construct a two way table to represent this data.
 Fill in the known values into the two way table
Here, we know that we have 3 classes (A, B, C) and we are comparing left
and right handedness. Drawing the two way table, we have

Class A Class B Class C Total

Left handed 14 16
Right handed 17 44
Total 30 90

 Calculate missing values and column totals

Class A Class B Class C Total

Left handed 16 14 16 46
Right handed 17 16 11 44
Total 33 30 27 90

3. Bar chart
- A bar chart represents a data set by using vertical or horizontal bars. The larger
height of the bar, the higher the value for the individual
- Bar charts can display numerical (discrete data) or categorical data
- Types of bar chart

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 Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathematics Stage 7| Hoaii

4. Pie chart
- Is a visual representation of all items of data within a data set

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 Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathematics Stage 7| Hoaii

- The sectors (or slices) of a pie chart are proportional to the different items in the
data set
- The larger the sector (slice size), the higher the frequency of data in that category.
- Pie chart are used to represent categorical data (colors, makes of cars, different
sports,…)
- Advantage: the data for each category is easily comparable
- Disadvantage: the frequency for each sector is not uaually stated and so they would
need to be calculated
- Example:

- HOW TO DRAW A PIE CHART:

 Calculate the angle for each category

Category frequency
ANGLE FOR THE SECTOR = x 360
Total frequency

 Draw a circle, mark the centre and draw a radius

 Measure and draw the angle for the first category
 Measure and draw the angle for each further category, in order
 Add data labels/ complete a key
5. Mean – Median – Mode – Range
a. Mean
- To calculate the mean we find the total of the values and divide the total by the
number of values.

Total
MEAN =
Numbers of values

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b. Median
- Is the middle number
- Arrange the values in numerical order from the smallest values to the highest value
 find the middle value
- Example 1: Find the median:
5 9 10 6 8 9 12
 Arrange: 5 ; 6 ; 8 ; 9 ; 9 ; 10 ; 12
 Find the middle of the data set:

 The median is 9
- Example 2: find the median:

3 6 7 2 4 6 8 3

 Arrange: 2 ; 3 ; 3 ; 4 ; 6 ; 6 ; 7 ; 8
 Find the middle of the data set. There is an even number of values, so we
have a middle pair. The average of 4 and 6 is 5

c. Mode
- Is the most common number
- To find the mode we need to find the most frequently occurring item in the data set
- Example: find the mode of this list of numbers

1 3 4 5 6 6 7

 The most frequently occurring item is “6”

 The mode is 6
d. Range = highest value – lowest value
6. Representing data

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 Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathematics Stage 7| Hoaii

Type of
diagram/ When to use it What it looks like
graph/ chart

When you want to sort

Venn or
data or objects into
carroll
groups that have some
diagram
common features

When you want to

Bar chart
compare discrete data

When you want to

Dual bar chart compare two sets of
discrete data

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 Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathematics Stage 7| Hoaii

When you want to

combine two or more
Compound quantities into one bar
bar chart in order to look at
individual amounts and
the total amounts

When you want to

Frequency
compare continuous
diagram
data

When you want to see

Line graph how data changes
over time

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When you want to

Scatter graph compare two sets of
data points

When you want to

compare the
Pie chart proportions of each
sector with the whole
amount

When you want to show

some information in a
inforgraphic
quick way that is easy to
understand