CE 205
Mechanics of Solids- II
Lecture-7
Materials Property Relationships
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Chapter Outlines :
❖Stress at a Point
❖Stress Transformation
• Analytical Method
• Mohr’s Circle Method
❖Strain Transformation
❖Relation between Elastic Constants
❖STRAIN ROSETTES AND STRAIN GAGES
❖Failure Theories 3
Generalized HOOKE’S LAW
• The LATERAL STRAIN at any point in a bar is proportional to the
AXIAL STRAIN at that same point if the material is linearly
elastic.
• The ratio of these strains is a property of the material known as
POISSON’S RATIO.
Stress StrainProperty
Material Relationship- Elasticity
Relationships
Biaxial State of Stress: Let at a certain point in a body σX and σY are the normal stresses
in X and Y directions respectively as shown in figure.
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Stress Strain Relationship-
GENERALIZED HOOK’SElasticity
LAW
Triaxial State of Stress: Let at a certain point in a body σX , σY and σz are the normal
stresses in X , Y and Z directions respectively as shown in figure. These stresses can be
related to the normal strains by using the Principle of superpositions.
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Stress Strain Relationship-
GENERALIZED HOOK’SElasticity
LAW
We can obtain the resultant strain ɛx adding these three strains
algebraically. Similar equations can be developed for the normal
strains in the y and z directions, and so the final results can be
written as.
These three equations represent the general form of Hooke’s law for a
triaxial state of stress
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Stress Strain Relationship-
GENERALIZED HOOK’SElasticity
LAW
If we only apply a shear stress 𝜏𝑥𝑦 to the element, Fig a, experimental observations indicate
that the material will change its shape, but it will not change its volume. In other words,
𝜏𝑥𝑦 will only cause the shear strain γxy in the material. Likewise, 𝜏𝑦𝑧 and 𝜏𝑥𝑧 will only cause shear
strains γyz and γxz, Figs b and c.
Therefore, Hooke’s law for shear stress and shear strain becomes
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MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
Relationship Involving E, ν, and G.
It can be obtained by considering a pure state of stress as shown in
the figure.
The principal stresses corresponding to this state of stress are :
The shearing strain and principal strains corresponding to this state
of stress are given by:
𝜀1=1/𝐸(𝜎1−𝜗𝜎2) 𝜀2=1/𝐸(𝜎2−𝜗𝜎1)
𝛾=𝜏/𝐺 =1/𝐸(-𝜏−𝜗(𝜏))
=1/𝐸(𝜏−𝜗(−𝜏))
𝜀1=𝜏/𝐸(1+𝜗) 𝜀2=-𝜏/𝐸(1+𝜗)
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
Relationship Involving E, ν, and G.
𝛾=𝜏/𝐺 𝜀1=𝜏/𝐸(1+𝜗) 𝜀2=-𝜏/𝐸(1+𝜗)
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
Volumetric strain OR Dilatation. When an elastic material is subjected to normal stress, the strains that
are produced will cause its volume to change.
The change in volume per unit differential volume is known as volumetric strain or dilatation denoted by “
𝑒=𝛿𝑉/𝑑𝑉.
Let the volume element in Fig a is subjected to the principal stresses ɛ1, ɛ2, ɛ3, Fig b,
Then the lengths of the sides of the element become:
𝑑𝑥′=(1+𝜀x)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑑y′=(1+𝜀y)𝑑y , 𝑑z′=(1+𝜀z)𝑑z
The change in volume of the element is therefore
𝛿𝑉=𝑑𝑥′𝑑𝑦′𝑑𝑧′−𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝛿𝑉=(1+ 𝜀x)(1+ 𝜀y)(1+ 𝜀z)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧−𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
As strain is a small quantity, the product of two or three small
quantities may be neglected , and therefore we get
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
As strain is a small quantity, the product of two or three small quantities may be
neglected , and therefore we get
𝛿𝑉= (1+𝜀x + 𝜀y + 𝜀z -1) 𝑑𝑉
𝛿𝑉= (𝜀x + 𝜀y + 𝜀z ) 𝑑𝑉
⇒𝑒=𝛿𝑉𝑑𝑉
𝑒= 𝜀x + 𝜀y + 𝜀z
Thus, dilatation is equal to sum of the linear strains.
If we use Hooke’s law (above equations in terms of applied stresses), we can
express the dilation in terms of the applied stresses as :
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
Bulk Modulus. For a hydro static state of stress, the ratio of hydro static stress
𝜎 to volumetric strain e is known as bulk modulus denoted by k=σ/e . According
to Pascal’s law, when a volume element of material is subjected to a uniform pressure p caused
by a static fluid, the pressure will be the same in all directions. Shear stresses will not be
present, since the fluid does not flow around the element. This state of “hydrostatic” loading
therefore requires σ1= σ2= σ3 = -p, as shown in Fig.
For most metal 𝜗=1/3 therefore
𝑘=𝐸 i e the bulk modulus is equal
to the modulus of elasticity of the
material
If we assume that the material did not change its volume i e 𝛿𝑉=0 then 𝑒=0, and k would be
infinite As a result, Eq ‘d’ would then indicate the theoretical maximum value for Poisson’s ratio
to be 𝜗=0.5.
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
IMPORTANT POINTS
• When a homogeneous isotropic material is subjected to a state of triaxial stress,
the strain in each direction is influenced by the strains produced by all the stresses.
This is the result of the Poisson effect, and the stress is then related to the strain in
the form of a generalized Hooke’s law.
• When a shear stress is applied to homogeneous isotropic material, it will only
produce shear strain in the same plane.
• The material constants E, G, and ν are all related by Eq G = E / 2(1 + ν).
• Dilatation, or volumetric strain, is caused only by normal strain, not shear strain.
• The bulk modulus is a measure of the stiffness of a volume of material. This
material property provides an upper limit to Poisson’s ratio of ν = 0.5.
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
Example
The bracket in Fig a, is made of steel for
which Est = 200 GPa, νst = 0.3.
Determine the principal stresses at
point A.
The state of in-plane principal strains at
the point is given :
ɛ1 = 272x10-6
ɛ2 = 33.9x10-6
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
Example
Since point A is on the surface of the bracket, for which
there is no loading, the stress on the surface is zero, and so
point A is subjected to plane stress (not plane strain).
Applying Hooke’s law with σ3= 0, we have
ɛ1 = (σ1 - νσ2) / E ;
272x10-6 = (σ1 – 0.3σ2) / 200x109
54.4x106 = (σ1 – 0.3σ2) ----------(1) and
ɛ2 = (σ2 – νσ1) / E
33.9x10-6 = (σ2 – 0.3σ1) / 200x109
6.78x106 = (σ2 – 0.3σ1) ----------(2)
Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 simultaneously yields
σ1 = 62.0 Mpa
σ2 = 25.4 MPa
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
Self Assessment Problem
The state of strain at point A on the bracket in
Fig a is measured using the strain rosette shown
in Fig b. The readings from the gages give ɛx =
60 x 10-6, ɛy = 264 x 10-6 and γxy = -149 x 10-6.
The bracket is made of steel for which Est = 200
GPa, νst = 0.3. Determine the principal stresses
at point A using Mohr’s circle.
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS
Self Assessment Problem : 10-33, 10-35, 10-38, 10-45,
ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY
When an elastic body is subjected to external loads,
stresses and strains are induced in the body. The energy
stored in an elastic body due to the straining motion is
known as elastic strain energy.
For a uniaxially loaded bar, if a graph is drawn between
the deformation produced (𝛿𝐿) and the internal load ‘P’
then the strain energy is the area under curve given by:
Thus, area under stress strain curve gives strain energy per
unit volume known as strain energy density. Now using
Hook’s law:
ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY
Total Strain Energy : For a 3 D state of stress subjected to
principal stresses 𝜎1 , 𝜎2 and 𝜎3 the total elastic strain
energy per unit volume is:
The total strain energy may be divided in to two components energy associated
with volumetric changes and energy associated with shear distortion.
ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY
Dilatation/Volumetric Strain Energy: The energy associated with volume changes may be
obtained by subjecting the stress element to an average stress, 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒=(𝜎1+𝜎2+𝜎3)/3 in all
tree directions:
ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY
Distortion Energy: The energy associated with shear strain is known as distortion strain energy
For a 3 D state of stress, the maximum in plane shearing stresses are:
